Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Apollo”
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Dòng 74:
[[Castalia]] lãi là một [[tiên nữ]] khác được Apollo yêu. Nàng chạy trốn và lặn sau xuống dòng suối ở Delphi ở dưới chân [[ngọn Parnassos]]. Dòng suối này sau đó được gọi tên theo tên của nàng. Nước suối này rất linh thiêng và được dùng để lau rửa các đền thờ ở Delphi và truyền cảm hứng cho các thi sĩ.
Với [Cyrene (thần thoại)|Cyrene]], Apollo có một con trai là [[Aristaeus]],
[[Hecuba]], vợ của vua [[Priam]] của [[Troy]], co một con trai với Apollo tên là [[Troilius]]. Một cau sấm truyền đã tiên tri rằng thành Troy sẽ không bao giờ sụp đổ cho đến khi Troilius hai mươi tuổi. Chàng trai và chị mình là [[Polyxena]] đã ị mai phục và bị [[Achilles]] giết chết.
Dòng 82:
[[Coronis]], con gái của vua [[Phlegyas]] xứ [[Lapiths]], là một mối tình khác của Apollo. Mang thai với [[Asclepius]], Coronis lại còn yêu [[Ischys]], con trai của [[Elatus]]. Một con quạ đã báo cho Apollo biết về điều này. Lần đầu nghe tin đó, Apollo không tin và tức giận hóa phép biến loài quạ khi đó có bộ lông trắng trở nên đen thui vì dám loan truyền những điều gian dối. Khi biết được sự thật, thần cử nữ thần Artemis đến giết Coronis. Apollo cũng biến quạ thành con vật thiêng với nhiệm vụ thông báo những cái chết quan trọng. Tuy nhiên, Apollo lại cứu sống đứa bé và trao cho [[nhân mã]] [[Chiron]] nuôi dưỡng. Giận dữ vì cái chết của con mình, Phlegyas đã ra lênh đốt đền thờ của Apollo ở Delphi và sau đó đã bị Apollo giết vì hành động đó.
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[[Hình:Hyacinthus.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Apollo and Hyacinthus'''<br>Jacopo Caraglio; 16th c.]]
Apollo là vị thần có nhiều người tính đồng giới nhất trong tất cả các [[vị thần Hy Lạp]]. Điều đó có lẽ xuất phát từ việc một vị thần được xem là thần của [[võ trường[[, nơi tất cả các thanh niên phải [[Khỏa thân trong thể thao|khỏa thân]] thi đấu, vị thần đó trở thành hình tượng tiêu biểu và lý tưởng cho một người hướng dẫn và cũng là một [[erastes]] lý tưởng hay còn gọi là người tình của cậu bé trai (Sergent, p.102). Tất cả các tình nhân đồng giới của Apollo đều nhỏ hơn thần đúng theo kiểu [[Quan hệ đồng tính nam trong Hy Lạp cổ đại|quan hệ đồng tính thời Hy Lạp cổ đại]]. Nhiều người yêu của thần Apollo bị chết "bất đắc kỳ tử", cho thấy các truyền thuyết này là một phần của [[hình thức biến đổi|những hình thức biến đổi]], trong đó những thiếu niên chết đi để có thể tái sinh thành một người trưởng thành.
[[Hyacinth (
[[Cyparissus]], hậu duệ của [[Heracles]] cũng là một tình nhân đồng giới của Apollo. Thần tăng cho chàng tai một con hươu thuần hóa nhưng Cyparissus lại vô tình giết chết con vật bằng môt [[cây lao]] khi nó đang nằm ngủ trong một bụi cây. Cyparissus xin Apollo hãy để cho nước mắt chàng rơi mãi và cuối cùng Apollo biến chàng thành asked Apollo to let his tears fall forever. Apollo turned the sad boy into a [[Cupressaceae| cây bách]] được xem như là một loài cây u buồn vì những dòng nhựa ứa ra từ thân cây trônh như những dòng lệ.
=== Apollo and the Birth of [[Hermes]] ===
Hermes was born on [[Mount Kyllini|Mount Cyllene]] in Arcadia. The story is told in the [[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Hermes]]. His mother, [[Maia]], had been secretly impregnated by [[Zeus]], in a secret affair. Maia wrapped the infant in blankets but Hermes escaped while she was asleep. Hermes ran to [[Thessaly]], where Apollo was grazing his cattle. The infant Hermes stole a number of his cows and took them to a cave in the woods near [[Pylos]], covering their tracks. In the cave, he found a [[tortoise]] and killed it, then removed the insides. He used one of the cow's intestines and the tortoise shell and made the first [[lyre]]. Apollo complained to Maia that her son had stolen his cattle, but Hermes had already replaced himself in the blankets she had wrapped him in, so Maia refused to believe Apollo's claim. Zeus intervened and, claiming to have seen the events, sided with Apollo. Hermes then began to play music on the lyre he had invented. Apollo, a god of music, fell in love with the instrument and offered to allow exchange the cattle for the lyre. Hence, Apollo became a master of the lyre and Hermes invented a kind of pipes-instrument called a [[syrinx]].
Later, Apollo exchanged a [[caduceus]] for a [[syrinx]] from Hermes.
=== Other stories ===
When Zeus killed [[Asclepius]] for raising the dead and violating the natural order of things, Apollo killed the [[Cyclopes]] in response. They had fashioned Zeus' thunderbolts, which he used to kill Apollo's son, Asclepius. As punishment, he was condemned by Zeus to year's servitude to King Admetus.
Apollo gave the order, through the Oracle at Delphi, for [[Orestes (mythology)|Orestes]] to kill his mother, [[Clytemnestra]], and her lover, [[Aegisthus]]. Orestes was punished fiercely by the [[Erinyes]] for this crime.
In the [[Odyssey]], [[Odysseus]] and his surviving crew landed on an island sacred to Helios the sun god, where he kept sacred cattle. Though Odysseus warned his men not to (as [[Tiresias]] and [[Circe]] had told him), they killed and ate some of the cattle and Helios had [[Zeus]] destroy the ship and all the men save [[Odysseus]].
Apollo also had a [[lyre]]-playing contest with [[Cinyras]], his son, who committed suicide when he lost.
Apollo killed the [[Aloadae]] when they attempted to storm [[Mt. Olympus]].
It was also said that Apollo rode on the back of a swan to the land of the [[Hyperboreans]] during the winter months, a swan that he also lent to his beloved Hyacinthus to ride.
Apollo turned [[Cephissus]] into a [[sea monster]].
==== Musical contests ====
==== [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]] ====
Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the [[lyre]], to a trial of skill. [[Tmolus]], the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, [[Midas]], who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. He dissented, and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a [[donkey]].
==== [[Marsyas]] ====
[[Image:The Flaying of Marsyas.jpg|thumb|230px|''The Flaying of Marsyas'' by [[Titian]], c.1570-76.]]
Marsyas was a [[satyr]] who challenged Apollo to a contest of music. He had found an [[aulos]] on the ground, tossed away after being invented by [[Athena]] because it made her cheeks puffy. Marsyas lost and was [[flaying|flayed]] alive in a cave near [[Calaenae]] in [[Phrygia]] for his [[hubris]] to challenge a god. His blood turned into the river Marsyas.
Another variation is that Apollo played his instrument (the lyre) upside down. Marsyas could not do this with his instrument (the flute), and so Apollo hung him from a tree and flayed him alive. [taken from ''MAN MYTH & MAGIC'' by Richard Cavendish]
== Appellations ==
Apollo, like other Greek deities, had a number of [[epithet]]s applied to him, reflecting the variety of roles, duties, and aspects ascribed to the god. However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature, chief among them '''[[Phoebus]]''' ("shining one"), which was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans in Apollo's role as the god of light.
In Apollo's role as healer, his appellations included '''Akesios''' and '''Iatros''', meaning "healer". He was also called '''Alexikakos''' ("restrainer of evil") and '''Apotropaeus''' ("he who averts evil"), and was referred to by the Romans as '''Averruncus''' ("averter of evils"). As a plague god and defender against rats and locusts, Apollo was known as '''Smintheus''' ("mouse-catcher") and '''Parnopius''' ("grasshopper"). The Romans also called Apollo '''Culicarius''' ("driving away [[midge]]s"). In his healing aspect, the Romans referred to Apollo as '''Medicus''' ("the Physician"), and a [[Roman temple|temple]] was dedicated to ''Apollo Medicus'' at Rome, probably next to the temple of [[Bellona]].
As a god of archery, Apollo was known as '''Aphetoros''' ("god of the bow") and '''Argurotoxos''' ("with the silver bow"). The Romans referred to Apollo as '''Articenens''' ("carrying the bow") as well. As a pastoral shepherd-god, Apollo was known as '''Nomios''' ("wandering").
Apollo was also known as '''Archegetes''' ("director of the foundation"), who oversaw colonies. He was known as '''Klarios''', from the Doric ''klaros'' ("allotment of land"), for his supervision over cities and colonies.
He was known as '''Delphinios''' ("Delphinian"), meaning "of the womb", in his association with ''Delphoi'' ([[Delphi]]). At Delphi, he was also known as '''Pythios''' ("Pythian"). An [[aitiology]] in the [[Homeric hymns]] connects the epitheton to [[dolphin]]s. '''Kynthios''', another common epithet, stemmed from his birth on Mt. [[Cynthus]]. He was also known as '''Lyceios''' or '''Lykegenes''', which either meant "wolfish" or "of [[Lycia]]", Lycia being the place where some postulate that his cult originated.
Specifically as god of prophecy, Apollo was known as '''Loxias''' ("the obscure"). He was also known as '''Coelispex''' ("he who watches the heavens") to the Romans. Apollo was attributed the epithet '''Musagetes''' as the leader of the [[muse]]s, and '''Nymphegetes''' as "[[nymph]]-leader".
'''Acesius''' was a surname of Apollo, under which he was worshipped in [[Elis]], where he had a temple in the [[agora]]. This surname, which has the same meaning as ''akestor'' and ''alezikakos'', characterised the god as the averter of evil. <ref name=Smith>"Acesius". ''Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology''. London, 1880. </ref>
==In popular culture==
In the ''[[Star Trek]]'' episode "[[Who Mourns for Adonis?]]" a man claiming to be Apollo is seen on a Greek-themed planet that [[Captain Kirk]], [[Pavel Chekov]], [[Mr. Spock]], and [[Dr. McCoy]] arrive on.
In the ''[[Battlestar Galactica]]'' series, one of the main characters is given the call-sign of Apollo.
The song "[[Cygnus X-1 Book II: Hemispheres]]" by [[Rush (band)|Rush]] is about the struggle between the champions of the two Hemispheres, Apollo, the God of Reason, and [[Dionysus]], the God of Love. The song appears of the [[1978]] album ''[[Hemispheres (1978 album)|Hemispheres]]''.
In the sixties, [[NASA]] named its [[Apollo program|Apollo Lunar program]] because Apollo was considered the god of all wisdom. Many people mistakenly believe that the rockets that carried astronauts to the Moon were called Apollo rockets; they were [[Saturn V]] rockets.
Apollo is the subject of [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]'s poem of 1820 the "Hymn of Apollo"
== References ==
;Pre-World War I
* [[F. L. W. Schwartz]], ''De antiquissima Apollinis Natura'' (Berlin, 1843)
* [[J. A. Schönborn]], ''Über das Wesen Apollons'' (Berlin, 1854)
* [[Arthur Milchhoefer]], ''Über den attischen Apollon'' (Munich, 1873)
* [[Theodor Schreiber]], ''Apollon Pythoktonos'' (Leipzig, 1879)
* [[W. H. Roscher]], ''Studien zur vergleichenden Mythologie der Griechen und Romer'', i. (Leipzig, 1873)
* [[R. Hecker]], ''De Apollinis apud Romanos Cultu'' (Leipzig, 1879)
* [[Gaston Colin]], ''Le Culte d'Apollon pythien à Athènes'' (1905)
* [[Louis Dyer]], ''Studies of the Gods in Greece'' (1891)
* [[Pauly-Wissowa]], ''Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft'': "Apollon",
* W. H. Roscher, ''Lexikon der Mythologie''
* [[Daremberg]] and [[Saglio]] ''Dictionnaire des antiquités''
* [[L. Preller]], ''Griechische und romische Mythologie'' (4th ed. by [[C. Robert]])
* [[J. Marquardt]], ''Römische Staalsverwaltung'', iii.
* [[G. Wissowa]], ''Religion und Kultus der Romer'' (1902)
* [[D. Bassi]], ''Saggio di Bibliografia mitologica'', i. ''Apollo'' (1896)
* [[L. Farnell]], ''Cults of the Greek States'', iv. (1907)
* [[O. Gruppe]], ''Griechische Mythologie und Religionsgeschichte'', ii. (1906)
* {{1911}}
;Modern
* M. Bieber, 1964. ''Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art'' (Chicago)
* N. Yalouris, 1980. ''The Search for Alexander'' (Boston) Exhibition.
*[[Walter Burkert]], 1985. ''Greek Religion'' (Harvard University Press) III.2.5 ''passim''
*[[Karl Kerenyi]], ''Apollon: Studien über Antiken Religion u. Humanität'' rev. ed. 1953.
==Notes==
2. For the iconography of the Alexander-Helios type, see H. Hoffmann, 1963. "Helios," in ''Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt'' '''2''' 117-23; cf. Yalouris, no. 42.
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[[Thể loại:Thần thoại Hy Lạp]]
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