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[[File:Sean Penn Cannes.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=|Madonna married actor [[Sean Penn]] (''above'') on her birthday in 1985.]]
Madonna entered mainstream films in 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in ''[[Vision Quest]]'', a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained her U.S. number one single, "[[Crazy for You (song)|Crazy for You]]".<ref name="ach">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/madonna/chart-history/50294|title=Artist Chart History – Madonna|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> She also appeared in the comedy ''[[Desperately Seeking Susan]]'' (1985), a film which introduced the song "[[Into the Groove]]", her first number one single in the United Kingdom.<ref name = BBC>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4753366.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-02-26|title=Madonna Scores 12th Chart Topper in the UK|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> Although not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became seen (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle.<ref name="AmericanF">{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|journal=[[Film Journal International]]|publisher=[[Arthur M. Sackler|Arthur M. Sackler Foundation]], [[University of Michigan]]|author=American Film Institute|page=20|volume=10|year=1984|issn=1536-3155|title=Desperately Seeking Madonna|ref=harv}}</ref> The film received a nomination for a [[César Award for Best Foreign Film]] and ''The New York Times'' film critic [[Vincent Canby]] named it one of the ten best films of 1985.<ref>{{chú thích báo|last=Ebert|first= Roger|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=answerman|title=Movie Answer Man|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|authorlink=Roger Ebert|date= 2007-08-16|accessdate=2009-08-02}}</ref> While filming the music video for the second single from ''Like a Virgin''—"[[Material Girl]]"—Madonna started dating actor [[Sean Penn]] and married him on her birthday in 1985.<ref name=secretlife>{{chú thích báo|last = Greig|first = Geordie|authorlink = Geordie Greig|title=Geordie Greig Meets Madonna: Secret Life of a Contented Wife
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article586950.ece|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=2005-11-06|accessdate=2008-06-09|location=London}}</ref>
 
Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, [[The Virgin Tour]], with the [[Beastie Boys]] as her opening act.<ref>{{harvnb|Warren|George|Bashe|Pareles|2001|pp=23–25}}</ref> Madonna commented: "That whole tour was crazy, because I went from playing [[CBGB]] and the [[Mudd Club]] to playing sporting arenas. I played a small theater in Seattle, and the girls had flap skirts on and the tights cut off below their knees and lace gloves and rosaries and bows in their hair and big hoop earrings. [...] After Seattle, all of the shows were moved to arenas."<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Scaggs|first=Austin|date=2009-10-29|title=Madonna Looks Back: The Rolling Stone Interview|journal=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|location=San Francisco|issue=1090|page=51|issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> In July, ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' and ''[[Playboy]]'' magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session.<ref name="Morton134-135">{{harvnb|Morton|2002|pp=134–135}}</ref> The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained defiant and unapologetic. The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000.<ref name="Morton134-135"/> She referred to the whole experience at the 1985 outdoor [[Live Aid]] charity concert saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now."<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.lycos.com/info/madonna.html?page=2|title=Madonna Years|work=[[Lycos]]|accessdate=2008-06-10|publisher=[[Daum Communications]]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=67}}</ref>
 
===1986–91: ''True Blue'', ''Like a Prayer'' and the Blond Ambition Tour===
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{{Quote box|width=220px|align=right|quote="In ''Like a Prayer'' I've been dealing with more specific issues that mean a lot to me. They're about an assimilation of experiences I've had in my life and in relationships. They're about my mother, my father and my bonds with my family about the pain of dying, or growing up and letting go. [The album] was a real coming-of-age record for me emotionally. [...] I had to do a lot of soul-searching and I think it is a reflection of that."|source=—Madonna talking about the inspiration behind ''Like a Prayer''.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=89}}</ref><ref name="bookalbum">{{harvnb|Bronson|2002|p=329}}</ref>
}}
In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft drink manufacturer [[Pepsi]]. In one of her Pepsi commercials, she debuted her song "[[Like a Prayer (song)|Like a Prayer]]". The corresponding music video featured many Catholic [[Christian symbolism|symbols]] such as [[stigmata]] and burning crosses, and a dream about making love to a saint, leading the [[Holy See|Vatican]] to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract. However, she was allowed to retain her fee of five million dollars.<ref name = "foxbio"/> The song was included on Madonna's fourth studio album, ''[[Like a Prayer]]'', which was co-written and co-produced by [[Patrick Leonard]] and [[Stephen Bray]].<ref>{{cite video|date=1989|title=[[Like a Prayer]]|medium=Audio CD|accessdate=2007-12-16|people=Madonna|publisher=Sire Records}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' hailed it as "...as close to art as pop music gets".<ref name="laprsreview">{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/7480/37150|title=Madonna: Like A Prayer: Review|accessdate =2007-01-21|last=Considine|first=J.D.|authorlink=J.D. Considine|date=1989-04-06|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner}}</ref> ''Like a Prayer'' peaked at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 and sold 13&nbsp;million copies worldwide, with 4&nbsp;million copies sold in the U.S. alone.<ref name="bbalbums"/><ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=146}}</ref> Six singles were released from the album, including "Like a Prayer", which reached number-one, and "[[Express Yourself (Madonna song)|Express Yourself]]" and "[[Cherish (Madonna song)|Cherish]]", both peaking at number two.<ref name="bbsingles"/><ref name="ach"/> By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the "Artist of the Decade" by media such as MTV, ''Billboard'' and ''[[Musician (magazine)|Musician]]'' magazine.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=217}}</ref><ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|title=Michael, Madonna Top 'Billboard' Poll|author=Press release|work=[[Dayton Daily News]]|publisher=[[Cox Enterprises]]|date=1990-05-25|issn=0897-0920|page=23|ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bego|2000|p=232}}</ref>
 
Madonna starred as "Breathless" Mahoney in the film [[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|''Dick Tracy'']] (1990), with [[Warren Beatty]] playing the title role.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=98}}</ref> To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album ''[[I'm Breathless]]'', which included songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It also featured the U.S. number one hit, "[[Vogue (Madonna song)|Vogue]]",<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/poll-vogue-is-fave-madonna-chart-topper-876281.story |title=Poll: 'Vogue' Is Fave Madonna Chart-Topper|work=Billboard |date=2000-09-15|last=Herrera|first=Monica|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> and "[[Sooner or Later (Madonna song)|Sooner or Later]]", which earned songwriter [[Stephen Sondheim]] an [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 1991.<ref>{{harvnb|Pitts|2004|p=40}}</ref> While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty which dissolved by the end of 1990.<ref>{{chú thích báo |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20118117,00.html |title=He Still Leaves 'Em Breathless |first=Elizabeth |last=Sporkin |date=1990-07-02|work=People|accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{chú thích báo |last=Ciccone|first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Ciccone|title=Warren Beatty, Sean Penn ... and My Sister Madonna's Great Daddy Chair Dilemma |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1036516/Warren-Beatty-Sean-Penn---sister-Madonnas-great-Daddy-Chair-dilemma.html|date=2008-07-19|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=2009-05-23 | location=London}}</ref> In April 1990 she began her [[Blond Ambition World Tour]], which continued for nearly four months. Regarding the tour, Madonna commented "I know that I'm not the best singer and I know that I'm not the best dancer. But, I can fucking push people's buttons and be as provocative as I want. The tour's goal is to break useless taboos."<ref name="guily1">{{harvnb|Guilbert|2002|p=140}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' called it an "elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza" and proclaimed it "the best tour of 1990".<ref>{{citechú thích tạp journalchí|title=Crucifixes, Leather and Hits|date=2006-06-01|last=Walters|first=Barry|work= Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|issn=0035-791X|volume=1067|issue=56|ref=harv}}</ref> The tour was met with strong reaction from religious groups for her performance of "Like a Virgin", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation.<ref name="showstealer">{{chú thích báo|first=Neil |last=Smith|date=2004-05-24 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3704915.stm |publisher=BBC|title=Show Stealer Madonna on Tour |accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref> The Pope asked the general public and the Christian community not to attend the concert.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5006008.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-05-23|last=Grunt|first=Gary|title=Madonna's giant cross offensive|accessdate=2006-05-28}}</ref> A private association of Catholics calling themselves ''Famiglia Domani'' also boycotted the tour for its eroticism.<ref>{{harvnb|Sexton|1993|p=88}}</ref> In response, Madonna said, "I am Italian American and proud of it. [...] The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others"; she declared that the Church "completely frowns on sex ... except for procreation."<ref name="carrie">{{citechú thích tạp journalchí|last=Fisher|first=Carrie|authorlink=Carrie Fisher|work=Rolling Stone|date=August 1991|title=True Confessions: The Rolling Stone Interview With Madonna |issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> [[Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour 90|The Laserdisc release]] of the tour won Madonna a [[Grammy Award]] in 1992 for [[Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video|Best Long Form Music Video]].<ref name="grammy"/>
 
''[[The Immaculate Collection]]'', Madonna's first greatest-hits [[compilation album]], was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, "[[Justify My Love]]" and "[[Rescue Me (Madonna song)|Rescue Me]]".<ref name="cross28">{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=128}}</ref> The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30&nbsp;million copies worldwide, becoming the [[list of best-selling albums worldwide|best-selling]] compilation album by a solo artist in history.<ref name="diamond"/><ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Arthington|first=Mirra|date=2007-10-07|title=Warner finds solace in farewell CD|work=[[Music Week]]|location=London|volume=32|issue=9|issn=0265-1548|pages=21|ref=harv}}</ref> "Justify My Love" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide.<ref name="ach"/><ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Madonna&titel=Justify+My+Love&cat=s|title=Madonna – Justify My Love – Worldwide peaks|accessdate=2010-05-28|work=[[Ultratop 50]]|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> Its music video featured scenes of [[sadomasochism]], [[bondage (sexual)|bondage]], same-sex kissing and brief nudity.<ref name = rebel/><ref name="autogenerated2">{{chú thích web| last= Lippens| first = Nate| url=http://entertainment.msn.com/green/madonna10things/|work= [[MSN]]|title=Making Madonna: 10 Moments That Created an Icon|publisher= [[MSN Music]]|year= 2007|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network. Madonna responded to the banning: "Why is it that people are willing to go and watch a movie about someone getting blown to bits for no reason at all, and nobody wants to see two girls kissing and two men snuggling? [...] MTV has been good to me, and they know their audience. If it's too strong for them, I understand. Although, half of me thought I was going to get away with it."<ref name = rebel>{{chú thích báo |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,285759,00.html|title=Madonna Banned|publisher= [[Time Inc.]]|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=2008-05-27|last=Rich|first=Joshua|date=1998-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bronson|2002|p=775}}</ref> The second single, "Rescue Me", became the highest-debuting single by a female artist in Hot 100 chart history at that time, entering at number 15 and peaking at number nine.<ref name = "cross28"/>
 
In December 1990, Madonna decided to leave [[Jennifer Lynch]]'s film ''[[Boxing Helena]]'', which she had previously agreed to star in, without any explanation to the producers.<ref>{{chú thích báo|last= Birnbaum| first= Jane| title= Unarmed and Dangerous| url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310562,00.html| date= 1992-05-22| work= Entertainment Weekly| accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> From late 1990 to early 1991, Madonna dated [[Tony Ward (entertainer)|Tony Ward]], a model and pornography performer who appeared in her music videos for "Cherish" and "Justify My Love". She also had an eight-month relationship with rapper [[Vanilla Ice]].<ref name="usatoday">{{chú thích báo| url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/madonnamen.htm |title=Crazy for Madonna's Men|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|work=[[USA Today]]|date=2000-12-19 |accessdate=2008-01-07| first=Staff Reporter}}</ref> Her first documentary film ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare|Truth or Dare]]'' (known as ''In Bed with Madonna'' outside North America) was released in mid-1991. The documentary chronicled her Blond Ambition World Tour and provided glimpses into her personal life.<ref name="Rolling Biography"/>
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Around the same time of the ''Music'' album, Madonna became involved in a relationship with [[Guy Ritchie]], whom she had met in 1999 through mutual friends [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] and his wife, [[Trudie Styler]]. On August 11, 2000, she gave birth to their son, Rocco Ritchie.<ref>{{chú thích báo|first=CNN Reporter|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/11/us.madonna/index.html|title=Madonna gives birth to boy|publisher=CNN|date=2000-08-11|accessdate=2006-05-05}}</ref> In December, Madonna and Ritchie were married in an exclusive ceremony in Scotland.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/22/newsid_3290000/3290829.stm|title=Madonna Weds Her Guy|publisher=BBC|date=2000-12-22|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref>
 
Her fifth concert tour, entitled [[Drowned World Tour]], started in April 2001.<ref name="showstealer"/> The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75&nbsp;million from 47 sold-out shows.<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2001-12-29|title=The Year in Touring|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York City|volume=113|issue=52|page=44|issn=0006-2510|ref=harv}}</ref> She also released her second greatest-hits collection, entitled ''[[GHV2]]'', to coincide with the [[Drowned World Tour 2001|home video release of the tour]]. ''GHV2'' debuted at number seven on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="allmusicghv2">{{chú thích web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r559135|pure_url=yes}}|title=Madonna <nowiki>&#124;</nowiki> GHV2 |last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2001-11-12|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=2009-05-26}}</ref> Madonna starred in the film ''[[Swept Away (2002 film)|Swept Away]]'', directed by Ritchie. Released [[direct-to-video]] in the UK, the film was a commercial and critical failure.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2426783.stm |title=Madonna flop goes straight to video |publisher=BBC|date=2002-11-08|accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> Later that year, she released "[[Die Another Day (song)|Die Another Day]]", the title song of the [[James Bond (film series)|James Bond]] film ''[[Die Another Day]]'', in which she had a [[Cameo appearance|cameo role]]. The song reached number eight on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and was nominated both for a [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Original Song and a [[Golden Raspberry Award|Golden Raspberry]] for Worst Song.<ref name="ach"/><ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-landing,0,3713019.htmlstory|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|title=Golden Raspberry Awards past winners database|accessdate=2008-06-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080613001734/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-landing,0,3713019.htmlstory <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = June 13, 2008}}</ref>
 
===2003–06: ''American Life'' and ''Confessions on a Dance Floor''===
[[File:Madonna Live 8 - 1.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=The front profile, from the waist up, of a middle-aged blond woman. She is wearing a white, sleeveless coat and white pants. Her hair is parted in the middle and is in locks around her face. She is holding a microphone in her right hand while her left hand is placed behind her head. She is smiling looking down. Behind her a video screen is red.| Madonna performing at the [[Live 8]] benefit concert]]
 
Following ''Die Another Day'', Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer [[Steven Klein]] in 2003 for an exhibition installation named ''[[Steven Klein|X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS]]''. It included photography from a photo shoot in ''[[W (magazine)|W]]'' magazine, and seven video segments. The installation ran from March to May in New York's [[Deitch Projects]] gallery. It then traveled the world in an edited form.<ref>{{chú thích báo|last=Lieberman|first=Rhonda|title=Weighty Madonna: Rhonda Lieberman on "X-STaTIC PRo=CeSS"|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_9_41/ai_101779141|date=2003-05-09|publisher=[[BNET]]|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref> Madonna released her ninth studio album, ''[[American Life]]'', which was based on her observations of American society, and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/american-life| title=American Life by Madonna: Review |publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=2007-12-30}}</ref> She commented, "[''American Life''] was like a trip down memory lane, looking back at everything I've accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were important to me."<ref name="mtvamerican"/> Larry Flick from ''[[The Advocate]]'' felt that "''American Life'' is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent. [...] It is like the flip side to 2000's ''Music'', and turns out to be a lazy, half-arsed effort to sound and take her seriously."<ref name="mtvamerican">{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/madonna/news_feature_042203/|title=Madonna: Her American Life|date=2003-04-09|accessdate=2010-05-26|last=Norris|first=John|publisher=MTV}}</ref><ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Flick|first=Larry|title=All-Americna Girl|work=[[The Advocate]]|issue=887|page=45|issn= 0001-8996|ref=harv}}</ref> The [[American Life (song)|title song]] peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100.<ref name="ach"/> Its original music video was canceled as Madonna thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,439329,00.html|title=Miss 'American'|date=2003-04-01|accessdate=2010-05-17|last=Susman|first=Gary|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> With only four million copies sold worldwide, ''American Life'' was the lowest selling album of her career.<ref>{{chú thích báo| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1500733/Thank-you-for-the-music-How-Madonnas-new-single-will-give-Abba-their-greatest-ever-hit.html|title=Thank You For the Music! How Madonna's New Single Will Give Abba Their Greatest-Ever Hit|last=Hastings| first=Chris| work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2005-10-16| accessdate=2008-01-07|location=London}}</ref> She gave another provocative performance later that year at the [[2003 MTV Video Music Awards]], while singing "[[Hollywood (Madonna song)|Hollywood]]" with [[Britney Spears]], [[Christina Aguilera]] and [[Missy Elliott]]. Madonna mouthkissed Spears and Aguilera during the performance, triggering a tabloid frenzy.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1477729/20030828/spears_britney.jhtml|title=Madonna Smooches With Britney And Christina|last=Moss|first=Corey|date=2003-08-28|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/mtvmusicawards/2003-08-28-mtv-vma_x.htm| title=Madonna, Spears, Aguilera shock at MTV Awards|work=USA Today|date=2003-08-28|last=Gardner|first=Elysa|publisher=Gannett Company|accessdate=2007-01-10}}</ref> In October 2003, Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears' single "[[Me Against the Music]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2003|p=233}}</ref> It was followed with the release of ''[[Remixed & Revisited]]''. The EP contained remixed versions of songs from ''American Life'' and included "Your Honesty", a previously unreleased track from the ''Bedtime Stories'' recording sessions.<ref>{{harvnb|Brackett||Hoard|2004|p=304}}</ref> Madonna also signed a contract with [[Callaway Arts & Entertainment]] to be the author of five children's books. The first of these books, entitled ''[[The English Roses]]'', was published in September 2003. The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=97}}</ref> Kate Kellway from ''[[The Guardian]]'' commented "[Madonna] is an actress playing at what she can never be – a [[J. K. Rowling|J.K. Rowling]], an English rose."<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/sep/21/booksforchildrenandteenagers.madonna|title=Immaterial girl|last=Kellaway|first=Kate|date=2003-09-21|accessdate=2010-05-31|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> The book debuted at the top of [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.<ref name="womenworld"/>
 
The next year, Madonna and Maverick sued [[Warner Music Group]] and its former parent company [[Time Warner]] claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own.<ref name=labelsuit>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3570563.stm |title=Madonna's label sues record giant |publisher=BBC |date=2004-03-26|accessdate=2008-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.nme.com/news/madonna/30546|title=Madonna sells record company|work=[[NME]]|publisher=[[IPC Media]]|accessdate=2008-06-09|date=2007-08-26|first=Jason|last=Shawhan}}</ref> The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.<ref name=labelsuit/> In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the [[Re-Invention World Tour]] in the U.S., Canada and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning $125&nbsp;million.<ref>{{chú thích web| url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,644310,00.html|work=People|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=2004-06-01| title=Madonna Boasts Top-Grossing Show of Year| accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> She made a documentary about the tour named ''[[I'm Going to Tell You a Secret]]''.<ref>{{chú thích web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=im-going-to-tell-you-a-secret-r834380|pure_url=yes}}|title=Madonna <nowiki>&#124;</nowiki> I'm Going to Tell You a Secret|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2006-06-12|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=2009-10-30}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' ranked her at number 36 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32197| title =Number 36: Madonna| work=Rolling Stone|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|accessdate=2008-01-03|date=2006-11-09| last=Spears|first=Britney|authorlink=Britney Spears}}</ref> In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the [[John Lennon]] song "[[Imagine (song)|Imagine]]" at [[Tsunami Aid]].<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-01-16/hollywood-music-stars-join-forces-in-tsunami/619556|title=Hollywood, music stars join forces in tsunami telethon|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Company]]|accessdate=2008-06-14|date=2005-01-16|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> She also performed at the [[Live 8]] benefit concert in London.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/thelive8event/|publisher=BBC|title=The Live 8 Event|accessdate=2008-06-14|first=BBC Reporter}}</ref>
 
{{Quote box|width=240px|align=left|quote="I tried several different things when Stuart [producer Stuart Price] brought me music. And it was like divine inspiration. It just clicked, like: 'This is the direction of my record.' That's what we intended, to make a record that you can play at a party or in your car, where you don't have to skip past a ballad. It's nonstop."|source =—Madonna talking about ''Confessions on a Dance Floor''.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/madonna/news_feature_051107/|title=Madonna: Dancing Queen|date=2005-10-24|accessdate=2010-05-36|publisher=MTV}}</ref>}}Her tenth studio album, ''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'', was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. The songs on the album started out light and happy, and as it progressed, it became intense, with the lyrics dealing more about personal feelings, hence "Confessions."<ref name="dq">{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1514426/20051123/madonna.jhtml|title=Madonna's Confessions Floors Carrie And Carey For Billboard #1|last=Harris|first=Chris|date=2005-11-23|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref> Keith Caulfield from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' commented that the album was a "welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop."<ref name="bbalbum">{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2005-11-19|title=Albums: Confessions on a Dance Floor|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York|volume=117|issue=47|page=45|issn=0006-2510|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5RQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45|accessdate=2009-07-27|ref=harv}}</ref> The album won a [[49th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for "[[Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album|Best Electronic/Dance Album]]".<ref name="grammy"/> ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' and its lead single, "[[Hung Up]]", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]''.<ref name="guinness">{{harvnb|Glenday|2007|p=187}}</ref> "[[Sorry (Madonna song)|Sorry]]", the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number one single in the UK.<ref name=BBC/> She embarked on the [[Confessions Tour]] in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2&nbsp;million and grossed over $194.7&nbsp;million, becoming the highest grossing-tour to that date for a female artist.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-confessions-tour-sets-record-1003154128.story|title=Madonna's 'Confessions' Tour Sets Record|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2006-09-04|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> Madonna used religious symbols, such as the [[crucifix]] and [[Crown of Thorns]], in the performance of "Live to Tell". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert.<ref>{{chú thích báo|title=Boycott of Madonna Moscow concert urged|work=[[j.|Jewish News Weekly]] |date=2006-08-18|accessdate=2008-01-21|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/30080/boycott-of-madonna-moscow-concert-urged/|publisher= The Emanu-El |last=Khyam|first=Omar}}</ref> The Vatican protested the concert, as did bishops from [[Düsseldorf]].<ref>{{chú thích báo|title=Madonna defies prosecution threat|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5269684.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-08-20|accessdate=2008-07-10}}</ref> Madonna responded: "My performance is neither anti-Christian, sacrilegious or blasphemous. Rather, it is my plea to the audience to encourage mankind to help one another and to see the world as a unified whole."<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/gallery/0,,20218274_20218271_47,00.html|title=Madonna: 50 Looks We Can't Forget |last=Adams|first=Lubna|date=2008-08-14|work=People|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> In the same year, the [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] announced officially that Madonna has sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat_month_20060913.html|first=Press Release|title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards: July & August 2006|date=2006-09-13|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> In June of 2006, Madonna was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends online Hall of Fame.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.michiganrockandrolllegends.com/mrrl-hall-of-fame/86-madonna|title=Madonna: Inductee|publisher=Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame|accessdate=2011-12-06}}</ref>
 
While on tour, Madonna participated in the [[Raising Malawi]] initiative by partially funding an orphanage and traveling to that country.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6039380.stm|title=Madonna 'adopts child in Africa' |date=2006-10-11|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=BBC|first=BBC Reporter}}</ref> On October 10, 2006, she filed adoption papers for a boy from the orphanage, David Banda Mwale. He was later renamed David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie.<ref>{{chú thích báo|first=Simon |last= Perry| url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1546505,00.html|title=Boy Madonna Hopes to Adopt, Leaves Africa |work=People |date=2006-10-09 |accessdate=2006-10-16}}</ref> The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do.<ref>{{chú thích báo| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/05/04/madonna.adoption/index.html|agency=Associated Press|title=Madonna's adoption appeal begins in Malawi|publisher=CNN|date=2009-04-04|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> She addressed this on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from [[pneumonia]] after surviving [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]] when she first met him.<ref>{{chú thích báo|first=Shia |last= Kapos|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1550254,00.html|title=Madonna: Boy's Father Has Been Manipulated|work=People|accessdate=2008-06-09|date=2006-09-09}}</ref> Banda's biological father, Yohane commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing. [...] They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband."<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/15429329/|title=Boy's Father Worries Madonna May Back Out|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|date=2006-10-26|accessdate=2008-06-14|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The adoption was finalized on May 28, 2008.<ref>{{chú thích báo|first=Raphael|last=Tenthani|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20202798,00.html|title=Madonna 'Over the Moon' About Finalized Adoption |work=People|date=2006-10-28|accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref> A clothing line titled ''M by Madonna'', in collaboration with Swedish clothing retailer [[H&M]], was launched internationally in 2006.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20015890,00.html
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|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/2007-12-13-rockfame_N.htm|title=Madonna, Others Named to Rock Hall of Fame|work=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company|date= 2007-12-13 |accessdate=2007-12-13|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> At the induction ceremony on March 10, 2008,<ref name="rsinducted">{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-beasties-mellencamp-up-for-rock-1003648320.story|title=Madonna, Beasties, Mellencamp Up For Rock Hall |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-25|date=2008-03-11|last=Campbell|first=Jim}}</ref> Madonna did not sing but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives [[The Stooges]] to perform her songs "Burning Up" and "Ray of Light". She thanked Christopher Flynn, her dance teacher from 35 years earlier, for his encouragement to follow her dreams.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/10/entertainment/main3923437.shtml|title=Madonna Has Her Say At Rock Hall Ceremony|date=2008-03-18|work=CBS News|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=2010-05-18}}</ref>
 
Madonna released her eleventh studio album, ''[[Hard Candy (Madonna album)|Hard Candy]]'', in April 2008. Containing R&B and [[Contemporary R&B|urban pop]] influences, the songs on ''Hard Candy'' were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Timbaland]], [[Pharrell Williams]] and [[Danja (producer)|Nate "Danja" Hills]].<ref name="timbalandhot">{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566579/20070807/timbaland.jhtml|title=Timbaland Talks About His And Justin Timberlake's 'Hot' Collabo With Madonna|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=2008-08-08|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' complimented it as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour."<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|title=Madonna debuts Hard Candy|work=Rolling Stone|last=Shewey|first=Don|date=2008-05-01|publisher=Jann Wenner|issue=45|volume=1093|issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=240px|align=right|quote="Probably in many respects most of the songs [on ''Hard Candy''] are [autobiographical]. But in more of an unconscious way. I don't really think about telling personal stories when I'm writing music. It just comes. And then a lot of times, six months later, eight months later, I go, 'Oh, that's what I wrote that song about.' But that's when I play the song for lots of people and they all go, 'Oh, I can totally relate to that.'"|source=— Madonna talking about the inspiration behind ''Hard Candy''<ref>{{chú thích web|last=Sischy|first=Ingrid|title=Madonna: the one and only, on her life unchained|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|publisher=[[CNET Networks]]|date=2008-04-21|url=http://thebosh.com/archives/2008/03/madonna_interview_magazine_april_2008.php|accessdate=2008-08-21}}</ref>
}}
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Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny of critics. [[Robert McQueen Grant|Robert M. Grant]], author of ''Contemporary Strategy Analysis'' (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is "certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, Madonna's talents seem modest."<ref name=CSA>{{harvnb|Grant|2005|p=6}}</ref> He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career.<ref name=CSA/> Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of "Find a winning formula and stick to it." Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that "having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re-inventing."<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|2005|p=3}}</ref> Conversely, ''Rolling Stone'' has named Madonna "an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics, and a better studio singer than her live spectacles attest."<ref name="Rolling Biography"/> [[Mark Bego]], author of ''Madonna: Blonde Ambition'', called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent."<ref>{{harvnb|Bego|2000|p=122}}</ref> Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as [[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] and [[Chaka Khan]].<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
 
Throughout her career, Madonna has written and co-written most of her own materials, as well as songs of other artists such as [[Nick Kamen]]'s "[[Each Time You Break My Heart]]" and [[Gary Barlow]]'s "[[Love Won't Wait]]".<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=2947550&search_in=c&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=25&start=1|title=Works written by Madonna L. Ciccone|publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]|accessdate=2011-08-07}}</ref> According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, Madonna's talent for developing "incredible" hooks for her songs allows the lyrics to capture the attention of the audience, even without the influence of the music. As an example, Jarman-Ivens cites the 1985 single "[[Into the Groove]]" and its line "Live out your fantasy here with me, just let the music set you free; Touch my body, and move in time, now I know you're mine."<ref name="fouz55">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=55–58}}</ref> From 1983 to 1986, Madonna's musical productions were often girlish and naïve in nature, focusing primarily on love, romance, passion and boy-meets-girl relationships.<ref name="fouz55"/> This changed with the album ''Like a Prayer'', when the lyrics became much more personal, such as in "Promise to Try", which references Madonna's lingering pain at the loss of her mother.<ref name="fouz55"/> Madonna's lyrics often suggest an identification with the gay community. Fouz believes that when Madonna sings "Come on girls, do you believe in love?" in "[[Express Yourself (Madonna song)|Express Yourself]]", she is addressing both the gay audience and the heterosexual female.<ref name="fouz55"/> Even in the ''Erotica'' era, with its often adult-oriented lyrics, the songs appear free-flowing and gullible ("So won't you go down, where it's warm inside" — "Where Life Begins" from ''Erotica''). Madonna's songwriting ability has been criticized, with ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s Maria Raha calling her lyrics "flighty and not sophisticated. Madonna can only bring a trunk full of trite lyrics on the long standing tradition of pop music, love; when she wasn't singing about love, she was singing about partying and dancing."<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Raha|first=Maria|date=1987-09-21|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|title=Cinderella's big score: women of the punk and indie underground |volume=1078|issue=9|issn=0032-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> Her lyrics were considered banal, and her songwriting capability was largely ignored by critics until the release of ''Ray of Light'' and ''Music''. According to Jarman-Ivens, lyrics such as "You're frozen, when your heart's not open" ("[[Frozen (song)|Frozen]]", 1998) and "I can't remember, when I was young, I can't express if it was wrong" ("Paradise (Not for Me)", 2000) reflected an artistic palette, "encompassing diverse musical, textual and visual styles in its lyrics."<ref name="fouz55"/>
 
[[File:MadonnaVirginTour cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Madonna, seen here on [[The Virgin Tour]], had a bright, girlish vocal [[timbre]] that became passé in her later works.]]
She started her musical career with songs that she described as "soulful pop music". Madonna recalled in a 1983 interview with ''Island'' magazine that she had wanted to grow up as a black kid.<ref name="island">{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|title=Madonna: Virgin Pop|last=Simmons|first=Collin|date=October 1983|work=Island|publisher=Dolores Press Ltd|page=23|volume=9|ref=harv}}</ref> "First of all, all the black girls in my neighborhood had these dances in their yard where they had these little turntables with 45 records and they'd play all this Motown stuff and they would dance, just dance, all of them dancing together and none of the white kids I knew would ever do that. They were really boring and stiff. And I wanted to be part of the dancing. I didn’t like my friends. I had to be beaten up so many times by these little black girls before they would accept me and finally one day they whipped me with a rubber hose till I was like, lying on the ground crying. And then they just stopped doing it all of a sudden and let me be their friend, part of their group."<ref name="island"/> On her 1983 debut album, Madonna's vocal abilities and personal artistry were not fully formed. Her vocal style was similar to other pop stars of that period like [[Paula Abdul]], [[Debbie Gibson]] and [[Taylor Dayne]].<ref name="fouzvocal">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=59–61}}</ref> The songs on ''Madonna'' reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy [[hook (music)|hooks]], highly polished [[arrangement]]s and Madonna's own vocal style. In songs such as "Lucky Star" and "Borderline", Madonna introduced a style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to gay audiences. The bright, girlish vocal [[timbre]] of the early years became passé in Madonna's later works, the change being deliberate, since Madonna was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium", because of her early voice.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> Her second album, ''Like a Virgin'' (1984), foreshadowed several trends in Madonna's later works. It contained references to classical works ([[pizzicato]] synthesizer line that opens "[[Angel (Madonna song)|Angel]]"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("[[Dress You Up]]" was blacklisted by the [[Parents Music Resource Center]]); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to [[Motown]]).<ref name="fouzvocal"/> Madonna's early style, and the change that she ushered in it, is best evident in the song "Material Girl". It opens with Madonna using a little-girl voice, but following the first verse, she switches to a richer, more mature voice in the [[chorus effect|chorus]].<ref name="fouzvocal"/> This mature artistic statement was visible in ''True Blue'' (1986). The song "Papa Don't Preach" was a significant milestone in her artistic career. The classical introduction, fast tempo and the gravity in her voice was unprecedented in Madonna's œuvre at that time.<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
 
With ''Like a Prayer'' (1989), Madonna again entered a new phase, musically. The album introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance, [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] and gospel music.<ref name="bookalbum"/> Madonna continued to compose ballads and [[Glossary of musical terminology|uptempo]] dance songs for ''Erotica'' (1992) and ''Bedtime Stories'' (1994). She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] into her music. Her voice grew much deeper and fuller, evident in the tracks like "Rain" and "Take a Bow".<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=44}}</ref> During the filming of ''Evita'', Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for ''Evita'' and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it."<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Lamsweerde|first=Inez van|coauthors=Matadin, Vinoodh|date=April 1998|title=Madonna Chooses Dare|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|publisher=SPIN Media LLC|volume=14|issue=4|pages=70–76|issn=0886-3032|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Jq-A2xEoAHIC&pg=PA70|accessdate=2010-02-26|ref=harv}}</ref> Continuing her musical evolution with ''Ray of Light'', the track "Frozen" displayed her fully formed vocal prowess and her allusions to classical music. Her vocals were restrained and she sang the songs in ''Ray of Light'' without vibrato. However, the intake of breath within the songs became more prominent.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> With the new millennium came her album ''Music'' in which Madonna sang in her normal voice in a medium range, and sometimes in a higher register for the chorus.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> A change was also noted in the content of the songs, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. As she explained, "I sing about shattering an image that you have of somebody, but I also sing about loving someone that wish you didn’t love. Because you know that you’re doomed, but you can’t stop yourself."<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Davies|first=Johny|date=August 2000|issn=0263-1210|work=[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]|publisher=[[EMAP]]|title=It's My Love-You-But-Fuck-You Record|volume=32|issue=8|page=23|ref=harv}}</ref> Such melancholics continued in her next record ''American Life'', which was infused with thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, acoustic choruses and a [[rapping|rap]] on the title track. The unconventional rock songs of the album were intermingled with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song "[[Nothing Fails]]".<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Rees|first=Paul|date=April 2003|work=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|title=Madonna Attacks|volume=67|issn=0955-4955|page=31|ref=harv}}</ref> Musically, things changed with ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'', which returned Madonna to pure dance songs, infusing club beats and retro music, but the lyrics continued to be about [[paradox]]ical metaphors and reference to her earlier works.<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Todd|first=Matthew|authorlink=Matthew Todd|title=Madonna: Confessions of an Icon|date=November 2005|work=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]|publisher=Vitality Publishing|ref=harv}}</ref> Her most recent studio album, ''Hard Candy'', saw her mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. The album also had songs whose lyrics were autobiographical and expressed support for peace movements. The singing in higher register continued, with employment of [[double tracking]].<ref name=Interview>{{chú thích web|last=Sischy|first=Ingrid|title=Madonna: the one and only, on her life unchained|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|publisher=David Hamilton|date=2008-04-21|archiveurl=http://allaboutmadonna.com/madonna-interviews-articles/interview-magazine-april-2008|archivedate=2008-09-09|url=http://www.interview.com/april-2008/madonna|accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref> Fouz-Hernández commented that "Throughout her career, Madonna's manipulation of her voice shows us that, by refusing to be defined in one way, she has in fact opened up a space for new kinds of musical analysis."<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
 
===Influences===
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In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was "[[These Boots Are Made for Walkin']]" by [[Nancy Sinatra]]; she said it summed up her own "take-charge attitude".<ref name="hot"/> As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was [[baroque music|baroque]], and loved [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] because she liked their "feminine quality".<ref>{{harvnb|St. Michael|2004|p=199}}</ref> Other musical influences included artists [[Karen Carpenter]], [[The Supremes]], [[Led Zeppelin]], and dancers such as [[Martha Graham]] and [[Rudolf Nureyev]].<ref>{{chú thích báo |url=http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9901/19/madonna.lkl/|last=King|first=Larry|authorlink=Larry King|title=Interview: Madonna reviews life on Larry King Live| publisher=CNN| date=1999-01-19|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents were reflected in the album ''Like a Prayer''.<ref name="laprsreview"/> It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2007|pp=126–131}}</ref> Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a [[rosary]], and also prayed with it in the music video for "La Isla Bonita".<ref name="fouz">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=67–70}}</ref> The "Open Your Heart" video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language. On Who's That Girl World Tour, she dedicated the song "Papa Don't Preach" to the Pope.<ref name="fouz"/><ref>{{chú thích web|title=Online English-Italian Dictionary|url=http://www.wordreference.com/enit/pope|publisher=WorldReference.com| accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref>
 
During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, "I loved [[Carole Lombard]] and [[Judy Holliday]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]]. They were all incredibly funny&nbsp;... and I saw myself in them&nbsp;... my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence."<ref name="hot">{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Worrell|first=Denise|title=Madonna, Why She's Hot|journal=Time|date=1985-05-27|issn= 0040-781X|ref=harv}}</ref> Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song "[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]", from the film ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]''. She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the film ''Who's That Girl''. The video for "Express Yourself" (1989) was inspired by [[Fritz Lang]]'s [[silent film]] ''[[Metropolis (film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927). The video for "Vogue" recreated the style of [[Glamour (presentation)|Hollywood glamour]] photographs, in particular those by [[Horst P. Horst]], and imitated the poses of [[Marlene Dietrich]], Carole Lombard and [[Rita Hayworth]], while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, including [[Bette Davis]], described by Madonna as an idol.<ref name="carrie"/><ref>{{harvnb|Victor|2001|p=78}}</ref> Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of artist [[Frida Kahlo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=170}}</ref> The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and [[Remedios Varo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guralnick|Wolk|2000|p=149}}</ref> Her 2003 video for "[[Hollywood (Madonna song)|Hollywood]]" was an homage to the work of photographer [[Guy Bourdin]]; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work.<ref>{{chú thích báo|first=Gary|last=Susman|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,491440,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|title=Strike a Pose|date=2003-09-30|accessdate=2008-06-14}}</ref> Pop artist [[Andy Warhol]]'s use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".<ref>{{harvnb|Guilbert|2002|p=69}}</ref> However, Madonna's film career has been largely received negatively by the film critic community. Stephanie Zacharek, critic for ''Time'' magazine, stated that, "[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest."<ref name="filmcareer">{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=293}}</ref> According to biographer [[Andrew Morton (writer)|Andrew Morton]], "Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt."<ref name="filmcareer"/> After the 2002 box-office bomb ''Swept Away'', Madonna vowed that she would never act in a film, hoping that her repertoire as a bad actress will never be discussed again.<ref name="filmcareer"/>
 
Madonna is dedicated to [[Kabbalah]] and in 2004, she adopted the name [[Esther (given name)|Esther]] which in [[Persian language|Persian]] means "star".<ref name="kab"/> She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject.<ref name="kab">{{harvnb|Friskics-Warren|2006|p=72}}</ref><ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/kabbalah/kabbalah88.html |title=Madonna opens her own school|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Ross|first=Rick|date= 2004-08-05|accessdate= 2006-02-20|publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> She faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity [[wikt:dilettantism|dilettantism]]. Madonna defended her studies, saying "It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party", and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is "not hurting anybody."<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/music/4393642.stm |title=Madonna defends Kabbalah interest|publisher=BBC|date=2005-10-21|accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> The influence of the Kaballah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like ''Ray of Light'' and ''Music''.<ref name="kab"/> During the Re-Invention World Tour, at one point in the show, Madonna and her dancers wore t-shirts that read "Kabbalists Do It Better".<ref name="kab"/>
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===Music videos and performances===
[[File:Madonna wembley 1.jpg|thumb|Madonna performing at the [[Confessions Tour]] in 2006|alt=A female blond performer wearing a red top. She is holding a microphone in her brown-gloved right hand.]]
In ''The Madonna Companion'', biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work.<ref name="metz2">{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=161}}</ref> According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer" or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the song and their impact, rather than the song itself.<ref name="metz2"/> Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=20}}</ref> Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor.<ref name="metz2"/> She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=163}}</ref> The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the ''True Blue'' era.<ref>{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=145}}</ref> Author [[Douglas Kellner]] noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences".<ref>{{harvnb|Kellner|1995|p=271}}</ref> Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".<ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=44}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rettenmund|1995|p=34}}</ref> Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex.<ref>{{harvnb|Welton|1998|p=234}}</ref> This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=70}}</ref> Madonna has been honored with 20 [[MTV Video Music Award]]s—the most for any artist—including the lifetime achievement "[[MTV Video Vanguard Award|Video Vanguard Award]]" in 1986.<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|title=Who has won the most MTV Video Music Awards?|date=March 2008|work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|publisher=Vibe Media Group|issn=1070-4701|volume=16|issue=2|page=58|ref=harv}}</ref> In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."<ref>{{harvnb|Landrum|2007|p=258}}</ref>
 
Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV, and, according to Chris Nelson from ''[[The New York Times]]'', "with its almost exclusively [[lip sync|lip-sync]]ed videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words."<ref name="sync">{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/01/arts/music/01NELS.html?pagewanted=1|title=Lip-Synching Gets Real|last=Nelson|first=Chris|date=2004-02-01|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip-syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows. He added, "Artists like Madonna and [[Janet Jackson]] set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing."<ref name="sync"/> Thor Christensen of the ''[[The Dallas Morning News|Dallas Morning News]]'' commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe&nbsp;... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."<ref name="lip-sync">{{chú thích báo| last1 = Christensen|first1 = Thor|title = Loose Lips: Pop Singers' Lip-Syncing In Concert Is An Open Secret| page = B.8|newspaper = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date = 2001-09-15| issn = 1068624X| ref = harv| postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, she was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic".<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://harada-sound.com/sound/handbook/rfmics.html|title=Kai Harada, sound designer and sound handbook author, writes about "The Feeding and Care of RF Microphones|last=Harada|first=Kai|date=2007-09-01|publisher=Harada-Sound.com|accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/wimbledons-no-1-seat-455502.html|title=Wimbledon's No 1 seat|last=Castle|first=Andrew|date=2007-07-02|work=The Independent|publisher=Independent News & Media|accessdate=2010-03-17|authorlink=Andrew Castle|location=London}}</ref> Metz noted that Madonna represents a [[paradox]] as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes.<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=290}}</ref> Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos. Thus her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized.<ref>{{harvnb|Diamond|1996|p=202}}</ref> Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are deemed as "extravagant show piece, a walking art show."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=90}}</ref>
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Throughout her career the singer has repeatedly reinvented herself through a series of visual and musical personas, earning her the nickname "Queen of Reinvention".<ref>{{harvnb|Gallo|2006|p=67}}</ref> In doing so, "she exploited her sexuality to fashion herself into a cultural and commercial icon who, for more than a decade, was unchallenged as the reigning Queen of Pop music."<ref>{{harvnb|Axelrod|2007|p=103}}</ref> Fouz-Hernández agrees that these reinventions are one of her key cultural achievements.<ref name="fouz3">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=168}}</ref> Madonna reinvented herself by working with upcoming talented producers and previously unknown artists, while remaining at the center of media attention. According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, "In doing so Madonna has provided an example of how to maintain one's career in the entertainment industry."<ref name="fouz3"/> Such reinvention was noted by scholars as the main tool in surviving the musical industry, for a female artist.<ref>{{harvnb|Tetzlaff|1993|p=259}}</ref> As Ian Youngs from [[BBC News]] commented, "Her ability to follow the latest trends and adapt her style has often been credited with preserving her appeal."<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2953665.stm|title=Madonna fights to keep pop crown|publisher=BBC|date=2003-04-18|author=Ian Youngs|accessdate=2010-02-27}}</ref> Madonna's use of shocking sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism.<ref name="fouz3"/> ''The Times'' stated, "Madonna, whether you like her or not, started a revolution amongst women in music&nbsp;... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice."<ref name="fouz2"/> Rodger Streitmatter, author of ''Sex Sells!'' (2004), commented that "from the moment Madonna burst onto the nation's radar screen in the mid-1980s, she did everything in her power to shock the public, and her efforts paid off."<ref name="sex sells">{{harvnb|Streitmatter|2004|p=34}}</ref> Shmuel Boteach, author of ''Hating women'' (2005), felt that Madonna was largely responsible for erasing the line between music and pornography. He stated: "Before Madonna, it was possible for women more famous for their voices than their cleavage, to emerge as music superstars. But in the post-Madonna universe, even highly original performers such as Janet Jackson now feel the pressure to expose their bodies on national television to sell albums."<ref>{{harvnb|Boteach|2005|p=110}}</ref>
 
{{quote box|align=right|width=30%|quote=Very few public figures are such wizards at manipulating the press and cultivating publicity as Madonna is. She has always been a great tease with journalists, brash and outspoken when the occasion demanded it, recalcitrant and taciturn when it came time to pull back and slow down the striptease. Madonna is a self-created woman, no question, but it was not a virgin birth: her adroit handling of the press played a major part in the consummation. Publicity is the name of the game.<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Kahn|first=Becky|title=Madonna: Changed Woman|date=May 1989|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|publisher=CNET Networks|issn=0149-8932|volume=24|issue=9|page=34|ref=harv}}</ref>|source=—Becky Johnson from ''[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]'' commenting on Madonna's popularity.
}}
Madonna has influenced numerous music artists throughout her career. Mary Cross, in her book ''Madonna: A Biography'', wrote: "Her influence on pop music is undeniable and far-reaching. New pop icons from [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Shakira]] to [[Gwen Stefani]] and [[Christina Aguilera]] (not to mention [[Britney Spears]]) owe Madonna, a debt of thanks for the template she forged, combining provocative sexiness and female power in her image, music, and lyrics."<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=107}}</ref> According to Fouz-Hernández, female pop performers such as Spears, the [[Spice Girls]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Kylie Minogue]] and [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] were like "Madonna's daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna, and decided they wanted to be like her."<ref name="fouz4">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=161}}</ref> Among them, Madonna's influence was most notable in Spears, who has been called her protégé.<ref name="fouz2">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=162}}</ref> Madonna has also been credited with the introduction of European [[electronic dance music]] into mainstream American pop culture, and for bringing European producers such as [[Stuart Price]] and [[Mirwais Ahmadzaï]] into the spotlight.<ref name="fouz"/>
 
Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2&nbsp;billion in sales within the first decade of her career.<ref name="Routledge">{{harvnb|Kramarae|Spender|2000|p=459}}</ref> As Taraborrelli noted, she already showed strong business sensibilities early in her career when she signed Freddie de Mann, Michael Jackson's former manager, to manage her career.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=99}}</ref> As she said to ''[[Smash Hits]]'' magazine, "I thought, who’s the most successful person in the music industry and who’s his manager? I want him." Since it was Jackson, Madonna wanted de Mann more than anything else, and chance came when she learned that they have parted ways recently. After signing de Mann, her Madonna's associates had expressed their apprehension as to whether that was a good business decision by her. Madonna was adamant that since de Mann was free he would be able to devote all his time into his career. True to her, Madonna's popularity increased significantly, being asked to do more promotional tours and media appearances.<ref>{{citechú journalthích tạp chí|last=Ellen|first=Mark|authorlink=Mark Ellen|title=Madonna: Queen Kajagoogoo|date=1984-06-02|work=[[Smash Hits]]|publisher=[[EMAP|EMAP Metro]]|issn=0260-3004|volume=12|page=13|ref=harv}}</ref> Her seriousness towards her business was also portrayed in the ''Truth or Dare'' documentary, in a scene where Madonna throws out the cameraman as she was going to have a business meeting. This led Taraborrelli to comment that "she always knew the importance of the outcomes of these discussions with her associates. And she wanted the element of surprise."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=312}}</ref> After its establishment, Maverick Records became a major commercial success from her efforts, which was unusual at that time for an artist-established label.<ref name="susmanchaos">{{chú thích báo|title=So-called Chaos|first=Gary|last=Susman|work=Entertainment Weekly|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,652432,00.html|date=2004-06-15|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> Music journalist Robert Sandall said that while interviewing Madonna, it was clear that being "a cultural big hitter" was more important to her than pop music, a career she described as "an accident". He also saw a contrast between her anything-goes sexual public persona and a secretive and "paranoid" attitude toward her own finances; she fired her own brother when he charged her for an extra item.<ref name="sandall">{{chú thích báo|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6015124.ece|last=Sandall|first=Robert|title=Why Madonna is still a Material Girl|work=The Times|date=2009-04-05|accessdate=2009-08-09| location=London}}</ref> Professor Colin Barrow of the [[Cranfield School of Management]] described Madonna as "America's smartest businesswoman... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself". He held up her "planning, personal discipline and constant attention to detail" as models for all aspiring entrepreneurs.<ref>{{chú thích báo|url=http://news.scotsman.com/madonna/Get-a-head-for-business.2566459.jp|title=Get a head for business, tune into Madonna|last=Johnston|first=Ian|work=[[The Scotsman]]|publisher=[[Johnston Press]]|date=2004-09-23|accessdate=2010-07-24}}</ref> [[London Business School]] academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the key to her commercial success.<ref name=LBS>{{chú thích báo|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/career_and_jobs/graduate_management/article1293585.ece|title=Case Study: Madonna|first=Jamie|last=Anderson|first2=Martin|last2=Kupp|work=The Times|date= 2007-01-18|accessdate=2009-08-03|location=London}}</ref> Morton commented that "Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless—somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants—and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her."<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=89}}</ref> Taraborrelli felt that this ruthlessness was visible during the shooting of the Pepsi commercial in 1989. "The fact that she didn't want to hold a Pepsi can in the commercial, clued the Pepsi executives that Madonna the pop star and Madonna the businesswoman were not going to be dictated by somebody else, she will do everything in her way—the only way."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=167}}</ref> Conversely, reporter Michael McWilliams commented: "The gripes about Madonna–she's cold, greedy, talentless–conceal both bigotry and the essence of her art, which is among the warmest, the most humane, the most profoundly satisfying in all pop culture."<ref>{{chú thích báo|last=McWilliams|first=Michael|title=Why the rock world hates Madonna|work=[[The Detroit News|Detroit News]]|url=http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080224/ENT04/802240345/1031/POLITICS01|date=1990-04-21|accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref>
 
==Discography==
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*{{Cite journal
|last = Rust
|first = Paula C. Rodriguez
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