Chơi (hoạt động)

Chơi một loạt các hoạt động tự do, có động cơ thúc đẩy để thư giãn, giải trí và tìm niềm vui. Chơi hay vui chơi là hoạt động thường thấy ở trẻ em nói riêng và người lớn ở tất cả mọi độ tuổi nói chung. Ở động vật, vui chơi thường thấy ở động vật có vú.

Tượng Playfulness (chơi đùa) của Paul Manship

Hình ảnh

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  Nghịch cát
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  Các loại đồ chơi
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  Chó chơi bên bờ biển

Đọc thêm

• Caillois, R. (2001). Man, play, and games. Urbana and Chicago, University of Illinois Press (originally published in 1958; translated from the French by Meyer Barash).
• Encyclopedia: Play Science Scholarpedia
• Huizinga, J. (1955). Homo ludens; a study of the play-element in culture. Boston: Beacon Press.
• Jenkinson, Sally (2001). The Genius of Play. Hawthorn Press
• Sutton-Smith, B. (1997). The ambiguity of play. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Burghardt, Gordon M. The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits [1] Lưu trữ 2006-09-07 tại Wayback Machine
• Wenner, M. (2009). "The Serious Need for Play" – Free, imaginative play is crucial for normal social, emotional and cognitive development. It makes us better adjusted, smarter and less stressed, Scientific American.
• Nachmanovitch, Stephen (1972). “Ends, means, and galumphing: some leitmotifs of play”. American Anthropologist. 75: 1.
• Nachmanovitch, Stephen (as Stephen Miller) (1974). "Play and the nature or pretense" Rice University Studies (July 1974).
• Gray, P. (2009). “Play as a Foundation for Hunter-Gatherer Social Existence” (PDF). American Journal of Play. 1 (4): 476–522. ISSN 1938-0399. ERIC #EJ1069037.
• Gray, P. (2013). Free to Learn: Why Unleashing the Instinct to Play Will Make Our Children Happier, More Self-Reliant, and Better Students for Life
• Gray, P. (2008–2009). "Social Play and the Genesis of Democracy" Lưu trữ 2009-05-22 tại Wayback Machine, "The Value of Play I: The Definition of Play Provides Clues to Its Purposes" Lưu trữ 2009-05-25 tại Wayback Machine, "The Value of Play II: How Play Promotes Reasoning in Children and Adults" Lưu trữ 2009-05-18 tại Wayback Machine, "The Value of Play III: Children Use Play to Confront, not Avoid, Life's Challenges and Even Life's Horrors" Lưu trữ 2009-05-25 tại Wayback Machine, "The Value of Play IV: Play is Nature's Way of Teaching Us New Skills" Lưu trữ 2009-04-29 tại Wayback Machine, "How to Ruin Children's Play: Supervise, Praise, Intervene" Lưu trữ 2009-04-27 tại Wayback Machine, Psychology Today.
• Howard Taras, (2009). Journal of School Health. Physical Activity and School Performance. 75 (6), pp. 214–218
• Kortmulder, Koenraad (1998). Play and Evolution: Second Thoughts on the Behaviour of Animals, ISBN 978-9057270130
• Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation (Vol. 24). New York: Norton
• Bateson, Gregory. (1955). A theory of play and fantasy. Psychiatric research reports,2(39), 39-51. Reprinted in Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 1972. Chandler, and 2000, University of Chicago Press.
• Stebbins, Robert A. (2015). The Interrelationship of Leisure and Play: Play as Leisure, Leisure as Play. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Wästerfors, David (2016). “Playfights as Trouble and Respite”. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 45 (2): 168–197.

Liên kết ngoài

• The National Institute for Play
• The Play Foundation
• IPA World Home (International Play Association: Promoting the Child's Right to Play)
• Creative Play
• Brown, Stuart (2008) Why play is vital – no matter your age Lưu trữ 2009-03-15 tại Wayback Machine, TEDtalks, TED.com