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'''Nupedia''' là một [[từ điển]] [[bách khoa toàn thư]] trên [[mạng internet|mạng]] với [[nội dung tự do]].
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was an [[English-language]] [[World Wide Web|Web-based]] [[encyclopedia]] whose articles were written by experts and licensed as [[free content]]. It was founded by [[Jimmy Wales]] and underwritten by [[Bomis]], with [[Larry Sanger]] as editor-in-chief. Nupedia lasted from March 2000<ref name="hive">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/|title=The Hive|last=Poe|first=Marshall|publisher=[[The Atlantic]]|month=September|year=2006|accessdate=2007-01-01}}</ref> until September 2003, and is mostly known now as the predecessor of the [[free (content)|free]] [[wiki]] encyclopedia, [[Wikipedia]].
Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a [[wiki]]; it was instead characterized by an extensive [[peer review|peer-review]] process, designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars to volunteer content for free. Before it ceased operating, Nupedia produced 24 articles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/best/2004/1213/bow001.html|title=Extreme Blogging|publisher=Forbes|last=Rand|first=Matt|date=2004-12-13|accessdate=2007-01-01}}</ref> that completed its review process (three articles also existed in two versions of different lengths), and 74 more articles were in progress.
In June 2008, [[CNET]] hailed Nupedia as one of the greatest defunct websites in the still young internet history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crave.cnet.co.uk/0,39029477,49296926-5,00.htm|title=The greatest defunct Web sites and dotcom disasters|publisher=CNET|date=2008-06-05|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref>
== History ==
[[Tập tin:Nupedia oldlogo.PNG|thumb|right|Nupedia's Original HTML logo]]
In the autumn of 1999, Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers and, in January 2000, hired Sanger to oversee its development.<ref name="hive"/> The project officially went online on March 9, 2000.
<ref name="Liane Gouthro">{{cite news
|first=Liane
|last=Gouthro
|title=Building the world's biggest encyclopedia
|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,15676-c,techindustrytrends/article.html
|work=[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]
|publisher=
|date=2000-03-10
|accessdate=2008-01-19
|quote=}}</ref>
By November 2000, however, only two full-length articles had been published.<ref name="idg">[[Mark Frauenfelder]]: ''[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html The next generation of online encyclopedias]''. [[The Industry Standard]]/[[CNN]].com, November 21, 2000<!--NB: the "May 1999" date in this article is most likely incorrect--></ref>
From its beginning, Nupedia was a [[free content]] encyclopedia,<ref name="Liane Gouthro"/> with Bomis intending to generate revenue from online ads on Nupedia.com.<ref name="idg"/> Initially the project used a homegrown license, the [[Nupedia Open Content License]]. In January 2001, it switched to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] at the urgings of [[Richard Stallman]] and the [[Free Software Foundation]].<ref>[http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603 GNUPedia Project Starting<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> However, Stallman got behind Hector Facundo Arena's [[GNUPedia]] project at the same time,{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} which led to concerns about possible competition between the projects.
Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Wikipedia as a side-project to allow collaboration on articles prior to entering the peer review process.<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Larry Sanger]] |title=Let's make a wiki |date=[[January 10]] [[2001]] |work=Nupedia-l mailing list| publisher=Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html}}</ref> This attracted interest from both sides, as it provided the less bureaucratic structure favored by GNUPedia advocates. As a result, GNUPedia never really developed and the threat of competition between the projects was averted. As Wikipedia grew and attracted contributors, it quickly developed a life of its own and began to function largely independently of Nupedia, although Sanger initially led activity on Wikipedia by virtue of his position as Nupedia's editor-in-chief.
Besides leading to discontinuation of the GNUPedia project, Wikipedia also led to the gradual demise of Nupedia. Due to the collapse of the internet economy at that time, Jimmy Wales decided to discontinue funding for a salaried editor-in-chief in December 2001<ref name="hive" /> and Sanger resigned from both projects soon thereafter. After Sanger's departure, Nupedia increasingly became an afterthought to Wikipedia; of the Nupedia articles that completed the review process, only two did so after 2001. As Nupedia dwindled into inactivity, the idea of converting it into a stable version of approved Wikipedia articles was occasionally broached, but never implemented. The Nupedia website at nupedia.com was shut down on [[September 26]], [[2003]], but a few pages were still available at a mirror,<ref>[http://nupedia.8media.org/ Nupedia, the free encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[link rot|although this mirror is now inaccessible]]. Nupedia's (limited) content has since been assimilated into Wikipedia.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nupedia_and_Wikipedia#Articles_copied_to_Wikipedia]</ref>
== Editorial process ==
Nupedia had a seven-step editorial process, consisting of:
# Assignment
# Finding a lead reviewer
# Lead review
# Open review
# Lead copyediting
# Open copyediting
# Final approval and markup
With the benefit of hindsight, the level of the bar to becoming a Nupedia contributor was probably unrealistically high, with the policy stating: "We wish editors to be true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) possess [[Ph.D.|PhDs]]".{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} However, the reviewers evaluating drafts of an article generally would have no special expertise regarding the article's subject. Reviewers were identified by [[User (computing)|screen names]], and although there was a facility that allowed reviewers to post their bios, many did not; thus, the expert who was writing the article was often obliged to modify it, based on comments from effectively anonymous reviewers, with no way of knowing their qualifications. The process was also different from Wikipedia's because the expectation was that reviewers would criticise the articles without actually editing them. As the number of participants in Nupedia was so small (many orders of magnitude smaller than the number of participants in the mature stages of Wikipedia), there was generally no dialogue between people with knowledge on the article's subject.
== Software development ==
Nupedia was powered by NupeCode [[collaborative software]]. NupeCode is [[Free software|free]]/[[open source]] software (released under the [[GNU General Public License]]) designed for large [[peer review]] projects. The code was available via Nupedia's [[Concurrent Versions System|CVS]] repository. One of the problems experienced by Nupedia during much of its existence was that the software lacked functionality. Much of the missing functionality had been mocked-up using underlined blocks of text which appeared to be hyperlinks, but actually were not.
As part of the project, a new version of the original software (called "NuNupedia") was under development. NuNupedia was implemented for testing at [[SourceForge]], but never reached a sufficient stage of development to replace the original software.
== See also ==
* [[GNUPedia]]
* [[List of online encyclopedias]]
* [[List of wikis]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/*/www.nupedia.com/ Earlier versions of Nupedia] (from the [[Internet Archive]])
* Larry Sanger: [http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9 The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir Part 1] and [http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&tid=95 Part 2]. [[Slashdot]], April 2005
* [http://nunupedia.sourceforge.net/ NuNupedia project page on Sourceforge] (currently broken, as of July 2008)
* [http://nupedia.8media.org/ Archive of Nupedia on 8media.org] (http://pedia.nu used to redirect here)
{{Wikipediahistory}}
[[Thể loại:Online encyclopedias]]
[[Thể loại:Wikipedia]]
[[Thể loại:History of Wikipedia]]
[[Thể loại:New encyclopedism]]
[[Thể loại:Internet properties established in 2000]]
[[Thể loại:2003 disestablishments]]
[[Thể loại:Defunct websites]]
[[ar:نيوبيديا]]
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