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{{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] -->
| name = Salman Rushdie
| image = Salman Rushdie in New York City 2008.jpg
| bgcolour = silver
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = At a breakfast honouring [[Amos Oz]] in September 2008
| pseudonym =
| birthname birth_date = Ahmed[[19 tháng Salman6]], Rushdie[[1947]]
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Ấn Độ]]
| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1947|06|19|df=yes}}
| death_date =
| birthplace = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], India
| deathdate death_place =
| occupation = [[Nhà văn]]
| deathplace =
| nationality = {{UK}}
| Nghề nghiệp = [[Novel]]ist, [[essay]]ist
| Quốc tịch = British
| period =
| genre = [[Magic Realism]], [[Satire]], [[Post-Colonialism]]
| subject = [[Criticism]], [[Travel writing|travel]]
| movement =
| debut_works = <br>Novel: ''[[Grimus]]'' (1975)
| Phối Ngẫu = Clarissa Luard (1976-1987)<br>[[Marianne Wiggins]] (1988-1993)<br>Elizabeth West (1997-2004)<br>[[Padma Lakshmi]] (2004-2007)
| influencesinfluenced = [[GünterGunter Grass]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Italo Calvino]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[James Joyce]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], [[Franz Kafka]]
| influenced =
| influenced = [[Zadie Smith]], [[Homi K. Bhabha]], [[Taslima Nasrin]], [[Christopher Hitchens]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[Hình:Salman Rushdie by Kubik 01.JPG|phải|200px|nhỏ|'''Salman Rushdie''' in Poland, Warsaw, October 03 [[2006]]]]
'''Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie''' (born 19 June 1947) là một nhà văn người anh gốc Ấn. Salman được trao [[giải thưởng Brooker]] với cuốn tiểu thuyết''[[Những Đứa Trẻ Lúc Nửa Đêm]]'' vào năm 1981. Much of his early fiction is set on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. His style is often classified as [[magical realism]] mixed with historical fiction, and a dominant theme of his work is the story of the many connections, disruptions and migrations between [[Eastern world|the Eastern]] and [[Western world]].
[[Hình:Salman Rushdie by Kubik 02.JPG|phải|200px|nhỏ|'''Salman Rushdie''', October 03 [[2006]]]]
'''Salman Rushdie''' ([[tiếng Urdu]]: أحمد سلمان رشدی, [[tiếng Hindi]]: अह्मद सलमान रश्डी; sinh năm [[1947]] tại [[Bombay]] dưới tên '''Ahmed Salman Rushdie''') là một [[nhà văn]] [[người Ấn Độ]]. Ông nổi tiếng thế giới sau khi sáng tác ''[[Những vần thơ của quỷ Satan]]'' và bị Giáo chủ [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] của [[Iran]] ra lệnh cho tín đồ [[Hồi giáo|đạo Hồi]] trên toàn thế giới truy nã [[tử hình]]. Tới tháng 9 năm [[1998]], chính quyền Iran mới hủy bỏ lệnh tử hình ông.
 
Năm [[1961]], ông sang [[Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland|Anh]] học về đạo Hồi tại trường King's College ([[Cambridge]]), tốt nghiệp Cao học Lịch sử. Sau khi tốt nghiệp, ông làm trong ngành quảng cáo. Và đến năm [[1975]], ông mới cho ra mắt độc giả tác phẩm đầu tiên - Grimus.
Tác phẩm thứ tư của ông, ''[[Những Vần Thơ Của Quỷ Sa Tăng]]'' (1988), đã gây ra sự tranh cãi và phẫn nỗ trong cộng đồng hồi giáo. ông bị giáo chủ [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Lãnh tụ tinh thần của Iran]], kết án tử hình vào tháng 2, 1989 và bị các tín đồ hồi giáo trên toàn thế giới truy sát.
 
Năm [[1981]], Salman Rushdie được trao [[giải thưởng Booker]] với cuốn tiểu thuyết "Những đứa trẻ lúc nửa đêm".
He was appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] for "services to literature" in June 2007,<ref>{{cite web | title=The UK Honours System - Queen's birthday list 2007 | publisher=Ceremonial Secretariat, Cabinet Office | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-06-28 | url=http://www.honours.gov.uk/upload/assets/www.honours.gov.uk/queens_birthday_list2007.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>. He holds the rank ''Commandeur'' in the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] of France. He began a five-year term as Distinguished Writer in Residence at [[Emory University]] in 2007.<ref name= Emory>{{cite web |url=http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html |title= Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University|accessdate=2007-07-10 |publisher= [[Emory University]]}}</ref> In May 2008 he was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]. His latest novel is ''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]'', published in June 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title = Freshnews article |url=http://www.freshnews.in/rushdies-the-enchantress-of-florence-is-a-historical-novel-20224}}</ref>
 
==ĐờiCác Tưtác phẩm==
*''Grimus'' ([[1975]])
[[File:Pia Glenn and Salman Rushdie Shankbone 2009 Vanity Fair.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Actress Pia Glenn with Rushdie at the 2009 [[Tribeca Film Festival]] ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] party.]]
*''Midnight's Children'' (''Những đứa trẻ lúc nửa đêm'') ([[1981]])
The only son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a [[Đại Học Cambridge]]-educated lawyer turned businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher, Rushdie was born in [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay under British colonialism), India.<ref>"[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3889 Literary Encyclopedia: Salman Rushdie]", Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 20 January 2008</ref><ref>"[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/rushdie.htm Salman Rushdie (1947-)]", c. 2003, Retrieved on 20 January 2008</ref> He was educated at [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in Mumbai, [[Rugby School]], and [[King's College, Cambridge]], where he studied [[history]]. He worked for two advertising agencies ([[Ogilvy & Mather]] and Ayer Barker) before becoming a full-time writer.<ref>"[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth87 Salman Rushdie biography]", 2004, British Counsel, Retrieved 20 January 2008.</ref>
*''Shame'' (''Sự ô nhục'') ([[1983]])
*''The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey'' ([[1987]])
*''The Satanic Verses'' (''[[Những vần thơ của quỷ Satan]]'') ([[1988]])
*''Haroun and the Sea of Stories'' ([[1990]])
*''Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981–1991'' ([[1992]])
*''East, West'' ([[1994]])
*''The Prophet's Hair'' (''Sợi tóc của nhà tiên tri'') ([[1995]])
*''The Moor's Last Sigh'' (''Tiếng thở dài của Moor'') ([[1995]])
*''The Ground Beneath Her Feet'' ([[1999]])
*''Fury'' ([[2001]])
*''Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992–2002'' ([[2002]])
*''The East is Blue'' ([[2004]])
*''Shalimar the Clown'' ([[2005]])
 
{{Sơ khai}}
Rushdie đã kết hôn 4 lần. He was married to his first wife Clarissa Luard from 1976 to 1987 and fathered a son, Zafar. His second wife was the American novelist [[Marianne Wiggins]]; they were married in 1988 and [[divorce]]d in 1993. His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was Elizabeth West; they have a son, Milan. In 2004, he married the Indian American actress and supermodel [[Padma Lakshmi]], the host of the American reality-television show ''[[Top Chef]]''. The marriage ended on 2 July 2007 with Lakshmi indicating that it was her desire to end the marriage. In the Bollywood press, he was, in 2008, romantically linked to the Indian model [[Riya Sen]], with whom he was otherwise a friend.<ref>"[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1034567/Salman-Rushdie-sets-sights-Bollywood-Jordan.html Salman Rushdie sets his sights on the 'Bollywood Jordan']", The Daily Mail, 12 June 2009</ref> In response to the media speculation about their friendship, she simply stated "I think when you are Salman Rushdie, you must get bored with people who always want to talk to you about literature." <ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23518410-details/Sir+Salman+and+his+Bollywood+Babe:+But+is+he+just+trying+to+win+his+fourth+wife+back/article.do As Salman Rushdie steps out with another beautiful woman"] 21 July, 2008, The Evening Standard</ref>
[[Thể loại:Người đoạt giải Booker|Rushdie, Salman]]
[[Thể loại:Nhà văn Anh|Rushdie, Salman]]
[[Thể loại:Nhà văn Ấn Độ|Rushdie, Salman]]
[[Thể loại:Hồi giáo|Rushdie, Salman]]
[[Thể loại:Người bị truy nã|Rushdie, Salman]]
{{Thời gian sống|sinh=1947|tên=Rushdie, Salman}}
 
vốn là hội viên của hội văn chương Hoàng gia và hội viên của sáng lập văn hóa thế giới ông đựoc nhận giải Kurt Tucholsky và giải Colette ở Thụy Điển và giải văn chương châu âu ổ nước áo.
In 1999, Rushdie had an operation to correct a "[[tendon]] condition" that, according to him, was making it increasingly difficult for him to open his eyes. "If I hadn't had an operation, in a couple of years from now I wouldn't have been able to open my eyes at all," he said.<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9904/15/rushdie/ Rushdie: New book out from under shadow of fatwa]", CNN, 15 April 1999. Retrieved on 21 April 2007.</ref>
1993 truyện dài Midnight's children ( trẻ nửa đêm) của ông được tuyên đương là người viết sách trong những người viết sách" lần đầu tiên trong 25 năm
 
==Sự Nghiệpr==
===Major literary work===
His first novel, ''[[Grimus]]'', a part-[[science fiction]] tale, was generally ignored by the public and literary critics. His next novel, ''[[Midnight's Children]]'', catapulted him to literary fame. It significantly shaped the course that [[Indian English literature|Indian writing in English]] would follow over the next decade, and is regarded by many as one of the great books of the last 100 years. This work won the 1981 [[Man Booker Prize|Booker Prize]] and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the prize during its first 25 and 40 years.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1099
| title = Readers across the world agree that Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children is the Best of the Booker.
| year = 2008
| accessdate = 2008-07-10
| publisher = Man Booker Prizes
}}</ref> ''Midnight's Children'' follows the life of a child, born at the stroke of midnight as India gained its independence, who is endowed with special powers and a connection to other children born at the dawn of a new and tumultuous age in the history of the Indian sub-continent and [[History of the Republic of India|the birth of the modern nation of India]]. The character of Saleem Sinai has been compared to Rushdie.<ref>''Saleem (Sinai) is not Salman (Rushdie)(although he marries a Padma) and Saleem's grandfather Dr Aadam Aziz is not him either, but there is a touching prescience at work here. In the opening pages of Midnight's Children, Dr Aziz while bending down on his prayer mat, bumps his nose on a hard tussock of earth. His nose bleeds and his eyes water and he decides then and there that never again will he bow before God or man. 'This decision, however, made a hole in him, a vacancy in a vital inner chamber, leaving him vulnerable to women and history.' Battered by a fatwa and one femme fatale too many, Sir Salman would have some understanding of this.'' One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai 20 Jul 2008 by Nina Martyris, TNN. The Times of India </ref>
 
After ''Midnight's Children'', Rushdie wrote ''[[Shame (novel)|Shame]]'' (1983), in which he depicts the political turmoil in [[Pakistan]], basing his characters on [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] and General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]. ''Shame'' won France's ''Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger'' (Best Foreign Book) and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of [[postcolonial literature]] are characterised by a style of [[magic realism]] and the [[immigrant]] outlook of which Rushdie is very conscious, as a member of the [[Indian diaspora]].
Rushdie wrote a non-fiction book about [[Nicaragua]] in the 1980s, ''[[The Jaguar Smile]]'' (1987). The book has a political focus and is based on his first hand experiences and research at the scene of [[Sandinista]] political experiments.
His most controversial work, ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'', was published in 1988 (see [[#Satanic Verses and the fatwā|section below]]). Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in ''East, West'' (1994). ''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'', a family epic ranging over some 100 years of India's history was published in 1995. ''[[The Ground Beneath Her Feet]]'' (1999) presents an [[alternative history]] of modern [[rock music]]. The [[The Ground Beneath Her Feet (song)|song of the same name]] by [[U2]] is one of many song lyrics included in the book, hence Rushdie is credited as the lyricist.
 
[[Image:Salman-Rushdie-1.jpg|thumb|upright|Salman Rushdie presenting his book ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'']]
 
Rushdie has had a string of commercially successful and critically acclaimed novels. His 2005 novel ''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' received, in India, the prestigious Crossword Fiction Award, and was, in Britain, a finalist for the [[Whitbread Book Awards]]. It was shortlisted for the 2007 [[International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2007/shortlist.htm | title=The 2007 Shortlist
| year=2007 | accessdate=2007-04-05 | publisher=Dublin City Public Libraries/International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award}}</ref>
 
In his 2002 [[nonfiction]] collection ''Step Across This Line'', he professes his admiration for the [[Italian people|Italian]] writer [[Italo Calvino]] and the American writer [[Thomas Pynchon]], among others. His early influences included [[James Joyce]], [[Günter Grass]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], and [[Lewis Carroll]]. Rushdie was a personal friend of [[Angela Carter]] and praised her highly in the foreword for her collection ''Burning your Boats''.
 
===Other activities===
Rushdie has quietly mentored younger Indian (and ethnic-Indian) writers, influenced an entire generation of [[Indo-Anglian]] writers, and is an influential writer in [[postcolonial literature]] in general.<ref>[http://www.csulb.edu/~bhfinney/SalmanRushdie.html Rushdie's postcolonial influence]</ref> He has received many plaudits for his writings, including the [[European Union]]'s [[Aristeion Prize]] for Literature, the [[Premio Grinzane Cavour]] (Italy), and the Writer of the Year Award in Germany and many of literature's highest honours.<ref>Times of India Story on Rushdie's influence and awards http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/One_more_bouquet_for_Saleem_Sinai/articleshow/3254751.cms</ref> Rushdie was the President of [[PEN American Center]] from 2004 to 2006.
 
He opposes the British government's introduction of the [[Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006|Racial and Religious Hatred Act]], something he writes about in his contribution to ''Free Expression Is No Offence'', a collection of essays by several writers, published by [[Penguin Group|Penguin]] in November 2005. Rushdie is a self-described [[atheism|atheist]]{{Fact|date=November 2008}}, and a distinguished supporter of the [[British Humanist Association]].
[[Image:Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Salman Rushdie having a discussion with [[Emory University]] students]]
 
In 2006, Rushdie joined the [[Emory University]] faculty as Distinguished Writer in Residence for one month a year for the next five years.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html
| title=Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University | accessdate=2006-12-06 | publisher=Emory University Office of Media Relations}}</ref> Though he enjoys writing, Salman Rushdie says that he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. Even from early childhood, he dreamed of appearing in Hollywood movies (which he would later realize in his frequent cameo appearances).
 
Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings. He had a [[cameo appearance]] in the film ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (2001 film)|Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' based on the [[Bridget Jones's Diary|book of the same name]], which is itself full of literary in-jokes. On 12 May 2006, Rushdie was a guest host on ''[[The Charlie Rose Show]]'', where he interviewed [[Indo-Canadian]] filmmaker [[Deepa Mehta]], whose 2005 film, ''[[Water (2005 film)|Water]]'', faced violent protests. He appears in the role of [[Helen Hunt]]'s [[Obstetrics and gynaecology|obstetrician-gynecologist]] in the film adaptation (Hunt's directorial debut) of [[Elinor Lipman]]'s novel ''[[Then She Found Me]]''. In September 2008, and again in March 2009, he appeared as a panelist on the HBO program "Real Time With Bill Maher".
 
== ''Những Vần Thơ Của Quỷ Sa Tăng'' and the ''fatwā''{{anchor|Satanic Verses and the fatwā}}==
{{see|The Satanic Verses controversy}}
 
The publication of ''[[Những Vần Thơ Của Quỷ Sa Tăng]]'' in September 1988 caused immediate controversy in the [[Islamic world]] because of what was perceived as an irreverent depiction of the prophet [[Muhammad]]. The title refers to a disputed [[hadith|Muslim tradition]] that is related in the book. According to this tradition, Muhammad ([[Mahound]] in the book) added verses (''[[sura]]'') to the [[Qur'an]] accepting three goddesses who used to be worshipped in [[Mecca]] as divine beings. According to the legend, Muhammad later revoked the verses, saying [[the devil]] tempted him to utter these lines to appease the Meccans (hence the "Satanic" verses). However, the narrator reveals to the reader that these disputed verses were actually from the mouth of the [[Gabriel|Archangel Gibreel]]. The [[banned books|book was banned]] in many countries with large Muslim communities.
 
On 14 February 1989, a ''[[fatwā]]'' requiring Rushdie's execution was proclaimed on Radio Tehran by [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the [[Supreme leader of Iran|spiritual leader of Iran]] at the time, calling the book "[[Blasphemy|blasphemous]] against Islam" (chapter IV of the book depicts the character of an [[Imam]] in [[exile]] who returns to incite revolt from the people of his country with no regard for their safety). A bounty was offered for Rushdie's death, and he was thus forced to live under police protection for years afterward. On 7 March 1989, the United Kingdom and [[Iran]] broke [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] relations over the Rushdie controversy.
 
The publication of the book and the ''fatwā'' sparked violence around the world, with bookstores being [[firebombing|firebombed]]. Muslim communities in several nations in the West held public rallies in which copies of the book were [[Book burning|burned]]. Several people associated with translating or publishing the book were attacked, seriously injured, and even killed.<ref>See [[Hitoshi Igarashi]], [[Ettore Capriolo]], [[William Nygaard]]</ref> Many more people died in riots in [[Third World]] countries.
 
On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restoration of [[diplomatic relations]] with Britain, the [[Iranian government]], then headed by [[Mohammad Khatami]], gave a public commitment that it would "neither support nor hinder [[assassination]] operations on Rushdie."<ref name="Tomb">{{cite news|date=8 June 2005|title=Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie|author=Anthony Loyd|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article531110.ece|publisher=The Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/26/newsid_2542000/2542873.stm |publisher=BBC News: On This Day |title=26 December 1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie fatwa |accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref>
 
Hardliners in Iran have continued to reaffirm the [[death sentence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1002 |publisher=The Middle East Forum: Promoting American Interests |title=Can Iran Be Trusted? |author=Rubin, Michael |date=1 September 2006 |accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref> In early 2005, Khomeini's ''fatwā'' was reaffirmed by Iran's spiritual leader, [[Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]], in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the [[Hajj|annual pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]].<ref name="webster-bbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article414681.ece |work=[[The Times]] |title=Ayatollah revives the death fatwa on Salman Rushdie |author=Webster, Philip, Ben Hoyle and Ramita Navai |date=20 January 2005 |accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps|Revolutionary Guards]] have declared that the death sentence on him is still valid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260599.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Iran adamant over Rushdie fatwa |date=12 February 2005 |accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref> Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the ''fatwā'' on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw it,<ref name="webster-bbc"/> and the person who issued it - Ayatollah Khomeini - has been dead since 1989.
 
Rushdie has reported that he still receives a "sort of [[Valentine]]'s card" from Iran each year on 14 February letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow to kill him. He said, "It's reached the point where it's a piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007021501382200.htm&date=2007/02/15/&prd=th& |title=Rushdie's term |accessdate=2007-02-15 }}</ref> Despite the threats on Rushdie, he has publicly said that his family has never been threatened and that his mother (who lived in [[Pakistan]] during the later years of her life) even received outpourings of support.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davidcronenberg.de/cr_rushd.htm |title=Cronenberg meets Rushdie}}</ref>
 
A former bodyguard to Rushdie, Ron Evans, planned to publish a book recounting the behaviour of the author during the time he was in hiding. Evans claimed that Rushdie tried to profit financially from the ''fatwa'' and was suicidal, but Rushdie dismissed the book as a "bunch of lies" and took legal action against Ron Evans, his co-author and their publisher.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7538875.stm|title=Rushdie anger at policeman's book|publisher=BBC|date=2 August 2008}}</ref> On 26 August 2008 Rushdie received an apology at the High Court in London from all three parties. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7581842.stm|title=Bodyguard apologises to Rushdie|publisher=BBC|date=26 August 2008}}</ref>
 
===The failed assassination attempt and Hezbollah's comments===
On 3 August 1989, while [[Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh]] was priming a book bomb loaded with [[RDX]] explosives in a hotel in [[Paddington]], [[Central London]], the bomb exploded prematurely, taking out two floors of the hotel and killing Mazeh. A previously unknown [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] group, the Organization of the Mujahidin of Islam, said he died preparing an attack "on the [[apostate]] Rushdie". There is a shrine in [[Tehran]]'s [[Behesht-e Zahra]] cemetery for [[Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh]] that says he was "Martyred in London, 3 August 1989. The first martyr to die on a mission to kill Salman Rushdie." Mazeh's mother was invited to relocate to Iran, and the Islamic World Movement of Martyrs' Commemoration built his shrine in the cemetery that holds thousands of Iranian soldiers slain in the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref name="Tomb"/> During the 2006 [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]], Hezbollah leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] declared that "If there had been a Muslim to carry out Imam Khomeini's ''fatwā'' against the renegade Salman Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are ready to give their lives to defend our prophet's honour and we have to be ready to do anything for that."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.natashatynes.com/newswire/2006/02/hezbollah_killi.html|date=2 February 2006|title=Hezbollah: Rushdie death would stop Prophet insults|publisher=AFP}}</ref> James Phillips of the [[Heritage Foundation]] testified before the [[United States Congress]] that a "March 1989" (sic) explosion in Britain was a [[Hezbollah]] attempt to assassinate Rushdie which failed when a bomb exploded prematurely, killing a Hezbollah activist in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/phi062007.htm |author=James Phillips |title=Hezbollah’s Terrorist Threat to the European Union - Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe |date=2007-06-20 }}</ref>
 
===''International Gorillay''===
 
In 1990, soon after the publication of ''The Satanic Verses'', a [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani film]] was released in which Rushdie was depicted plotting to cause the downfall of [[Pakistan]] by opening a chain of casinos and discos in the country. The film was popular with Pakistani audiences, and it "presents Rushdie as a [[John Rambo|Rambo]]-like figure pursued by four Pakistani [[guerrilla]]s"<ref name="Tamney">{{cite book|title=The Resilience of Conservative Religion: The Case of Popular, Conservative Protestant Congregations|author=Joseph Bernard Tamney|publisher=The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge| location=Cambridge, UK|year=2002}}</ref>. The [[British Board of Film Classification]] refused to allow it a certificate, as "it was felt that the portrayal of Rushdie might qualify as criminal [[libel]], causing a breach of the peace as opposed to merely tarnishing his reputation."<ref name="IGlibel">{{cite web|title=International Guerrillas and Criminal Libel|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460938/index.html|publisher=Screenonline| accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> This move effectively banned the film in Britain outright. However, two months later, Rushdie himself wrote to the board, saying that while he thought the film "a distorted, incompetent piece of trash", he would not sue if it were released.<ref name="IGlibel"/> He later said, "If that film had been banned, it would have become the hottest video in town: everyone would have seen it".<ref name="IGlibel"/> While the film was a massive hit in Pakistan, it went virtually unnoticed in the West.<ref name="IGlibel"/> He has said that there was one legitimately funny part of the movie, his character torturing a Pakistani fighter by reading from his book ''The Satanic Verses''.
 
==Knighthood==
{{main|Knighthood of Salman Rushdie}}
Rushdie was awarded a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] for services to literature in the [[Queen's Birthday Honours]] on 16 June 2007. He remarked, "I am thrilled and humbled to receive this great honour, and am very grateful that my work has been recognized in this way."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6756149.stm |publisher=BBC News|title=15 June 2007 Rushdie knighted in honours list |accessdate=2007-06-16}}</ref> In response to his knighthood, many nations with Muslim majorities protested. [[Parliament]]arians of several of these countries condemned the action, and Iran and Pakistan called in their British envoys to protest formally. Mass demonstrations against Rushdie's knighthood took place in Pakistan and [[Malaysia]]. Several called publicly for his death. Some non-Muslims were disappointed by Rushdie's knighthood, believing that the writer did not merit such an honour.<ref>'Sir Rubbish: Does Rushdie Deserve a Knighthood', Times Higher Educational Supplement, 20 June 2007</ref>
 
[[Al-Qaeda]] has condemned the Rushdie honour. The Al-Qaeda deputy [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] is quoted as saying in an audio recording that Britain's award for Indian-born Rushdie was "an insult to Islam", and it was planning "a very precise response."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6289110.stm |publisher=BBC News|title=10 July 2007 Al-Qaeda condemns Rushdie honour |accessdate=2007-07-10}}</ref>
 
==Religious and political beliefs==
Rushdie came from a [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] Muslim family but says that he was never really religious. In 1990, in the "hope that it would reduce the threat of Muslims acting on the fatwa to kill him," he issued a statement in which he claimed "he had renewed his Muslim faith, had repudiated the attacks on Islam in his novel and was committed to working for better understanding of the religion across the world." But later said that he was only "pretending".<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3689883.ece Rushdie: I was deranged when I embraced Islam | TimesOnline<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
His books often focus on the role of religion in society and conflicts between faiths and between the religious and those of no faith.
 
Rushdie advocates the application of [[higher criticism]], pioneered during the late 19th century. Rushdie calls for a reform in Islam<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1729998,00.html Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith into the modern era] 11 August 2005</ref> in a guest opinion piece printed in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[The Times]]'' in mid-August 2005. Excerpts from his speech:
 
{{cquote|What is needed is a move beyond tradition, nothing less than a reform movement to bring the core concepts of Islam into the modern age, a Muslim Reformation to combat not only the [[jihad]]ist ideologues but also the dusty, stifling seminaries of the [[tradition|traditionalist]]s, throwing open the windows to let in much-needed fresh air. (...) It is high time, for starters, that Muslims were able to study the revelation of their religion as an event inside history, not supernaturally above it. (...) Broad-mindedness is related to tolerance; open-mindedness is the sibling of peace.}}
 
Rushdie supported the [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], leading the [[leftist]] [[Tariq Ali]] to label Rushdie and other "warrior writers" as "the belligerati'".<ref>[[Michael Mandel]], ''How America Gets Away With Murder'', Pluto Press, 2004, p60</ref> He was supportive of the US-led campaign to remove the [[Taliban]] in [[Afghanistan]] which began in 2001, but was a vocal critic of the 2003 [[war in Iraq]]. He has stated that while there was a "case to be made for the removal of [[Saddam Hussein]]", US [[unilateral]] military intervention was unjustifiable.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/09/iraq.usa Letters, Salman Rushdie: No fondness for the Pentagon's politics | World news | The Guardian<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
In the wake of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|'Danish Cartoons Affair']] in March 2006 - which many considered to be an echo of the death threats and ''fatwā'' which had followed the publication of ''The Satanic Verses'' in 1989<ref>[http://www.standwithus.com/news_post.asp?NPI=645 StandWithUs.com - Dangerous Hypocrisy: World Reactions to the Danish Cartoons<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> - Rushdie signed the manifesto [[MANIFESTO: Together facing the new totalitarianism|'Together Facing the New Totalitarianism']], a statement warning of the dangers of [[religious extremism]]. The Manifesto was published in the left-leaning French weekly ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' in March 2006.
 
In 2006, Rushdie stated that he supported comments by the then-[[Leader of the House of Commons]] [[Jack Straw]], who [[United Kingdom debate over veils|criticised the wearing]] of the [[niqab]] (a veil that covers all of the face except the eyes). Rushdie stated that his three sisters would never wear the veil. He said, "I think the battle against the veil has been a long and continuing battle against the limitation of women, so in that sense I'm completely on [Straw's] side."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20061010-0539-britain-veildispute.html |publisher=SignOnSanDiego.com |author=Wagner, Thomas |title=Blair, Rushdie support former British foreign secretary who ignited veil debate |date=10 October 2006 |accessdate=2006-10-10}}</ref>
 
Rushdie continues to come under fire from much of the British academic establishment for his political views. The [[Marxism|Marxist]] critic [[Terry Eagleton]], a former admirer of Rushdie's work, attacked him for his positions, saying he "cheered on [[the Pentagon]]'s criminal ventures in Iraq and Afghanistan".<ref>[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article2603984.ece The ageing punk of lit crit still knows how to spit - Times Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, he subsequently apologized for having misrepresented Rushdie's views.
 
At an appearance at [[92nd Street Y]], Rushdie expressed his view on copyright when answering a question whether he had considered copyright law a barrier (or impediment) to free speech.
 
{{quotation|
No. But that's because I write for a living, [laughs] and I have no other source of income, and I naïvely believe that stuff that I create belongs to me, and that if you want it you might have to give me some cash. [...] My view is I do this for a living. The thing wouldn't exist if I didn't make it and so it belongs to me and don't steal it. You know. It's my stuff.
|Salman Rushdie<ref>Radio show ''[[Medierna]]'' broadcast on [[Sveriges Radio]] P1 on 31 January 2009.</ref>
}}
 
==Bibliography==
===Books===
*''[[Grimus]]'' (1975)
*''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981)
*''[[Shame (novel)|Shame]]'' (1983)
*''[[The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey]]'' (1987)
*''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988)
*''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'' (1990)
*''[[Imaginary Homelands]]: Essays and Criticism, 1981 - 1991'' (1992)
*''Homeless by Choice'' (1992, with R. Jhabvala and [[V. S. Naipaul]])
*''[[East, West]]'' (1994)
*''[[The Moor's Last Sigh]]'' (1995)
*''[[The Firebird's Nest]]'' (1997)
*''[[The Ground Beneath Her Feet]]'' (1999)
*''[[The Screenplay of Midnight's Children]]'' (1999)
*''[[Fury (novel)|Fury]]'' (2001)
*''[[Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992 - 2002]]'' (2002)
*''[[Shalimar the Clown]]'' (2005)
*''[[The Enchantress of Florence]]'' (2008)
*''[[The Best American Short Stories]]'' (2008, as Guest Editor)
*"[http://www.newyorker.com/fiction/features/2009/05/18/090518fi_fiction_rushdie?currentPage=all In The South]." ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 18 May 2009
 
===Essays===
.
*"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/feb/28/salman-rushdie-novels-film-adaptations A fine pickle]." ''[[The Guardian]]'', 28 February 2009.
*"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/1999/oct/16/salmanrushdie Imagine There Is No Heaven]." , extracted contribution from Letters to the Six Billionth World Citizen, a UN sponsored publication in English by Uitgeverij Podium, Amsterdam. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 16 October 1999.
*"[http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/gandhi.html Mohandas Gandhi]." [[TIME]], 13 April 1998.
 
==Awards==
* [[Aristeion Prize]] ([[European Union]])
* [[Arts Council]] Writers' Award
* Author of the Year ([[British Book Awards]])
* Author of the Year (Germany)
* [[Booker of Bookers]] or the best novel among the Booker Prize winners for Fiction awarded in 1993
* [[The Best of the Booker]] awarded in 2008 to commemorate 40 years of Booker Prize
* [[Booker Prize for Fiction]]
* Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France)
* [[English-Speaking Union]] Award
* Hutch Crossword Fiction Prize (India)
* India Abroad Lifetime Achievement Award (USA)
* [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] (Fiction)
* Kurt Tucholsky Prize (Sweden)
* Mantua Prize (Italy)
* [[James Joyce Award]] - [[University College Dublin]]
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] Honorary Professorship
* [[Chapman University]] Honorary Doctorate - Doctor of Humane Letters
* Outstanding Lifetime Achievement in Cultural Humanism (Harvard University)
* Premio [[Grinzane Cavour]] (Italy)
* Prix Colette (Switzerland)
* [[Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger]]
* [[St. Louis Literary Award]] - [[Saint Louis University]]
* State Prize for Literature (Austria)
* [[The Best of the Booker]] Winner by public vote, awarded in commemoration of the [[Booker Prize]]'s 40th anniversary.
* [[Whitbread Novel Award]] (twice)
* [[Writers' Guild of Great Britain]] Award for Children's Fiction
 
==See also==
* [[The Satanic Verses]]
* [[The Satanic Verses controversy]]
* Norwegian author [[Axel Jensen]] and his collection of essays, ''God Does Not Read Novels: A Voyage in the World of Salman Rushdie'' (1994), in defence of [[free speech]]
*[[Censorship in South Asia]]
*[[International PEN]]
*[[MANIFESTO: Together facing the new totalitarianism]]—an [[open letter]] he co-signed regarding the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]]
*[[Blitcon]], British literary [[conservative]]s
* Critical Studies on Salman Rushdie's [[Midnight's Children]] in ''[http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/819067885X INDIAN LITERATURE: A Critical Casebook]''
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
{{external links|date=February 2009}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.salman-rushdie.com Official Salman Rushdie website]
*[http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Authors/Default.aspx?Page=Author&ID=Rushdie,%20Salman Salman Rushdie at Random House Australia]
*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/ru/Rushdie.html Rushdie is pronounced rooshdee.]
*[http://www.alislam.org/books/rushdie/RUSHDIE_Haunted_by_his_unholy_ghosts.pdf RUSHDIE: Haunted by his unholy ghosts] by Arshad Ahmedi
*[http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth87 Contemporary writers: Salman Rushdie]. British Council: Arts. Retrieved 17 December 2006.
*[http://abcdlady.com/2006-11/art2.php The Rushdie Experiment conducted in Tehran, Iran, in October/November 2006 to see if he has outlasted public hatred of him]
*[http://www.johannhari.com/archive/article.php?id=1002 Long interview with Rushdie in which he provides context for the ''fatwā'' and reflects on the rise of Islamic fundamentalism]
*[http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html Rushdie to teach at Emory]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/04/18/specials/rushdie.html ''New York Times'' special feature on Rushdie, 1999]
*[http://www.weeklywire.com/ww/02-08-99/tw_book1.html The Rushdie death threat affair]
*[http://www.rotten.com/library/bio/authors/salmon-rushdie/ Rushdie timeline]
*[http://www.subir.com/rushdie.html Summaries of all his novels and links to interviews with Rushdie]
*[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/787/cu4.htm A critique of Salman Rushdie (2006) in Al-Ahram] by [[Hamid Dabashi]]
*[http://www.muslim-refusenik.com/news/rushdie.html The Irshad Manji interview with Salman Rushdie]
*[http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/article.php?storyid=5768 14 February 2006, Iran says Rushdie ''fatwa'' still stands.]
*[http://lark.phoblacht.net/AM2405061g.html Profile: Salman Rushdie]
*[http://www.ginnydougary.co.uk/2005/08/20/the-incredible-lightness-of-salman/ Salman Rushdie interviewed by Ginny Dougary] (2005)
*[http://www.the-ledge.com/flash/ledge.php?prsn=376&lan=UK Salman Rushdie Bookweb on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading.]
*[http://www.pointofinquiry.org/?p=80 Salman Rushdie's speech at the Center for Inquiry, presented on the Point of Inquiry Podcast]
*[http://www.kruegerbooks.com/books/sig/rushdie-salman.html Signature of Salman Rushdie - Midnight's Children]
*[http://qantara.de/webcom/show_article.php/_c-310/_nr-260/i.html "Kashmir, Paradise Lost"] Interview with Lewis Gropp on Qantara.de
 
===Interviews===
*[http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/pep/pepdesc.cfm?id=4248 Video Interview with Rushdie and Jeffrey Eugenides at the New York Public Library about The Enchantress of Florence]27 June 2008
*[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/bookshow/stories/2008/2451582.htm] Audio and transcript of interview with [[Ramona Koval]] on [[The Book Show]], [[ABC Radio National]], 21 April 2008 on his novel [[The Enchantress of Florence]].
*[http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/the_colbert_report/videos/celebrity_interviews/index.jhtml?playVideo=86627&rsspartner=rssAppleSyndication Video interview with Stephen Colbert] 9 May 2007
*[http://www.pbs.org/moyers/faithandreason/portraits_rushdie.html Video interview and clips of Bill Moyers conversation with Rushdie in 2006 on PBS]
*[http://www.trashotron.com/agony/audio/2008/2008-interviews/salman_rushdie-2008-1.mp3 Audio interview with Rick Kleffel of The Agony Column in 2008-Part 1]
*[http://www.trashotron.com/agony/audio/2008/2008-interviews/salman_rushdie-2008-2.mp3 Audio interview with Rick Kleffel of The Agony Column in 2008-Part 2]
 
{{Rushdie}}
{{Man Booker Prize Winners}}
{{Austrian State Prize for European Literature}}
 
{{Persondata
|NAME= Rushdie, Ahmed Salman
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Rushdie, Ahmed Salman; سلمان رشدی ([[Urdu]])
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= British-Indian novelist and author
|DATE OF BIRTH= 19 June 1947
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Mumbai]], India
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rushdie, Salman}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Atheism activists]]
[[Category:Booker Prize winners]]
[[Category:British atheists]]
[[Category:British Book Awards]]
[[Category:British humanists]]
[[Category:British novelists]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Censorship in Islam]]
[[Category:Converts to atheism from Islam]]
[[Category:Copywriters]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Emory University faculty]]
[[Category:Fatwas]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Former Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates]]
[[Category:Indian immigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Islam-related controversies]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Old Rugbeians]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Postcolonial literature]]
[[Category:Postmodern literature]]
 
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