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Dòng 21:
==Định nghĩa và tính chất vật liệu==
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One of the main tasks a hydrogeologist typically performs is the prediction of future behavior of an aquifer system, based on analysis of past and present observations. Some hypothetical, but characteristic questions asked would be:
Dòng 34:
=== Thủy lực ===
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Differences in hydraulic head (''h'') cause water to move from one place to another; water flows from locations of high h to locations of low h. Hydraulic head is composed of pressure head (''ψ'') and elevation head (''z''). The head gradient is the change in hydraulic head per length of flowpath, and appears in [[Darcy's law]] as being proportional to the discharge.
Dòng 43:
=== Độ lỗ hỗng ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Aquifer]] -->
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Porosity (''n'') is a directly measurable aquifer property; it is a fraction between 0 and 1 indicating the amount of pore space between unconsolidated [[soil]] particles or within a fractured rock. Typically, the majority of groundwater (and anything dissolved in it) moves through the porosity available to flow (sometimes called [[effective porosity]]). '''Permeability''' is an expression of the connectedness of the pores. For instance, an unfractured rock unit may have a high ''porosity'' (it has lots of ''holes'' between its constituent grains), but a low ''permeability'' (none of the pores are connected). An example of this phenomenon is [[pumice]], which, when in its unfractured state, can make a poor aquifer.
Dòng 50:
=== Độ ẩm ===
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Water content (''θ'') is also a directly measurable property; it is the fraction of the total rock which is filled with liquid water. This is also a fraction between 0 and 1, but it must also be less than or equal to the total porosity.
Dòng 57:
=== Hiện tượng thấm của nước dưới đất ===
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Hydraulic conductivity (''K'') and transmissivity (''T'') are indirect aquifer properties (they cannot be measured directly). ''T'' is the ''K'' integrated over the vertical thickness (''b'') of the aquifer (''T=Kb'' when ''K'' is constant over the entire thickness). These properties are measures of an [[aquifer]]'s ability to transmit [[water]]. [[permeability (fluid)|Intrinsic permeability]] (''κ'') is a secondary medium property which does not depend on the [[viscosity]] and [[density]] of the fluid (''K'' and ''T'' are specific to water); it is used more in the petroleum industry.
=== Trữ lượng và tiềm năng ===
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Specific storage (''S<sub>s</sub>'') and its depth-integrated equivalent, storativity (''S=S<sub>s</sub>b''), are indirect aquifer properties (they cannot be measured directly); they indicate the amount of groundwater released from storage due to a unit depressurization of a confined aquifer. They are fractions between 0 and 1.
Dòng 86:
== Định luật thấm ==
=== Định luật Darcy ===
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Darcy's law is a [[Constitutive equation]] (empirically derived by [[Henri Darcy]], in 1856) that states the amount of [[groundwater]] discharging through a given portion of [[aquifer]] is proportional to the cross-sectional area of flow, the hydraulic head gradient, and the [[hydraulic conductivity]].
=== Phương trình dòng ngầm ===
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[[Image:WellDrain2.png|thumb|Geometry of a partially penetrating well drainage system in an anisotropic layered aquifer]]
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