Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Wilhelm von Humboldt”
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Humboldt sinh tại [[Potsdam]], [[Margraviate của Brandenburg]] và qua đời tại [[Tegel]], [[tỉnh Brandenburg]]. Humboldt cũng chính là anh trai của [[Alexander von Humboldt]], một nhà tự nhiên và khoa học lừng danh của Đức.
== Triết gia ==
Humboldt was a [[philosopher]] of note and wrote ''On the Limits of State Action'' in 1791-2 (though it was not published until 1850, after Humboldt's death), one of the boldest defences of the liberties of [[The Age of Enlightenment|the Enlightenment]]. It anticipated [[John Stuart Mill]]'s essay ''On Liberty'' through which von Humboldt's ideas became known in the English-speaking world. (In fact, Humboldt outlined an early version of what Mill would later call the "harm principle.") Humboldt describes the development of [[liberalism]] and the role of liberty in individual development and in the pursuit of excellence. Humboldt insisted on a minimal state dedicated strictly to the preservation of security.
Humboldt wrote a publication entitled ‘Ideas for an endeavour to define the limits of state action’<ref>[http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/humboldw/wirksam/wirksam.htm ''Ideen zu einem Versuch, die Gränzen der Wirksamkeit des Staats zu bestimmen''. 1791]</ref><ref>[[#Trewendt|Trewendt]]</ref> which was completed in 1792, but was not published in full until long after his death. The section dealing with education was published in the December 1792 issue of the Berlinische Monatsschrift under the title ‘On public state education’. With this publication, Humboldt took part in the philosophical debate on the direction of national education which was in progress in Germany, as elsewhere after the French Revolution.
== Bộ trưởng giáo dục ==
Ở cương vị bộ trưởng giáo dục vương quốc [[Phổ]], ông giám sát hệ thống các trường [[Technische Hochschule]]n và [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasien]]. Bản kế hoạch cải tổ hệ thống trường học nước Phổ cùng luận văn dang dở có tựa ''"Lý thuyết giáo dục con người"'' (viết năm 1793) không được xuất bản mãi từ khi ông mất đến khá lâu sau. Ông viết trong tác phẩm này: "nhiệm vụ tiên quyết cho sự tốn tại của chúng ta là phải tạo điều kiện đầy đủ nhất có thể, góp vào việc nhận thức tính nhân văn trong mỗi người chúng ta [...] qua kết quả hành động của ta trong đời sống. Nhiệm vụ này chỉ có thể thực hiện đầy đủ qua những quan hệ giữa bản thân ta bằng tư cách cá nhân với thế giới chung quanh ta." (GS, I, p. 283)
Humboldt’s concept of education does not lend itself solely to individualistic interpretation. It is true that he always recognized the importance of the organization of individual life and the ‘development of a wealth of individual forms’ (GS, III, p. 358), but he stressed the fact that ‘self-education can only be continued [...] in the wider context of development of the world’ (GS, VII,p. 33). In other words, the individual is not only entitled, but also obliged, to play his part in shaping the world around him. Humboldt’s educational ideal was entirely coloured by social considerations. He never believed that the ‘human race could culminate in the attainment of a general perfection conceived in abstract terms’. In 1789, he wrote in his diary that ‘the education of the individual requires his incorporation into society and involves his links with society at large’ (GS, XIV, p. 155). In his essay on the ‘Theory of Human Education’, he answered the question as to the ‘demands which must be made of a nation, of an age and of the human race’. ‘Education, truth and virtue’ must be disseminated to such an extent that the ‘concept of mankind’ takes on a great and dignified form in each individual (GS, I, p. 284). However, this shall be achieved personally by each individual who must ‘absorb the great mass of material offered to him by the world around him and by his inner existence, using all the possibilities of his receptiveness; he must then reshape that material with all the energies of his own activity and appropriate it to himself so as to create an interaction between his own personality and nature in a most general, active and harmonious form’ (GS, II, p. 117).
== Nhà ngoại giao ==
As a successful diplomat between 1802 and 1819, Humboldt was [[plenipotentiary]] Prussian minister at [[Rome]] from 1802, ambassador at [[Vienna]] from 1812 during the closing struggles of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], at the congress of [[Prague]] (1813) where he was instrumental in drawing [[Austria]] to ally with [[Prussia]] and [[Russia]] against [[France]], a signer of the peace treaty at [[Paris]] and the treaty between [[Prussia]] and defeated [[Saxony]] (1815), at [[Frankfurt]] settling post-[[Napoleon]]ic [[Germany]], and at the congress at [[Aachen]] in 1818. However, the increasingly [[reactionary]] policy of the [[Prussia]]n government made him give up political life in 1819; and from that time forward he devoted himself solely to literature and study.
== Nhà ngôn ngữ học ==
[[Image:Wilhelmhumboldtstatue.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Statue of Wilhelm von Humboldt outside [[Humboldt University]], Unter den Linden, Berlin]]
Wilhelm von Humboldt was an adept [[linguistics|linguist]] and studied the [[Basque language]]. He translated [[Pindar]] and [[Aeschylus]] into German.
Humboldt's work as a [[philology|philologist]] in [[Basque language|Basque]] has had more extensive impact than his other work. His visit to the [[Basque Country (historical territory)|Basque country]] resulted in ''Researches into the Early Inhabitants of Spain by the help of the Basque language'' (1821). In this work, Humboldt endeavored to show by examining geographical placenames, that at one time a race or races speaking dialects allied to modern [[Basque language|Basque]] extended throughout [[Spain]], southern [[France]] and the [[Balearic Islands]]; he identified these people with the ''[[Iberians]]'' of classical writers, and further surmised that they had been allied with the [[Berber people|Berbers]] of northern [[Africa]]. Humboldt's pioneering work has been superseded in its details by modern [[linguistics]] and [[archaeology]], but is sometimes still uncritically followed even today.
Humboldt died while preparing his greatest work, on the ancient [[Kawi language]] of [[Java (island)|Java]], but its introduction was published in 1836 as ''The Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind''. This essay on the philosophy of speech:
:"... first clearly laid down that the character and structure of a language expresses the inner life and knowledge of its speakers, and that languages must differ from one another in the same way and to the same degree as those who use them. Sounds do not become words until a meaning has been put into them, and this meaning embodies the thought of a community. What Humboldt terms the inner form of a language is just that mode of denoting the relations between the parts of a sentence which reflects the manner in which a particular body of men regards the world about them. It is the task of the morphology of speech to distinguish the various ways in which languages differ from each other as regards their inner form, and to classify and arrange them accordingly." ''[[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
He is credited with being the first European [[linguistics|linguist]] to identify human language as a rule-governed system, rather than just a collection of words and phrases paired with meanings. This idea is one of the foundations of [[Noam Chomsky]]'s [[transformational grammar|theory of language]]. Chomsky frequently quotes Humboldt's description of language as a system which ''"makes infinite use of finite means"'', meaning that an infinite number of sentences can be created using a finite number of grammatical rules. Humboldt scholar Tilman Borshe notes profound differences between von Humboldt's view of language and Chomsky's. <ref>see Tilman Borsche: ''Sprachanansichten. Der Begriff der menschlichen Rede in der Sprachphilosophie Wilhelm von Humboldts'', Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 1981</ref>
In recent times, Humboldt has also been credited as an originator of the linguistic relativity hypothesis (more commonly known as the [[Sapir-Whorf hypothesis]]), approximately a century before either [[Edward Sapir]] or [[Benjamin Whorf]] but Humboldt's view of the differences between languages was more subtle and less rigid.
== Nguồn ==
{{reflist}}
== Tham khảo ==
===Công trình của Humboldt===
* Socrates and Plato on the Divine (orig. ''Sokrates und Platon über die Gottheit''). 1787-1790
*<cite id="Trewendt">Humboldt. On the Limits of State Action, first seen in 1792. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eavLesJp5xYC Ideen zu einem Versuch, die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staates zu bestimmen]'', page ii. Published by E. Trewendt, 1851 (German)</cite>
* ''Über den Geschlechtsunterschied''. 1794
* ''Über männliche und weibliche Form''. 1795
* Outline of a Comparative Anthropology (orig. ''Plan einer vergleichenden Anthropologie''). 1797.
* The Eighteenth Century (orig. ''Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert''). 1797.
* ''Ästhetische Versuche I. - Über Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea''. 1799.
* ''Latium und Hellas'' (1806)
* ''Geschichte des Verfalls und Untergangs der griechischen Freistaaten''. 1807-1808.
* ''Pindars "Olympische Oden"''. Translation from Greek, 1816.
* ''Aischylos' "Agamemnon"''. Translation from Greek, 1816.
* ''Über das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf die verschiedenen Epochen der Sprachentwicklung''. 1820.
* ''Über die Aufgabe des Geschichtsschreibers. 1821.
* Researches into the Early Inhabitants of Spain with the help of the Basque language (orig. ''Prüfung der Untersuchungen über die Urbewohner Hispaniens vermittelst der vaskischen Sprache''). 1821.
* ''Über die Entstehung der grammatischen Formen und ihren Einfluss auf die Ideenentwicklung. 1822.
* Upon Writing and its Relation to Speech (orig. ''Über die Buchstabenschrift und ihren Zusammenhang mit dem Sprachbau''). 1824.
* ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad-Gitá]]''. 1826.
* ''Über den Dualis''. 1827.
* On the languages of the South Seas (orig. ''Über die Sprache der Südseeinseln''). 1828.
* On [[Schiller]] and the Path of Spiritual Development (orig. ''Über Schiller und den Gang seiner Geistesentwicklung''). 1830.
* ''Rezension von Goethes Zweitem römischem Aufenthalt''. 1830.
* The Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind (orig. ''Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaus und seinen Einfluss auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts''). 1836. New edition: On Language. On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and Its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species, Cambridge University Press, 2nd rev. edition 1999
===Công trình của tác giả khác ===
* [[Hegel]], 1827. ''On The Episode of the Mahabharata Known by the Name Bhagavad-Gita by Wilhelm Von Humboldt''.
* Elsina Stubb, ''Wilhelm Von Humboldt's Philosophy of Language, Its Sources and Influence'', Edwin Mellen Press, 2002
* John Roberts, ''German Liberalism and Wilhelm Von Humboldt: A Reassessment'', Mosaic Press, 2002
* David Sorkin, ''Wilhelm Von Humboldt: The Theory and Practice of Self-Formation (Bildung), 1791-1810'' in: Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1983), pp. 55-73
== Xem thêm ==
*[[Chủ nghĩa tự do]]
*[[Giáo dục]]
*[[Ngôn ngữ học]]
== Liên kết ngoài ==
{{commons|Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt|Wilhelm von Humboldt}}
{{wikisource|de:Wilhelm von Humboldt|Wilhelm von Humboldt (in German)}}
{{Wikiquote|Wilhelm von Humboldt}}
*[http://www.archive.org/details/AlexanderVonHumboldt"Lives of the Brothers Humboldt" ] an extensive biography available from the Million Book Project.
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-humboldt/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://www.hu-berlin.de/hu/geschichte/wilh_e.html Humboldt University site:] Brief eulogy.
*[http://www.acton.org/publicat/randl/liberal.php?id=12 Wilhelm v. Humboldt] Brief information page from the Acton Institute.
*{{de icon}} [http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Humboldt,+Wilhelm+von Works by Wilhelm von Humboldt]. Partial list from zeno.org.
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|title = [[Interior Minister of Prussia]]
|before = Count [[Friedrich von Schuckmann]]
|after = Count [[Friedrich von Schuckmann]]
|years = 1819
}}
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