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Delhi nằm trong khu địa chấn IV của Ấn Độ, biểu thị rằng nơi này dễ bị các đại địa chấn tấn công, song động đất không thường diễn ra trong lịch sử gần đây.<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf |title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts |accessdate=23 August 2006 |format=PDF |work=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management |publisher=[[UNDP]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf |archivedate=19 May 2006}}</ref>
Delhi hiện là thành phố ô nhiễm nhất trong số 1.600 thành phố được WTO nghiên cứu<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-has-dirtiest-air-china-data-foggy-who/article1-1216605.aspx |title=Delhi is most polluted city in world, Beijing much better: WHO study |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> và một ước tính cho rằng ô nhiễm không khí là nguyên nhân khiến khoảng 10.500 người tại Delhi tử vong mỗi năm.<ref name="TimePollution">{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2014/02/10/smog-in-new-delhi/ |title=Delhi's Air Has Become a Lethal Hazard and Nobody Seems to Know What to Do About It |publisher=Time magazine |accessdate=10 February 2014 |date=10 February 2014}}</ref>
===Khí hậu===
Delhi mang một phiên bản khí hậu không điển hình của kiểu khí hậu cận nhiệt đớt ẩm ([[phân loại khí hậu Köppen|Köppen]] ''Cwa''). TheMùa warmnóng seasonkéo lastsdài fromtừ 9 Apriltháng to4 dến 8 Julytháng 7 với withnhiệt anđộ averagetrung dailybình highcao temperaturelà abovetrên {{convert|36|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. TheNgày hottestnóng daynhất oftrong thenăm yeartrung isbình 22là May,ngày with22 antháng average high of {{convert|38|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and low of {{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}}5.<ref name=weatherspark>{{cite web|title=Average weather for New Delhi, India|url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/33934/New-Delhi-India|publisher=http://weatherspark.com|accessdate=2 July 2013}}</ref> TheMùa coldlạnh seasonkéo lastsdài fromtừ 11 Decembertháng to12 đến 11 Februarytháng with2 anvới averagenhiệt dailyđộ hightrung temperaturebình belowcao là dưới {{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. TheNgày coldestlạnh daynhất oftrong thenăm yeartrung isbình 4là January,ngày with4 antháng average low of {{convert|2|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and high of {{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}}1.<ref name=weatherspark /> InĐầu earlytháng March3, thehướng windgió directionthay changesđổi fromtừ north-westerlytây tobắc south-westerly. From April to October the weatherthành istây hotnam. TheGió monsoonmùa arrivesđến atvào thecuối endtháng of June6, alongkém withtheo anđộ increaseẩm ingia humiditytăng.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|title=Climate of Delhi|url=http://delhitrip.in/about-delhi/climate-of-delhi|publisher=http://delhitrip.in|accessdate=17 May 2012}}</ref> The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.<ref name=Fog>{{cite news|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/07/stories/2005010719480300.htm |title=Fog continues to disrupt flights, trains|date=7 January 2005|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
TemperaturesNhiệt inđộ tại Delhi usuallythường dao rangeđộng fromtừ {{convert|5|to|40|C|F|abbr=on|1}}, withnhiệt theđộ lowestthấp andnhất highestvà temperaturescao evernhất recordedtừng beingghi nhận được tương ứng là {{convert|-6.,7| and|47.,8|C|F|abbr=on|1}} respectively.<ref name="Delhi Climate Extremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World- world highest lowest temperatures |publisher=Mherrera.org |accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> TheNhiệt annualđộ meantrung temperaturebình isnăm là {{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}}; monthlynhiệt meanđộ temperaturestrung bình tháng dao rangeđộng fromtừ {{convert|13|to|32|C|F}}. TheNhiệt highestđộ temperaturecao recordednhất inghi Julynhận wasđược trong tháng 7 là {{convert|45|°C|°F|abbr=on}} invào năm 1931.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mercury-touches-new-high-for-july-met-predicts-rain-relief/969708/| title=Mercury touches new high for July, Met predicts rain relief| date=3 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=weatherbase>
{{cite web|publisher=Canty and Associates LLC | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=28124&refer=&units=metric|title=Weatherbase entry for Delhi|accessdate=16 January 2007
}}</ref> TheLượng averagemưa annualtrung rainfallbình isnăm approximatelylà khoảng {{convert|714|mm|in|abbr=on}}, mosthầu ofhết whichlà fallstrong duringthời thekỳ monsoongió in Julymùa andtháng August7-8.<ref name=ecosurv1/> TheNgày averagetrung datebình ofcó thegió adventmùa of monsoon winds intại Delhi islà 29 Junetháng 6.<ref name=hindumonsoon>{{cite news|first= Vinson |last= Kurian |title= Monsoon reaches Delhi two days ahead of schedule |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/28/stories/2005062800830200.htm|publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=28 June 2005 |accessdate=9 January 2007}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{Delhi weatherbox}}
===Air pollution===
{{see also|Environmental issues in Delhi}}
[[File:Delhi Profile, Level 1, 2012.jpg|thumb|Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the city using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the UN Global Compact Cities Programme]]
Delhi is the most polluted<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-has-dirtiest-air-china-data-foggy-who/article1-1216605.aspx |title=Delhi is most polluted city in world, Beijing much better: WHO study |work=Hindustan Times |accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> city in the world and according to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year.<ref name="TimePollution">{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2014/02/10/smog-in-new-delhi/ |title=Delhi's Air Has Become a Lethal Hazard and Nobody Seems to Know What to Do About It |publisher=Time magazine |accessdate=10 February 2014 |date=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="VOAPollution">{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/indias-air-pollution-triggers-comparisons-with-china/1855331.html |title=India's Air Pollution Triggers Comparisons with China |publisher=Voice of America |accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="EconomistPollution">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/11/air-pollution-india |title=A Delhi particular |work=The Economist|accessdate=6 November 2012|date=6 November 2012}}</ref> During 2013-14, peak levels of fine [[Particle|particulate]] matter (PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop burning in adjoining states.<ref name="TimePollution"/><ref name="WSJPollution">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/02/15/how-crop-burning-affects-delhis-air-pollution/ |title=How Crop Burning Affects Delhi's Air |publisher=Wall Street Journal |accessdate=15 February 2014 |date=15 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="GARDINER, 25 january 14">{{cite news |last=HARRIS|first=GARDINER |title=Beijing's Bad Air Would Be Step Up for Smoggy Delhi |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/world/asia/beijings-air-would-be-step-up-for-smoggy-delhi.html?emc=edit_tnt_20140126&tntemail0=y |accessdate=27 January 2014 |newspaper=New York Times |date=25 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="BEARAK, 8 feb">{{cite news |last=BEARAK|first=MAX |title=Desperate for Clean Air, Delhi Residents Experiment with Solutions |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/07/desperate-for-clean-air-delhi-residents-experiment-with-solutions/?emc=edit_tnt_20140208&tntemail0=y |accessdate=8 February 2014 |newspaper=New York Times |date=7 February 2014}}</ref> Delhi has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, [[PM2.5]] considered most harmful to health, with 153 micrograms.<ref>{{cite news |author=Madison Park |title=Top 20 most polluted cities in the world |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/08/world/asia/india-pollution-who/index.htm |publisher=CNN |date=8 May 2014}}{{dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and lung cancer) among Delhi's children and women.<ref name="TodayPollution">{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pollution-in-delhi-cng-children-in-delhi/1/344904.html |title=Children in Delhi have lungs of chain-smokers! |publisher=India Today |accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="DNAPollution">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-pollution-increasing-lung-cancer-in-indian-women-1959054 |title=Pollution increasing lung cancer in Indian women |publisher=DNA |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref> The dense smog in Delhi during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.<ref name="ReutersPollution">{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/12/18/india-delhi-winter-smog-idINDEE9BH0D420131218 |title=Delhi blanketed in thick smog, transport disrupted |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=18 December 2013 |date=18 December 2013}}</ref> According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/January-days-getting-colder-tied-to-rise-in-pollution/articleshow/29429495.cms?referral=PM January days getting colder, tied to rise in pollution], Times of India, 27 January 2014</ref>
[[File:Smog in the skies of Delhi, India.jpg|thumb|left|Dense smog blankets Connaught Place, Delhi.]]
Environmentalists have criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues.<ref name="VOAPollution"/> Most of Delhi's residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it;<ref name="GARDINER, 25 january 14"/><ref name="BEARAK, 8 feb"/> however, as of 2015, awareness, particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians, was noticeably increasing.<ref name=NYT021415>{{cite news|author1=Gardiner Harris|title=Delhi Wakes Up to an Air Pollution Problem It Cannot Ignore|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/asia/delhi-wakes-up-to-an-air-pollution-problem-it-cannot-ignore.html|accessdate=February 15, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=February 14, 2015}}</ref> Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution – Delhi has the third highest quantity of trees among Indian cities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/cities/delhi_third_greenest_city.php |title=Delhi 'third greenest' city |publisher=Ndtv.com |accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref> and the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] operates the world's largest fleet of environmentally friendly [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) buses.<ref name="cities.expressindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=85665 |title=Express India |publisher=Cities.expressindia.com |accessdate=11 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20101231054504/http://cities.expressindia.com:80/fullstory.php?newsid=85665 |archivedate=31 December 2010 }}</ref> In 1996, the [[Centre for Science and Environment]] (CSE) started a public interest litigation in the [[Supreme Court of India]] that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) and banned the use of [[leaded petrol]] in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the [[United States Department of Energy|United States Department of Energy's]] first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives".<ref name="cities.expressindia.com"/> The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city.<ref>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-metro-helps-reduce-vehicular-air-pollution-delhi-school-of-economics/1/268105.html Delhi Metro helps reduce vehicular air pollution, indicates research], India Today, 28 April 2013</ref>
However, according to several authors, most of these gains have been lost, especially due to [[stubble burning]], a rise in the market share of [[diesel exhaust|diesel cars]] and a considerable decline in bus ridership.<ref name="kumari">{{cite journal |author=R. Kumari, A.K. Attri, L. Int Panis, B.R. Gurjar |title=Emission estimates of Particulate Matter and Heavy Metals from Mobile sources in Delhi (India) |journal=J. Environ. Science & Engg. |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=127–142 |date=April 2013 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259827470_Emission_estimates_of_Particulate_Matter_and_Heavy_Metals_from_Mobile_Sources_in_Delhi}}</ref><ref name="CSEPollution">{{cite web |url=http://cseindia.org/node/835 |title=HWhat is the status of air pollution in Delhi? |publisher=CSE, India |accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref> According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi.<ref name="ETTPollution">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-06/news/55835957_1_pm-2-5-level-air-quality-weather-forecasting-pollution-levels |title=Delhi's air quality deteriorating due to burning of agriculture waste |publisher=Economic Times |date=6 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="CSE2Pollution">{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/smog-delhi-winter-low-wind-speed-emissions/1/398601.html |title=Thick blanket of smog envelopes Delhi, northern India |publisher=India Today}}</ref> The state government of Uttar Pradesh is considering imposing a ban on crop burning to reduce pollution in Delhi NCR and an environmental panel has appealed to India's Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Straw-burning-ban-soon-to-reduce-smog-in-NCR/articleshow/28357039.cms Straw burning ban soon to reduce smog in NCR], Times of India, 4 January 2014</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/Impose-30-cess-on-diesel-cars-panel-tells-Supreme-Court/articleshow/30180391.cms Impose 30% cess on diesel cars, panel tells Supreme Court], Times of India, 11 February 2014</ref>
The [[Circles of Sustainability]] assessment of Delhi gives a marginally more favourable impression of the ecological sustainability of the city only because it is based on a more comprehensive series of measures than only air pollution. Part of the reason that the city remains assessed at basic sustainability is because of the low resource-use and [[carbon emissions]] of its poorer neighbourhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citiesprogramme.com/archives/resource/circles-of-sustainability-urban-profile-process |title=Circles of Sustainability Urban Profile Process |publisher=The Cities Programme |date=2012-07-27 |accessdate=2014-05-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20131112175841/http://citiesprogramme.com/archives/resource/circles-of-sustainability-urban-profile-process |archivedate=12 November 2013 }}</ref>
==Thành phố kết nghĩa==
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