Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Bạch Nga”
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'''Bạch [[Nga (định hướng)|Nga]]''' hay '''Nga Trắng''' ([[tiếng Belarus]]: ''Белая Русь'' = '''[[Rus' (vùng đất)|Rus]] trắng''') là một tên gọi lịch sử nhằm ám chỉ một vùng đất ở Đông Âu, bao gồm một phần lớn lãnh thổ miền Đông [[Belarus]], tính cả các thành phố [[Polatsk|Pôlátxcơ]], [[Vitsyebsk|Vitépxcơ]], [[Mahiliou]].
Trong [[tiếng Anh]], Bạch Nga (''White Russia'') ám chỉ all of Belarus is dated. Trong các ngôn ngữ khác, Bạch Nga ám chỉ Belarus ngày nay.
Từ "Bạch Nga" có nhiều nghĩa khác nhau (và dễ gây lầm lẫn) xuấy hiện trong và sau thời kỳ của [[Cách mạng tháng Mười Nga]] và trong nhóm [[Bạch vệ]] hay [[Белоэмигрант]]. Một số người dân Belarus xem từ "Bạch Nga" là một từ ngữ mang ý xúc phạm vì nó liên quan tới mối liên hệ mà họ cho là ép buộc giữa Belarus với [[Nga]].
==Meaning of the name and its translation==
[[Image:POL województwo połockie IRP COA.svg|thumb|left|the coat of arms of the [[Polatsk Voivodeship]]: a [[Pahonia]] with a white background]]
The name "White Russia" is a literal, although not entirely correct translation of the names ''Belaya Rus'' (Белая Русь). The problem with this translation is that the name "White Russia" seems to suggest that this territory is describing the present-day [[Russian Federation]], whereas it is a [[demonym]] deriving from the more ancient [[toponym]] [[Rus (name)|Rus]] or [[Ruthenia (name)|Ruthenia]] (see also [[Etymology of Rus and derivatives]], [[Belarus#Etymology|Etymology of the name ''Belarus'']]).
[[Ruthenia]] is the [[latin]]ized version of [[Rus|Rus’]], a region in Eastern Europe inhabited by Slavs and the cradle of [[Kievan Rus|Kievan Rus’]], a 9th to 12th-century state that existed in the territories of modern-day [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]] and Eastern [[Poland]].
Although Belarus translates to ''White Russia'' in many modern languages for historic reasons (particularly, most [[Germanic languages]]), the equation of ''Rus’'' and ''Russia'' is controversial today and is disputed by a number of historians{{Who|date=November 2009}}. Many Belarusians rankle at its implications on their national self-determination, particularly in the light of [[Imperial Russia]]n and [[Soviet]] rhetoric calling for the reunification of "one indivisible Russia"{{Who|date=November 2009}}.
Conversely, in some languages there is a clear distinction between the two words ("Russia" and the ancient "Rus"). For example:
* [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Białoruś'' (White Rus), but ''Rosja'' (Russia);
* [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: ''Білорусь'' Bilorus (White Rus), but ''Росія'' Rosia (Russia);
In the [[German language]], the usual name for the state of [[Belarus]] still today is ''Weißrussland'' (White Russia). In official use (e.g. by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), the name ''Belarus'' is often preferred. However, even the [[German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]] used the term ''Weißrussland'' in her speech to the European Council Summit in March 2007. Likewise, it is still ''Wit-Rusland'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and ''Hviterussland'' in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]].
==History==
Many other variants of this name appeared in ancient maps: for instance, ''Russia Alba, Russija Alba, Wit Rusland, Weiss Reussen, White Russia, Hvite Russland, Hvíta Rússland, Weiss Russland, Ruthenia Alba, Ruthenie Blanche'' and ''Weiss Ruthenien'' (Weißruthenien), assigned to various territories, often quite distant from that of present Belarus. For example, at one time the term was applied to [[Novgorod]].
Only by the late [[16th century]] did it become a name for the area of the present Belarus. Until this time and for a long time afterwards the population of this territory ([[Belarusians]]) were known as [[Litvins]] (i.e., [[Lithuanians]]), by the name of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], into which the land had been integrated since the 13th - 14th centuries, or as [[Ruthenians]], by the name of the [[Ruthenia]]n state which this area used to belong to.
The origins of the name, which is attested from the [[14th century]], are unclear<ref>http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=0&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&text_word=%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on</ref> Vasmer's dictionary mentions the dichotomy of "white" land and "taxed" land in [[Domostroi]] and speculates that "white" Russia may have referred to the parts of Russia that were not subject to Tatar rule. Another speculation in Vasmer is that the color of the clothes of the White Russians (perhaps as well as the color of their hair) may have contributed to the name. Trubachev calls both theories "complete fantasies".
Alternatively, it may have its origins in the four coloured [[cardinal direction]]s used in many Slavic and central Asian cultures, where ''white'' is an indicator for ''north''.
It is noteworthy that some other [[Slav]]ic people have been distinguished by colour. There have been, for example, White, Red and Black [[Croats]]. ([[White Croats]] and [[White Croatia]] were in today's [[Croatia]] and in south-east [[Poland]] and western [[Ukraine]], beyond the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]]; [[Red Croats]] and [[Red Croatia]] were in area beyond the [[Don River, Russia|River Don]]; Black [[Croats]] in today's northeast [[Czech Republic]]); [[Sorbians|White Serbs]] in today's East [[Germany]]. There is also a region historically known as [[Black Ruthenia]] (Black Russia, Чорная Русь / ''Chornaya Rus’''). It covers northwestern lands of modern-day Belarus: [[Hrodna]], [[Slonim]], [[Navahrudak]], [[Vaukavysk]] and partly [[Minsk]] region.
The [[ethnographic]] explanation that the term was applied from the old-Slavonic use of colours for the cardinal points on the compass. The ancient totem-god Svitovyd had four faces. The northern face of this totem was white (hence White Russia), the western face red (hence Chervona (Red) Rus'), the southern black and the eastern green (hence Zelenyj klyn). This, however, makes the placement of Black Ruthenia problematic.
A yet another theory is that the name may have had its origins in the efforts made by Russia's [[tsar]]s to distinguish themselves from their predecessors in [[Rome]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] (on the basis that Russia was the "[[Third Rome]]"). The ''[[Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii]]'' by [[Sigismund von Herberstein]] explains that the [[Muscovite]] rulers wore white robes to distinguish themselves from the purple of the Roman rulers and the red of the Byzantines. The Russian Tsar was thus called the "White Tsar": ''Sunt qui principem Moscovuiae Album Regem nuncupant. Ego quidem causam diligenter quaerebam, cur Regis Albi nomine appellaretur'', or ''Weisse Reyssen oder weissen Khünig nennen etliche unnd wöllen damit ain underscheid der Reyssen machen'' (from ''Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii'').
The Tsar himself was often called the "Great White Tsar", while he included among his official titles the style (literal translation): ''"The Sovereign of all Rus': [[Great Russia|the Great]], [[Little Russia|the Little]], and the White"''. This appellation, together with the solemn wording "White Tsardom", was in use till the very end of the [[Russian Empire]]. Ultimately, this colour was transferred onto the name of the counter-revolutionary [[White movement|White Army]] that fought against the [[Red Army]].
==See also==
* [[Etymology of Rus and derivatives]]
* [[Great Russia]]
* [[Little Russia]]
* [[White movement]]
==Literature==
* Akta Aleksandra, króla polskiego, wielkiego księcia litewskiego i t.d. (1501—1506). Wyd. F. Papee. Kraków, 1927
* Alexandrowicz S. Rozwój kartografii Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego od XV do połowy XVIII w. Poznań, 1989
* Anonymi Dvbnicensis. Liber de rebus Lvdovici R. H. // Analecta Monumentorum Hungariae historicum literarorium maximum inedita. Budapestini, 1986
* I.V. Bellum Prutenum // Smereka E. Zbiór pisarzy polsko–lacińskich. Leopoli, 3, 1933
* Colker M. L. America rediscovered in thirteenth century? // Speculum. A journal of medieval studies. Cambridge. Vol. 54. No. 4. October 1979
* Cosmographey oder beschreibung aller Laender, Herrschaften, fürnemsten Stetten... Beschriben durch Sebastianum Münsterum... Basel, 1550; Ulrichs von Richental Chronik des Constanzer Concils 1414 bis 1418. Herausgegeben von M. R. Buck. Tübingen, 1882
|Cromer M. Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus et republica regni Poloni libri duo. Cracoviae, 1901. (паўтоp выданьня 1578 г.)
* Der Weiss Kunig. Eine Erzählung von den Thaten Kaiser Maximilian der Ersten. Wien, 1775
* Historica Russiae monumenta ex antiquis exterarum gentium arcivis et bibliothecis deprompta ab A. I. Turgenevio. V. I. Petropoli, 1841 (Акты исторические, относящиеся к России, извлечённые из иностранных архивов и библиотек А. И. Тургеневым)
* Historiae Ruthenicae Scriptores exteri saeculi XVI. V. I—II. Berolini et Petropoli, 1841—42
* Kronika Jana z Czarnkowa (Joannis de Czarnkow. Chronicon Polonorum). Оprac. J. Szlachtowski // Monumenta Poloniae Historica Lwów, T. II. 1872
* Nordenskjold A. E. Facsimile–atlas to the early history of cartography with reproductions of the most important maps, printed in the XV and XVI centuries. Stockholm, 1889.* Замысловский Е. Е. Геpбеpштейн и его истоpико–геогpафические известия о России. СПб., 1884
|Il Mappamondo di Fra Mauro. A cura di Tullio Gasparini Leporace. Presentazione di Roberto Almagia. Venezia, 1956
|Ioannes Stobnicensis. Introductio in Ptolomei Cosmographiam. Cracoviae, 1512
|Ostrowski W. About the origin of the name «White Russia». London, 1975
|Peter Suchenwirt’s Werke aus dem vierzehnten Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Alois Primisser. Wien, 1827
* Prisschuch Th. Des conzilis grundveste // Die historischen Volkslieder der Deutschen vom 13. bis 6. Jahrhundert. Bd. 1. Leipzig, 1865
|Prochaska A. Codex epistolaris Vitoldi. Cracoviae, 1882
* Rude & barbarous kingdom. Russia in the accounts of sixteenth–century English voyagers. Ed. by Lloyd E. Berry and Robert O. Crummey. Madison—London, 1968
|Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio. Ab Alexandro Guagnino Veronensi // Poloniae Historiae Corpus. Ex bibliotheca Ioan. Pistorii Nidani. Per Sebastiani Henric Petri. V. I. Basileae, 1588
|Scriptores Rerum Hungaricarum tempore ducum regumque stirpis Arpadianae gestarum. Vol. II. Budapest, 1938
|Starowolski Sz. Polska albo opisanie położenia królestwa Polskiego. Kraków, 1976
|Stryikowski M. Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi. T. I-II. Warszawa, 1846
|Witkowska M. H. S. Vita sanctae Kyngae ducissae Cracoviensis // Roczniki Humanistyczne. T. X, z. 2. Lublin, 1961.
|Імя тваё «Белая Русь». Мн., 1991
|Опись архива Посольского приказа 1626 г. Ч. 1. М., 1977
* Порецкий Я. И. Соломон Рысинский * Solomo Pantherus Leucorussus. Мн., 1983
* ПСРЛ. Т. 2. СПб., 1843; Т. 25. М.—Л., 1949
* Рыбаков Б. А. Русские карты Московии XV — начала XVI в. М., 1974
* Савельева Е. А. Hовгоpод и Hовгоpодская земля в западноевpопейской каpтогpафии XV—XVI вв. // Геогpафия России XV—XVIII вв. (по сведениям иностpанцев). Л., 1984
* Слово избpанное от святых писаний еже на латыню // Попов А. Н. Историко–литературный обзор дpевнеpусских полемических сочинений пpотив латинян. М., 1875}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.pravapis.org/art_belarus_name.asp The 21 Names of Belarus]
*[http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp Why is the Russia White?]
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[[Category:Belarusian historical regions]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire]]
[[be:Белая Русь]]
[[be-x-old:Белая Русь]]
[[et:Valge-Vene]]
[[fr:Russie blanche]]
[[it:Rutenia Bianca]]
[[nl:Wit-Rusland (naam)]]
[[pl:Ruś Biała]]
[[ru:Белая Русь]]
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