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Hải quân trừ bị có khoảng 66.700 (55.600 thuộc SELRES và 11.100 thuộc FTS) sĩ quan, hạ sĩ quan và binh sĩ phục vụ trong các tiểu bang và lãnh thổ cũng như ở ngoại quốc. Có thêm khoảng 50.000 thành viên thuộc IRR.
== [http://www.navyreserve.com/about/history/ History] ==
[[File:CNRFC Ribbon cutting.jpg|thumb|Admirals participate in the ribbon cutting ceremony for the opening of the new Navy Reserve Forces Command Headquarters at Naval Support Activity Norfolk.]]
Reflecting the importance of Reservists in the naval history of the United States, the first citizen Sailors put to sea even before the [[Continental Congress]] created the [[Continental Navy]], forerunner of today’s [[U.S. Navy]]. On 12 June 1775,<ref>[http://www.navyreserve.com/about/history/ History and Accomplishments] Navy Reserve</ref> inspired to act after hearing the news of [[Minutemen]] and British regulars battling on the fields of Lexington and Concord, citizens of the seaside town of Machias, Maine, commandeered the schooner Unity and engaged the British warship HMS Margaretta, boarding her and forcing her surrender after bitter close quarters combat. In the ensuing years of the American Revolution, the small size of the Continental Navy necessitated the service of citizen sailors, who put to sea manning privateers, their far-flung raids against the British merchant fleet as important as the sea battles of [[John Paul Jones]] in establishing the American naval tradition.
Following the American Revolution, the expense of maintaining a standing navy was deemed too great, resulting in the selling of the last Continental Navy ship in 1785. However, attacks by Barbary pirates against American merchant vessels in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] prompted a change in course in 1794. A navy that helped give birth to the nation was now deemed essential to preserving its security, which faced its most serious threat during the [[War of 1812]]. Not only did reservists raid British commerce on the high seas, but they also outfitted a fleet of barges called the [[Chesapeake Bay Flotilla]] in an effort to defend that vital body of water against British invasion. Though overwhelmed by an enemy superior in numbers, these men, most recruited from Baltimore, continued to wage war on land, joining in the defense of [[Washington, D.C.]]
Having fought against a foreign power, naval reservists faced a much different struggle with the outbreak of the Civil War, which divided a navy and a nation. Within days of the attack, President [[Abraham Lincoln]] authorized an increase in the personnel levels of the Navy, which assumed an important role in the strategy to defeat the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] with a blockade of the South and a campaign to secure control of the [[Mississippi River]]. By war’s end the Navy had grown from a force numbering 9,942 in 1860 to one manned by 58,296 sailors. A total of 101,207 men from twenty-one states enlisted during the war and volunteers were present during some of the storied naval engagements of the [[American Civil War]],<ref>[http://www.navyreserve.com/about/history/ History and Accomplishments] Navy Reserve</ref> including serving in Monitor during her battle with CSS Virginia and the daring mission to destroy the Confederate ironclad [[CSS Albemarle]]. The latter action resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to six reserve enlisted men.
With the lack of any major threat to the United States in the post-Civil War years, the U.S. Navy took on the appearance and missions of the force it had been in 1860. Then came publication of naval theorist Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan’s landmark study The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which in part prompted a modernization of the U.S. fleet and brought some of the first calls for an organized naval reserve to help man these more advanced ships. In the meantime, state naval militias represented the Navy’s manpower reserve, demonstrating their capabilities during the [[Spanish-American War]] in which they assisted in coastal defense and served aboard ship. Militiamen from Massachusetts, New York, Michigan, and Maryland manned four auxiliary cruisers—Prairie, Yankee, Yosemite, and Dixie—seeing action off Cuba. All told, some 263 officers and 3,832 enlisted men of various state naval militias answered the call to arms.
As successful as the state naval militias were in the Spanish-American War, which made the United States a world power, the outbreak of World War I in 1914 demonstrated that a modern war at sea required a federal naval reserve force. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and his assistant, a young New Yorker named Franklin D. Roosevelt, launched a campaign in Congress to appropriate funding for such a force. Their efforts brought passage of legislation on 3 March 1915, creating the Naval Reserve Force, whose members served in the cockpits of biplanes and hunted enemy U-boats during the Great War.
Though the financial difficulties of the Great Depression and interwar isolationism translated into difficult times for the Naval Reserve, the organizational structure persevered and expanded with the creation of Naval Aviation Cadet program and the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps. When World War II erupted on 1 September 1939, the Naval Reserve was ready. By the summer of 1941, virtually all of its members were serving on active duty, their numbers destined to swell when Japanese planes roared out of a clear blue sky over Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Over the course of the ensuing four years, the Navy would grow from a force of 383,150 to one that at its peak numbered 3,405,525, the vast majority of them reservists, including five future U.S. presidents.<ref>[http://www.navyreserve.com/about/history/ History and Accomplishments] Navy Reserve</ref>
[[File:Navy reserve doctor Honduras.jpg|thumb|Navy optometrist Cmdr. Louis Perez uses a retina scope and lens rack to check the eyes of 9-year old Sergio Colochos during the Beyond the Horizon humanitarian assistance exercise in Honduras.]] The end of [[World War II]] brought a different struggle in the form of the Cold War, which over the course of nearly five decades was waged with the haunting specter of nuclear war. [[Cold War]] battlegrounds took naval reservists to Korea, where a massive mobilization of “Weekend Warriors” filled out the complements of ships pulled from mothballs and in some cases sent carriers to sea with almost their entire embarked air groups consisting of Reserve squadrons. Other calls came during the Berlin Crisis and Vietnam, and with the defense build-up of the 1980s, presided over by Secretary of the Navy John Lehman, a naval reservist, the Naval Reserve not only expanded, but also took steps towards greater interoperability with the active component with respect to equipment. Yet, the divisions between the active and reserve cultures remained distinct.
This began to change in the 1990s as over 21,000 Naval Reservists supported Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, which coincided with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since that time, whether responding to the ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia or the threat of world terrorism, the latter coming to the forefront in the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, the recently renamed Navy Reserve has transformed from a force in waiting for massive mobilization to an integral component in carrying out the mission of the U.S. Navy. As Admiral [[William J. Fallon]] has stated, “We must remember that the Reserves, which represent twenty percent of our warfighting force, are absolutely vital to our Navy’s ability to fight and win wars now and in the future.”
While other Reserve components of other services each have an individual published history there is no comprehensive published official history in book form for the Naval Reserve.
{{Citation
| last = Ensign Hill
| first = Goodspeed, Navy Reserve Navy Office of Information
| author-link =
| last2 = U.S. Naval Forces Europe
| first2 = U.S. Sixth Fleet
| author2-link =
| title = Navy Reserve History
| date = 2008-05-28
| year =
| url = http://www.navyreserve.navy.mil/Welcome/Pages/History.aspx
| accessdate = }}
==Enlisted Entry and service==
[[File:US Navy 080607-N-5329L-023 Navy Reserve Navy Diver Seaman Jesse Kole, assigned to Naval Experimental Diving Unit, does an inspection dive.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Navy Reserve Navy Diver Seaman Jesse Kole, assigned to Naval Experimental Diving Unit, does an inspection dive of the interior of the wreck of the former Russian submarine Juliett 484.]]
Persons who enlist in the [[Active duty]] program first sign a contract to enter the [[Ready Reserve]] for a period of time that coincides with time served as Active Duty. Upon separation from Active Duty, members may still be obligated by their reserve contract if it has not expired. The remainder of the contract may be served as a member of the [[Selected Reserve]] or the [[Individual Ready Reserve]].<ref>[http://www.npc.navy.mil/NR/rdonlyres/311115C3-8C0E-4F76-B1C4-8ECB8922D1CD/0/100139.pdf ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES FOR NAVY RESERVISTS] BUPERSINST 1001.39F</ref>
.
Prior service enlistees may be able to affiliate with the Navy Reserve in their active duty rating (job specialty) and paygrade.
Non-prior service enlistees are sent to Initial Active Duty Training (IADT), also called boot camp, located at [[Naval Station Great Lakes]] in Illinois (same location as Active Duty training) and qualify for a specific [[billet]] (job) in order to make their rate permanent. Very few ratings are available to non-prior service personnel. Based upon their skill sets, members will enter into service at paygrades [[List of United States Navy enlisted rates|E-1]] through [[List of United States Navy enlisted rates|E-5]]. Although non-prior service recruits are paid from their first day at the advanced pay grade, they are not entitled to wear the insignia signifying their rank until they successfully complete boot camp. After graduating from boot camp, the reservist usually trains at a Navy Operational Support Center (NOSC) <ref>[http://www.navyreserve.com/about/locations/ NOSC Locations] Navy Reserve Recruiting Site</ref> again to complete the final "Phase IV" requirements. After that, he or she is sent to a reserve unit.
Typically, the Reservist is required to drill one weekend every month and spend a consecutive two-week period every year at a regular Navy base or on board a ship. While training either for just a weekend or during the two weeks, the Reservist is on [[active duty]] and the full spectrum of rules and regulations, including the [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]], apply.
==[http://www.navyreserve.com/benefits/ Navy Reserve benefits]<ref>[http://www.woundedwarrior.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-081215-018.pdf Taking Care of America’s Armed Forces Guide] Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense Reserve Affairs</ref>==
'''Medical'''
* [http://www.tricare.mil/mybenefit/home/overview/Plans/ReserveSelect TRICARE Reserve Select] (TRS) under the new system, drilling reservists will pay $49 a month for self-only coverage, or $197 a month for self and family coverage. This replaces the complex qualification rules previously in place for Reservists receiving Tricare coverage. With the new rule, the only requirement is being in SelRes, meaning the Sailor drills one weekend each month. [http://www.tricare.mil/mybenefit/home/overview/Eligibility/WhoIsEligible/RetiredNGMFamilies?plan=TRICARE+for+Life+%28TFL%29&zipCode=20817&country=United+States&status=Retired+National+Guard+or+Reserve+Member Tricare Handbook]
'''Education'''
* Navy Reservists qualify for the [http://www.gibill.va.gov/ Montgomery GI Bill] which covers graduate and undergraduate degrees, vocational and technical school training offered by an institute for higher learning that has been approved for G.I. Bill benefits, tutorial assistance, as well as licensing and certification testing reimbursement. On-the-job training, apprenticeship, correspondence, flight and preparatory courses might also be covered.
'''Insurance'''
* [http://www.insurance.va.gov/Sglisite/FSGLI/sglifam.htm Family Servicemembers' Group Life Insurance (FSGLI)] is a program extended to the spouses and dependent children of members insured under the SGLI program. FSGLI provides up to a maximum of $100,000 of insurance coverage for spouses, not to exceed the amount of SGLI the insured member has in force, and $10,000 for dependent children. Spousal coverage is issued in increments of $10,000.
'''Tax benefits'''
* [http://www.navy.mil/dnu.asp?id=11390 The Heroes Earning Assistance and Relief Tax Act of 2008 (HEART)] makes permanent two important tax code provisions contained in the Pension Protection Act of 2006. The first provision created an exception for mobilized Reservists to make early withdrawals from retirement plans without triggering an early withdrawal tax The second provision allows a Reservist who received a qualified distribution to contribute the funds to an [[Individual Retirement Account]] (IRA), during the two-year period beginning after the end of his or her active duty period. The IRA dollar limitations will not apply to any contribution made following this special repayment rule.
'''Job Security'''
* [http://www.osc.gov/userra.htm The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994] (USERRA, 38 U.S.C. is a federal law intended to ensure that persons who serve or have served in the Armed Forces, Reserves, National Guard or other “uniformed services:” (1) are not disadvantaged in their civilian careers because of their service; (2) are promptly reemployed in their civilian jobs upon their return from duty; and (3) are not discriminated against in employment based on past, present, or future military service. The federal government is to be a “model employer” under USERRA.<ref>[http://www.dol.gov/vets/usc/vpl/usc38.htm USERRA, 38 U.S.C.] Department of Labor</ref>
'''Promotions'''
* Reservists receive the same promotion opportunities as active duty Sailors except they compete against other Reservists.
'''Retirement'''
* [http://www.npc.navy.mil/CareerInfo/ReservePersonnelManagement/ReserveRetirements/ Retired Navy Reservists] qualify for Veterans Preference if mobilized under US Code, Title 10 or completed more than 180 days of continuous active duty.<ref>[http://uscode.house.gov/download/title_10.shtml U.S. Code Title 10] </ref>
== Tham khảo==
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