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Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Trailer”

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'''Trailers''' hoặc '''previews''' là các đoạn [[phim quảng cáo]] cho một bộ phim hoặc một chương trình [[nghe nhìn]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://straightdope.com/mailbag/mtrailers.html
Hàng 15 ⟶ 9:
 
==Định nghĩa về Trailer==
Trailer hay phim quảng cáo cho bộ phim sắp được chiếu trong tương lai tại một rạp chiếu phim, trên các màn hình mà chúng được hiển thị. Thuật ngữ "trailer" đến từ nguyên trạng ban đầu là đoạn phim được hiển thị ở cuối của một chương trình phim. Cách làm này đã không kéo dài, bởi vì khách có xu hướng rời khỏi nhà hát sau khi kết thúc phim. Sau đó, trailer được hiển thị trước khi việc chiếu phim bắt đầu hoặc sử dụng như [[phim quảng cáo]].
 
Không chỉ chiếu ở phía trước các rạp chiếu phim, nhà hát, trailer bây giờ đã trở thành rất phổ biến trên [[Internet]]. Hiện có một số lượng khoảng 10 tỷ video trực tuyến được đưa lên và theo dõi hàng năm, phim trailers xếp hạng 3, sau tin tức và các loại video tự tạo.
Trailers consist of a series of selected shots from the film being advertised. Since the purpose of the trailer is to attract an audience to the film, these excerpts are usually drawn from the most exciting, funny, or otherwise noteworthy parts of the film but in abbreviated form and without producing [[Spoiler (media)|spoilers]]. For this purpose the scenes are not necessarily in the order in which they appear in the film. A trailer has to achieve that in less than two and a half minutes, the maximum length allowed by theaters. Each studio or distributor is allowed to exceed this time limit once a year, if they feel it is necessary for a particular film.
 
==Lịch sử==
Some trailers use "special shoot" footage, which is material that has been created specifically for advertising purposes and does not appear in the actual film. The most notable film to use this technique was ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'', whose trailer featured elaborate special effects scenes that were never intended to be in the film itself. [[Dimension Films]] also shot extra scenes for the ''[[Black Christmas (2006 film)|Black Christmas]]'' trailer, but these scenes are similarly absent from the theatrical release. A trailer for the 2002 blockbuster ''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]'' had an entire action sequence especially constructed that involved escaping bank robbers in a helicopter getting caught in a giant web between the [[World Trade Center]]'s two towers. However, after the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] the studio pulled it from theaters.
 
Trailer đầu tiên được chiếu trong một rạp chiếu phim Mỹ tháng mười một 1913, khi Nils Granlund, quản lý các chương trình quảng cáo cho Marcus Loew chuỗi rạp chiếu phim, sản xuất một phim ngắn khuyến mại cho các nhạc "The Pleasure" tìm việc, mở cửa tại Nhà hát Winter Garden trên Broadway.
One of the most famous "special shoot" trailers is that used for the 1960s thriller ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'', which featured director [[Alfred Hitchcock]] giving viewers a guided tour of the Bates Motel, eventually arriving at the infamous shower. At this point, the soft-spoken Hitchcock suddenly throws the shower curtain back to reveal [[Vera Miles]] with a blood-curdling scream.
 
The people who create trailers often begin their work while the movie is still being shot. Since the edited movie does not exist at this point, the trailer [[film editor|editor]]s work from [[rushes]] or [[dailies]]. The trailer may be created at the agency while the movie itself is being cut together at the studio. Thus, the trailer may contain footage that is not in the final movie, or the trailer editor and the movie editor may use different [[take]]s of a particular shot. Another common technique is including music on the trailer which does not appear on the movie's soundtrack. This is nearly always a requirement, as trailers and teasers are created long before the composer has even been hired for the film score — sometimes as much as a year ahead of the movie's release date — while composers are usually the last creative people to work on the film. For instance, ''[[Forrest Gump (film)|Forrest Gump]]'' used music from ''[[Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story]]'' for its trailer while the 2008 [[superhero film]] ''[[Iron Man (film)|Iron Man]]'' featured the [[Iron Man (song)|song of the same name]] by [[Black Sabbath]] in its promotion.
 
Some trailers that incorporate material not in the movie are particularly coveted by collectors, especially trailers for classic films. For example, in a trailer for ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]'' the character Rick Blaine says, "OK, you asked for it!" before shooting Major Strasser, an event that does not occur in the final film.
 
==Các phần của một trailer==
Trailer thường kể một câu chuyện qua một đoạn phim ngắn trong đó các hình ảnh, thông điệp được dồn nén tối đa và đưa ra liên tiếp. Từ khi quảng bá phim trở thành một ngành thực thụ, trailer phát triển càng mạnh.
 
===Kịch bản===
Most trailers have a three-act structure similar to a feature-length film. They start with a beginning (act 1) that lays out the premise of the story. The middle (act 2) drives the story further and usually ends with a dramatic climax. Act 3 usually features a strong piece of "signature music" (either a recognizable song or a powerful, sweeping orchestral piece). This last act often consists of a visual montage of powerful and emotional moments of the film and may also contain a cast run if there are noteworthy stars that could help sell the movie.
 
===Tiếng động===
[[Voice-over]] narration is used to briefly set up the premise of the movie and provide explanation when necessary ("In a world..."). Since the trailer is a highly condensed format, voice-over is a useful tool to enhance the audience's understanding of the plot. Some of the best-known, modern-day trailer [[voice actors|voice-over artists]] are [[Don LaFontaine]], [[Andy Geller]], [[Hal Douglas]], [[Mark Elliott (Disney)|Mark Elliott]], [[George DelHoyo]], [[Peter Cullen]], [[Ashton Smith]], [[John Garry]], and [[Jim Cummings]]. Classic voice-over artists in movie trailers of the 1950s and 1960s included [[Art Gilmore]], [[Knox Manning]], [[Reed Hadley]], [[Fred Foy]], [[Karl Weber]], and [[Bob Marcato]]. Hollywood trailers of the classic film era were renowned for clichés such as "Colossal!", "Stupendous!", etc. Some trailers have used voice over clichés for satirical effect. This can be seen in trailers for films such as ''[[Comedian (movie)|The Comedian]]'' and ''[[Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny]]''.<ref>[http://www.movie-list.com/trailers.php?id=comedian movie-list.com: ''Comedian'' trailer]</ref><ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=aobZEIf-wcE YouTube: ''Tenacious D in: the Pick of Destiny'' trailer]</ref>
 
===Nhạc===
[[Music]] helps set the [[setting tone|tone]] and mood of the trailer. Usually the music used in the trailer is not from the film itself (the [[film score]] may not have been composed yet). The music used in the trailer may be:
*Music from the score of other movies
*Popular or well-known music, often chosen for its tone, appropriateness of a lyric, or recognizability. [[Hans Zimmer]]'s music has been the most used in trailers.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
*"Library" music previously composed specifically to be used in advertising by an independent composer. Some big trailer music companies are X-Ray Dog, Immediate Music, Pfeifer Broz. Music, Brand X Music, Audiomachine, Future World Music and Epic Score.
*Specially composed music. One of the most famous Hollywood trailer music composers is [[John Beal (composer)|John Beal]], who began scoring trailers in the 1970s and, in the course of a thirty-year career, created original music for over 2,000 movie trailer projects, including 40 of the top-grossing films of all time, such as ''[[Star Wars]]'', ''[[Forrest Gump (film)|Forrest Gump]]'', ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'', ''[[Aladdin (film)|Aladdin]]'', ''[[Braveheart]]'', ''[[Ghost (film)|Ghost]]'', ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' and ''[[The Matrix]]''.
*Songs, which may include [[knock-off]]s of recognizable (but expensive to license) songs
 
===Diễn viên, studio và đoàn làm phim===
*A cast run is a list of the [[movie star|stars]] that appear in the movie. If the [[film director|director]] or [[film producer|producer]] is well-known or has made other popular movies, they often warrant a mention as well. Most trailers conclude with a [[billing (film)|billing]] block, which is a list of the principal [[actor|cast]] and [[film crew|crew]]. It is the same list that appears on posters and print publicity materials, and also usually appears on-screen at the beginning (or end) of the movie.
*Studio [[production logo]]s are usually featured near the beginning of the trailer. Until the late 1970s, they were put only at the end of the trailer. Often there will be logos for both the [[production company]] and [[film distributor|distributor]] of the film.
 
===Các thành tố kỹ thuật===
*[[Sound mix]]: many movie trailers are presented in Dolby Digital or any other multichannel sound mix. Scenes including sound effects and music that are enhanced by stereophonic sound are therefore the focus point of many modern trailers.
*[[Video resolution]]: movie trailers are presented in the same resolution as the feature film (namely 35mm film). On HDTV channels (such as [[Universal HD]]) movie trailers are presented in HDTV and Dolby Digital 5.1 Sound.
 
==Phân loại trailer theo [[Hệ thống phân loại phim của MPAA]]==
 
These rating cards appear at the head of movie trailers in the United States. For information about the MPAA ratings, see [[Motion Picture Association of America]].
 
[[Image:Redband.JPG|thumb|300px|The red band trailer title card for the film ''[[Forgetting Sarah Marshall]]''.]]
 
A '''green band''' is an all-green graphic at the beginning of the trailer, usually reading "The following PREVIEW has been approved for ALL AUDIENCES by the Motion Picture Association of America," and sometimes including the movie's [[MPAA rating]]. This signifies that the trailer adheres to the standards for motion picture advertising outlined by the MPAA, which includes limitations on foul language and violent, sexual, or otherwise objectionable imagery.
 
A '''yellow band''' is a yellow graphic that reads "The following PREVIEW has been approved ONLY for AGE-APPROPRIATE internet users by the Motion Picture Association of America" (for example, the trailers for ''[[Halloween (film)|Halloween]]'', ''[[Burn After Reading]]'' and ''[[The Strangers]]''). The MPAA also mandates that trailers not exceed two minutes and thirty seconds in length, and each major studio is given one exception to this rule per year.
 
Trailers that do not adhere to these guidelines may be issued a '''red band''', which reads "The following PREVIEW has been approved for RESTRICTED AUDIENCES ONLY by the Motion Picture Association of America," and may only be shown before an R-rated, NC-17-rated, or unrated movie. (''[[The Amityville Horror (1979 film)|The Amityville Horror]]'', ''[[Pineapple Express (film)|Pineapple Express]]'', ''[[Superbad (film)|Superbad]]'', and ''[[Not Another Teen Movie]]'' carry this banner.)<ref>IMDb.com Amityville trailer</ref>
 
==Sử dụng trailers trên các phương tiện truyền thông khác==
 
The concept of the trailer format has spread to other non-cinema media as well. Trailers for [[computer game]]s have especially become popular.
Comic Book trailers have also become very popular among comic book fans. Marvel Comics have have been on the forefront of this type of marketing on the web site www.marvel.com.
 
==Giải thưởng cho trailers==
 
Every year there are two main events that give awards to outstanding movie trailers: The [[Key Art Awards]], presented by the ''[[Hollywood Reporter]]'', and The [[Golden Trailer Awards]]. While the Golden Trailer Awards allow only trailers to be entered in the competition, the Key Art Awards pick winners in all creative parts of movie advertising, from trailers and TV spots to posters and print ads. The yearly Key Art Awards ceremony is held at the [[Kodak Theater]] in Hollywood.
* [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/keyarts/index.jsp Key Art Awards]
* [[Golden Trailer Awards]] [http://www.goldentrailer.com/index.html]
 
==Chú thích==
<references/>
 
==Xem thêm==
*[[Teaser trailer]]
*[[Re-cut trailers]]
*[[Trailer (book)]]
 
==Liên kết ngoài==
*[http://www.trailerstats.com TrailerStats - an online trailer credit database]
*[http://get-trailers.com Get-Trailers.com - Download Latest Trailers]
*[http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/trailermaker An Online Interactive Trailer Maker for Students]
*[http://www.movietrailertrash.com/views/history.html A Comprehensive History of the Form]
*[http://imdb.com/title/tt0795358/ Coming Attractions: The History of the Movie Trailer (2006)]
*[http://www.ajkfoundation.org/ajkbio1.asp Biography, Trailer Producer Andrew J. Kuehn]
*[http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/features/beal.asp Film Score Monthly: The Art of Scoring Trailers]
*[http://www.cinematrailers.net Cinematrailers.net: Arthouse and Commercial Movie Trailers]
*[http://www.cinema.ch Cinema.ch - Trailer & Teaser Library]
*[http://kinovorschau.org/index.php?option=com_trailers&Itemid=3&lang=en Trailer Database]
 
[[Category:Film advertising material]]
[[Category:Communication design]]
[[Category:Graphic design]]
[[Category:Marketing techniques]]
[[Category:Advertising techniques]]
 
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