Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Corticosteroid”

Corticosteroids have been widely used in treating people with traumatic brain injury.<ref>{{cite book|title=Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury|author=Alderson P, Roberts I|publisher=The Cochrane Collaboration|chapter=Plain Language Summary|page=2}}</ref> A [[systematic review]] identified 20 randomised controlled trials and included 12,303 participants, then compared patients who received corticosteroids with patients who received no treatment. The authors recommended people with traumatic head injury should not be routinely treated with corticosteroids.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1002/14651858.CD000196.pub2}}</ref>

 

 

Corticosteroids have been used as drug treatment for some time. [[Lewis Sarett]] of [[Merck & Co.]] was the first to synthesize cortisone, using a complicated 36-step process that started with deoxycholic acid, which was extracted from [[ox]] [[bile]].<ref>Sarett, Lewis H. (1947). “Process of Treating Pregnene Compounds”, U. S. Patent 2,462,133</ref> The low efficiency of converting deoxycholic acid into cortisone led to a cost of US $200 per gram. [[Russell Marker]], at [[Syntex]], discovered a much cheaper and more convenient starting material, [[diosgenin]] from wild Mexican yams. His conversion of diosgenin into [[progesterone]] by a four-step process now known as [[Marker degradation]] was an important step in mass production of all steroidal hormones, including cortisone and chemicals used in [[hormonal contraception]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marker, Russell E.; Wagner, R. B.; Ulshafer, Paul R.; Wittbecker, Emerson L.; Goldsmith, Dale P. J.; Ruof, Clarence H. |title=Steroidal Sapogenins |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=69 |issue=9 |year=1947 |doi=10.1021/ja01201a032 |pmid=20262743 |pages=2167–2230}}</ref> In 1952, D.H. Peterson and H.C. Murray of [[Upjohn]] developed a process that used [[Rhizopus]] mold to oxidize progesterone into a compound that was readily converted to cortisone.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Peterson D.H., Murray, H.C. |title=Microbiological Oxygenation of Steroids at Carbon 11 |journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc. |volume=74 |issue=7 |pages=1871–2 |year=1952 |doi=10.1021/ja01127a531 }}</ref> The ability to cheaply synthesize large quantities of cortisone from the diosgenin in yams resulted in a rapid drop in price to US $6 per gram, falling to $0.46 per gram by 1980. [[Percy Lavon Julian|Percy Julian's]] research also aided progress in the field.<ref>Julian, Percy L., Cole, John Wayne, Meyer, Edwin W., and Karpel, William J. (1956) “Preparation of Cortisone”. U. S. Patent 2,752,339</ref> The exact nature of cortisone's anti-inflammatory action remained a mystery for years after, however, until the [[leukocyte adhesion cascade]] and the role of [[phospholipase A2]] in the production of [[prostaglandin]]s and [[leukotriene]]s was fully understood in the early 1980s.