Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Thuyền bay”

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Dòng 2:
 
{{Otheruses4|'''Tàu bay''' cất và hạ cánh trên mặt nước|những đề tài khác có tên tương tự|Tàu bay (định hướng)}}
'''Tàu bay''' là một loại [[phi cơ]] đặc biệt được thiết kế để có thể cất và hạ cánh trên mặt nước, dùng thân chính của phi cơ để nổi trên trên mặt nước. Phi cơ như thế đôi khi được giữ thăng bằng trên mặt nước bằng các trái nổi ở dưới hai bên cánh hoặc những vật thể nổi giống như cánh gắn vào thân phi cơ. Phi cơ loại này sử dụng thân của chính mình để tạo lực nổi chính và vì thế như tên gọi của nó, tàu bay khác biệt với một loại thủy phi cơ khác, '''phi cơ đáp trên mặt nước''' (''floatplane)''. Loại phi cơ này sử dụng một hoặc nhiều trái nổi gắn dưới thân hoặc cánh để giữ thân của nó không chạm mặt nước.
 
Có nhiều tàu bay là trong số các phi cơ lớn nhất vào nữa đầu thế kỷ 20. Khả năng của chúng đáp trên mặt nước cho phép chúng tự do không bị hạn chế vì thiếu phi đạo lớn trên mặt đất, và cũng giúp chúng trở nên quan trọng trong việc tuần tra biển và cấp cứu trên biển. Chính vì khả năng đó mà chúng đã được sử dụng nhiều trong [[Đệ nhị Thế chiến]]. Sau Đệ nhị Thế chiến, việc sử dụng chúng càng trở nên ít dần. Nhiều vai trò khi trước của chúng bị các loại phi cơ mặt đất vượt qua.
Dòng 9:
 
==Hình ảnh==
[[Image:NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg|thumb|[[Curtiss NC]] Flying Boat "NC-3" skims across the water before takeoff, 1919.]]
 
In 1911 Curtiss unveiled a development of his earlier floatplane and landplane [[Curtiss Model D|model D]], this time fitted with a hull, and designated as the [[Curtiss Model E|Model E]].
In 1913, the boat building firm [[J. Samuel White]] of [[West Cowes]] on the [[Isle of Wight]], set up a new aircraft division and produced a flying boat. This was displayed at the London Air Show at Olympia in 1913<ref name=FBS1>Flying Boats of the Solent, Norman Hull. ISBN 1-85794-161-6</ref>. In that same year, a collaboration between the S.E. Saunders boatyard of [[East Cowes]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] and the [[Sopwith Aviation Company]] produced their "Bat Boat", an aircraft with a [[consuta]] laminated hull that could operate from land or on water <ref name=FBS1/>. The "Bat Boat" completed several landings on sea and on land and was duly awarded the Mortimer Singer Prize<ref name=FBS1/>. It was the first all-British aeroplane capable of making six return flights over five miles within five hours.
 
Before [[World War I]] the American pioneer aviator [[Glenn Curtiss]], who had been experimenting with [[floatplanes]], joined with Englishman [[John Cyril Porte]] to design a flying boat that could take the prize offered by the British ''[[Daily Mail]]'' newspaper for the first aerial crossing of the [[Atlantic ocean]].<ref>Enhanced by a further sum from the "Women's Aerial League of Great Britain"[http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/aircraft/felixstowe.htm]</ref> Porte developed a practical hull design with the distinctive 'step' which could be married to Curtiss' airframe and engine design. The resulting large aircraft would be able to carry enough fuel to fly long distances and could berth alongside ships for refuelling. The war interrupted Porte's plans.
 
== World War I ==
From 1914 Curtis produced his "America" flying boat, several examples of which were acquired by the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] and tested at their [[Seaplane Experimental Station]], now run by Porte. Porte developed an improved hull, resulting in the [[Felixstowe Porte Baby|Felixstowe F.1]] and its larger derivatives, used for coastal patrols and hunting [[U-boats]].
 
The [[Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company]] independently developed its designs into the small model 'F', the larger model 'K' several of which were sold to the Russian Naval Air Service, and the Model 'C' for the [[US Navy]]. Curtiss among others also built the [[Felixstowe F5]] as the [[Curtiss F5L]], based on the final Porte hull designs and powered by American Liberty engines.
 
== Between the wars ==
A Curtiss [[NC-4]] became the first aircraft to fly across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in 1919, crossing via the Azores. Of the four that were to make the attempt, only one completed the flight.
 
In the 1930s, flying boats made it possible to have regular air transport between the [[United States|U.S.]] and [[Europe]], opening up new air travel routes to [[South America]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]. [[Foynes]], [[Ireland]] and [[Botwood, Newfoundland and Labrador|Botwood]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] were the termini for many early transatlantic flights. Where land-based aircraft lacked the required [[airfield]]s to land, flying boats could stop at small [[island]], [[river]], [[lake]] or coastal stations to refuel and resupply. The [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]] [[Boeing 314]] "Clipper" planes brought exotic destinations like the [[Far East]] within reach of air travellers and came to represent the romance of flight.
 
In 1923, the first British commercial flying boat service was introduced with flights to and from the [[Channel Islands]]. The [[United Kingdom|British]] aviation industry was experiencing rapid growth. The Government decided that nationalization was necessary and ordered five aviation companies to merge to form the state-owned [[Imperial Airways]] of London (IAL). IAL became the international flag-carrying British airline, providing flying boat passenger and mail transport links between [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[South Africa]] using aircraft such as the [[Short S.8 Calcutta]].
 
[[Image:Supermarine Southampton.jpg|thumb|right|Supermarine Southampton]]
In 1928, a new world achievement in aviation attracted the attention of the Australian public when four [[Supermarine Southampton]] flying boats of the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Far-East flight arrived in [[Melbourne]] on a circumnavigation and flag-waving mission. The RAF crews were warmly welcomed by the waterside crowds, and the flight was considered proof that flying boats had evolved to become reliable means of long distance transport.
 
[[Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services]], better known as [[Qantas]], had been registered in [[Brisbane]] during November 1920. With good levels of public support for the new faster public transport and agreements to carry domestic mail, the outback airline grew. By 1931, Qantas was trialling land plane flights connecting with Imperial Airways services. Mail was now reaching [[London]] in just 16 days - less than half the time taken by sea.
 
Government tenders on both sides of the world invited applications to run new passenger and mail services between the ends of Empire, and Qantas and IAL were successful with a joint bid. A company under combined ownership was then formed, Qantas Empire Airways. The new ten day service between [[Sydney]]'s [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]] and [[Southampton]] was such a success with letter-writers that before long the volume of mail was exceeding aircraft storage space. A solution to the problem was found by the British Government, who in 1933 had requested aviation manufacturer [[Short Brothers]] to design a big new long-range monoplane for use by IAL. Partner Qantas agreed to the initiative and undertook to purchase six of the new [[Short Empire|Short S23 'C' class or 'Empire']] flying boats.
 
Delivering the mail as quickly as possible generated a lot of competition and some innovative solutions. A variant of the [[Short Empire]] flying boats, [[Short Mayo Composite|Maia and Mercury]], was a strange-looking solution where a four-engined [[floatplane]] Mercury was fixed on top of Maia, a heavily modified [[Short Empire]] flying boat<ref name=FBS1/>. The idea was to use the larger Maia to get the smaller Mercury (the winged messenger) off the ground at weights that would have been impossible otherwise, so that it could carry sufficient fuel for the trip. Unfortunately this limited the usefulness, and after crossing to New York the Mercury had to be returned by ship. The Mercury was to set a number of distance records before [[in-flight refuelling]] was adopted.
 
[[Alan Cobham|Sir Alan Cobham]] devised a method of [[in-flight refuelling]] in the 1930s, so that the [[Short Empire]] flying boats serving the transatlantic crossing could be refuelled over [[Foynes]] on the [[River Shannon]] in [[Ireland]] allowing them to carry more fuel than they could take off with, so as to enable them to make the trans-Atlantic flight<ref name=FBS1/>. A [[Handley Page H.P.54 Harrow]] was used as the fuel tanker<ref name=FBS1/>
 
[[Image:Dox.JPG|thumb|right|Dornier Do-X flyby over a seaport town in the Baltic 1930]]
The German [[Dornier Do-X]] flying boat was noticeably different from its UK and US-built counterparts, using wing-like protrusions from the fuselage called [[sponson]]s, pioneered by [[Claudius Dornier]] during World War I on his Dornier Rs.I giant flying boat, to stabilise on the water without the need for wing-mounted outboard floats, and perfected on the [[Dornier Do J|Dornier Wal]] in [[1924]]. The enormous Do X was powered by 12 engines and carried 170 persons. <ref name=FBS1/>. It flew to America in 1929 <ref name=FBS1/>crossing the Atlantic via an indirect route. It was the largest flying boat of its time but was severely underpowered and was limited by a very low operational ceiling. Only three were built with a variety of different engines installed, in an attempt to overcome the lack of power. Two of these were sold to Italy.
 
== World War II ==
The military value of flying boats was well recognized and every country bordering on water operated them in a military capacity at the outbreak of the war. They were utilized in various tasks from [[anti-submarine]] patrol to [[Search and rescue|maritime search and rescue]] and [[Artillery observer|gunfire spotting]] for battleships. Aircraft such as the [[PBY Catalina]], [[Short Sunderland]] and [[Grumman Goose]] recovered downed airmen and operated as scout aircraft over the vast distances of the [[Pacific Theater of Operations|Pacific Theater]] and [[Battle of the Atlantic (1940)|Battle of the Atlantic]] during World War II, as well as sinking numerous submarines, and finding enemy ships. The [[German battleship Bismarck]] was found during a routine patrol by a [[PBY Catalina]].
 
The largest flying boat of the war was the [[Blohm und Voss Bv 238]] which was also the heaviest plane to fly during the Second World War.
 
In November 1939, the structure of [[Imperial Airways]] was changed to create [[British European Airways]] and [[British Overseas Airways Corporation]] with the change being made official in 1 April 1940. BOAC continued to operate flying boat services from the (slightly) safer confines of [[Poole Harbour]] during wartime, returning to [[Southampton]] in 1947<ref name=FBS1/>.
 
== Post World War II ==
[[Image:H-4 Hercules 2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hughes H-4 Hercules]].]]
The [[Hughes H-4 Hercules]] in development in the U.S. during the war was even larger than the Bv238, but it did not fly until 1947. The "Spruce Goose", as the H-4 was nicknamed, was the largest flying boat ever to fly. That short 1947 hop of the 'Flying Lumberyard' was to be its last however, a victim of post-war cutbacks and the disappearance of its intended mission as a transatlantic transport.<ref>Its claim to true flying status is disputed as it made but one short flight in its life</ref>
 
During the [[Berlin Airlift]] (which lasted from June 1948 until August 1949) ten [[Short Sunderland|Sunderlands]] and two [[Short Sunderland#Transport variants|Hythe]]s were used to transport goods from [[Finkenwerder]] on the [[Elbe]] near [[Hamburg]] to the isolated city, landing on the ''[[Havelsee]]'' lake beside [[RAF Gatow]] until it iced over.<ref>[http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/berlin-blockade/the-berlin-airlift.html''The Berlin Blockade''. Spiritus Temporis history Community] Retrieved: 28 January 2007.</ref> The Sunderlands were particularly used for transporting [[salt]], as their airframes were already protected against corrosion from [[seawater]]. Transporting salt in standard aircraft risked rapid and severe structural corrosion in the event of a spillage. This is the only known operational use of flying boats within central Europe.
 
Following the end of World War II, the use of flying boats rapidly declined, though the U.S. Navy continued to operate such aircraft (notably the [[Martin P5M Marlin]]) until the early 1970s, even attempting to build a jet-powered seaplane bomber, the [[Martin Seamaster]]. Several factors contributed to the decline. The ability to land on water became less of an advantage owing to the considerable increase in the number and length of land based runways, whose construction had been driven by the needs of the allied forces during the Second World War. Further, as the speed and range of land-based aircraft increased, the commercial competitiveness of flying boats diminished, as their design compromised aerodynamic efficiency and speed to accomplish the feat of waterborne takeoff and alighting. Competing with new civilian jet aircraft like the [[de Havilland Comet]] and [[Boeing 707]] was impossible.
 
[[BOAC]] continued to operate their flying boat services out of Southampton until November 1950.
 
<!-- Image with inadequate rationale removed: [[Image:Short Solent 3 - G-AKNU Sydney - Aquila Airways - Funchal.jpg|right|thumb|Aquila Airways Short S.45 Solent flying boat 'Sydney' taking off from [[Funchal]].]] -->
Bucking the trend, in 1948, [[Aquila Airways]] was founded to serve destinations that were still inaccessible to land based aircraft<ref name=FBS1/>. This company operated [[Short S.25]] and [[Short Solent|Short S.45]] flying boats out of Southampton on routes to [[Madeira]], [[Las Palmas]], [[Lisbon]], [[Jersey]], [[Majorca]], [[Marseilles]], [[Capri]], [[Genoa]], [[Montreux]] and [[Santa Margherita]]<ref name=FBS1/>. The airline ceased operations on 30th September 1958 <ref name=FBS1/>.
 
From 1950 to 1957, [[Aquila Airways]] also operated a service from [[Southampton]] to [[Edinburgh]] and [[Glasgow]]<ref name=FBS1/>.
 
The flying boats of [[Aquila Airways]] were also chartered for one-off trips, usually to deploy troops where scheduled services didn't exist or where there were political considerations. Three [[Aquila Airways|Aquila]] flying boats were used during the [[Berlin Airlift]]<ref name=FBS1/>. The longest charter, in 1952, was from Southampton to the [[Falkland Islands]]<ref name=FBS1/>. In 1953 the flying boats were chartered for troop deployment trips to [[Freetown]] and [[Lagos]] and there was a special trip from [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] to [[Helsinki]] to relocate a ships crew<ref name=FBS1/>.
 
[[Image:Saunders-Roe Princess.jpg|thumb|left|Saunders-Roe Princess ''G-ALUN'']]
 
The technically advanced [[Saunders-Roe Princess]] first flew in 1952 and later received a [[certificate of airworthiness]]. Despite being the pinnacle of flying boat development, none were sold, despite [[Aquila Airways]] reportedly attempting to buy them<ref name=FBS1/>. Of the three [[Saunders-Roe Princess|Princess]] that were built, two never flew and all were scrapped in 1967
 
[[Helicopter]]s ultimately took over the flying boat air-sea rescue role.
 
The land-based [[P-3 Orion]] and [[aircraft carrier|carrier]]-based [[S-3 Viking]] became the [[US Navy]]'s fixed-wing anti-submarine patrol aircraft.
 
[[Ansett Australia|Ansett]] flew a flying boat service from [[Rose Bay, New South Wales]] to [[Lord Howe Island]] until 1974.
 
==Modern versions==
The shape of the [[Short Empire]] was a harbinger of the shape of later aircraft yet to come, and the type also contributed much to the designs of later [[ekranoplan]]s. However, true flying boats have largely been replaced by [[seaplane]]s with floats and [[amphibian aircraft]] with wheels. The [[Beriev Be-200]] twin-jet amphibious aircraft has been one of the closest 'living' descendants of the flying-boats of old, along with the larger amphibious planes used for fighting forest fires. There are also several experimental/kit amphibians such as the [[Volmer Sportsman]], Glass Goose, the LSA SeaMax, Aeroprakt A-24, and the Seawind.
 
The [[ShinMaywa US-2]] (Japanese: 新明和 US-2) are large STOL aircraft designed for air-sea rescue (SAR) work.
US-2 is operated by Japan Self Defense Force.
 
The [[Canadair CL-215]] and successor [[Canadair CL-415]] are also examples of modern flying boats and are used for forest fire suppression.{{clr}}
 
<gallery>
[[Image:NC3TrepasseyBay.jpg|thumb|[[Curtiss NC]] Flying Boat "NC-3" skims across the water before takeoff, 1919.]]
[[Image:Supermarine Southampton.jpg|thumb|right|Supermarine Southampton]]
[[Image:Dox.JPG|thumb|right|Dornier Do-X flyby over a seaport town in the Baltic 1930]]
[[Image:H-4 Hercules 2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hughes H-4 Hercules]].]]
Image:Chinese Shuihong 5 amphibious aircraft.jpg|Chinese [[Harbin SH-5|Harbin/Shuihong 5]]
Image:PBY Catalina.jpg|US [[PBY Catalina]] serving as an [[aerial firefighting]] plane
Hàng 97 ⟶ 26:
*[[Foynes]]
*[[Ekranoplan]]
 
==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==