Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Giải Nobel Sinh lý học hoặc Y học”
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The '''Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine''' ({{lang-sv|Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin}}) administered by the [[Nobel Foundation]], is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five [[Nobel Prize]]s established in 1895 by Swedish chemist [[Alfred Nobel]], the inventor of [[dynamite]], in his will. Nobel was personally interested in experimental physiology and wanted to establish a prize for progress through scientific discoveries in laboratories. The Nobel prize is presented to the recipient(s) at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal provides the same profile of [[Alfred Nobel]] as depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature; its reverse side is unique to this medal.
As of 2011, 102 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 199 men and 10 women. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the [[Germany|German]] [[physiologist]] [[Emil Adolf von Behring]], for his work on [[blood plasma|serum]] therapy and the development of a vaccine against [[diphtheria]]. The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, [[Gerty Cori]], received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of [[glucose]], important in many aspects of medicine, including treatment of diabetes. In 2011, the prize was awarded to [[Bruce Beutler]] of the [[
Some awards have been controversial. This includes one to [[António Egas Moniz]] in 1949 for the [[lobotomy|prefrontal leucotomy]], bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award. The 1952 prize to [[Selman Waksman]] was litigated in court, and half the patent rights awarded to his co-discoverer [[Albert Schatz (scientist)|Albert Schatz]] who was not recognized by the prize. The 1962 prize awarded to [[James D. Watson]], [[Francis Crick]] and [[Maurice Wilkins]] for their work on [[DNA]] structure and properties did not acknowledge the contributing work from others, such as [[Oswald Avery]] and [[Rosalind Franklin]] who had died by the time of the nomination. Since the Nobel Prize rules forbid nominations of the deceased, longevity is an asset, one prize being awarded as long as 50 years after the discovery. Also forbidden is awarding any one prize to more than three recipients, and since in the last half century there has been an increasing tendency for scientists to work as teams, this rule has resulted in controversial exclusions.
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{{Các chủ đề|Y học|Thụy Điển}}
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