Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Carrageenan”
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Dòng 21:
Although carrageenans were introduced on an industrial scale in the 1930s, they were first used in [[China]] around 600 B.C. (where ''Gigartina'' was used) and in [[Ireland]] around 400 A.D.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Carrageen gelatin can be prepared at home using the traditional recipe found in Diderot's encyclopedie and used for centuries. 5oz rinsed Irish moss is cooked with 8 quarts of water for 10 minutes, stirred as it boils. Hard water should be mixed with 1/2 oz of borax. Two quarts of cold water are rapidly added to the hot brew, and after the mixture has cooled it is strained through a cloth. It is then cooled for 24 hours and becomes gelatinous.{{Citation needed|date = April 2014}}
{{As of|2011}}, global sales of carageenan were estimated at $640 million.<ref name=":0">{{Cite report|accessdate = ngày 6 tháng 4 năm 2014|title = Carrageenan Industry Report 2012 Contents|date = 2012|publisher = CyberColloids Ltd.|url = http://www.cybercolloids.net/sites/default/files/private/downloads/Carrageenan%20market%20report%202012%20contents.pdf}}</ref> The largest producer of industrial carrageenan was the [[Philippines]], where cultivated seaweed produces about 80% of the world supply,<ref>{{
</ref> while China is the main exporter to global markets in the US and Europe.<ref name=":0" /> The most commonly used sources are ''E. cottonii'' (''Kappaphycus alvarezii, K.striatum'') and ''E. spinosum'' (''Eucheuma denticulatum''), which together provide about three-quarters of the world production. These grow from the sea surface to a depth of about 2 metres. The seaweed is normally grown on nylon lines strung between bamboo floats, and it is harvested after three months or so, when each plant weighs approximately 1 kg.
Dòng 99:
| title = Trial Shows Anti-HIV Microbicide Is Safe, but does Not Prove it Effective
| work = Population Council
| accessdate =
| url = http://www.popcouncil.org/mediacenter/newsreleases/Carraguard_Findings.html
}}</ref><ref>
Hàng 106 ⟶ 105:
| title = Experimental Microbicide Carraguard Does Not Provide Protection Against HIV, Study Finds
| work = kaisernetwork.org
| accessdate =
| url = http://www.kaisernetwork.org/Daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=50494
}}</ref> The trial also provided information about usage patterns and showed that the gel does not increase infection any more than the baseline or cause significant side-effects. As such, it is expected to be used as a stable delivery vehicle for experimental [[antiretroviral]]s in future studies.
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