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[[Alexandria]], thành phố lớn thứ hai của [[Ai Cập]], từng là thành phố phát triển trong thời cổ đại nhưng suy tàn trong thời trung cổ. Vì dân số có chừng 150 cư dân nên nó được xếp loại là phố ma vào đầu thế kỷ 19. Trong thời hiện đại, nó đã phát triển thành một thành phố có 3,5 đến 5 triệu người.
==Xem thêm==
==Ghost towns around the world==
*[[Danh sách các phố ma tại Hoa Kỳ]]
===Africa===
==Ghi chú==
Actions by government forces and killings by armed gangs created several deserted villages in the [[Central African Republic]] from the years 2005 to 2008. Examples are [[Goroumo]], Beogombo Deux, and [[Paoua]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news | title=Massacre haunts CAR villagers | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7788626.stm |publisher=BBC |date=2008-12-18 |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Deserted villages and abandoned lives | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7779000/7779890.stm |publisher=BBC |date=2008-12-15 |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>
====Angola====
Ilha dos Tigres lies in a zone which is ideally suited for ecologic projects. It was mentioned in the 'Unknown Africa-Angola' documentary.<ref>[http://www.photographersdirect.com/buyers/stockphoto.asp?imageid=1499259 Unknown Africa-Ilha dos Tigres]</ref>
====D.R. Congo====
At one point, the ghost town of [[Goma]] was threatened by a volcanic eruption. Now, Goma is a safe ghost town now that the volcano eruption has passed. Still, however, the town lies in ruins.<ref>[http://us-africa.tripod.com/news.html Goma]</ref> Nastrid was a mining town abandoned in the late 19th century.
====Mauritania====
Though not completely abandoned, [[Chinguetti]] could be considered a ghost town.
====Namibia====
[[Namibia]] features a number of ghost towns, most of which had been established after the discovery of [[diamond]]s in a 100 km wide strip along the Atlantic coast in southwestern Africa. Shortly after the start of the [[diamond rush]] in [[German South-West Africa]], the German [[German Empire|imperial]] government claimed sole mining rights by creating the [[Sperrgebiet]] (''forbidden zone'') in September 1908,<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sspa0QIFtkMC&pg=RA1-PA322&dq=Sperrgebiet&lr=lang_en&as_brr=0&client=firefox-a&sig=a6AaDKCsWJkCvuzpwYXoSL5Dn2I#PRA1-PA324,M1|title=Namibia Handbook: The Travel Guide|accessdate=2008-05-24|publisher=[[Footprint Books]]|ISBN=1900949911|author=Santcross, Nick|coauthors=Ballard, Sebastian; Baker, Gordon}}</ref> effectively criminalizing new settlement. The small mining towns of this area, among them [[Pomona, Namibia|Pomona]], [[Elizabeth Bay, Namibia|Elizabeth Bay]] and [[Kolmanskop]], were exempt from this ban, but the denial of new [[Land claim|claim]]s soon rendered all of them ghost towns.
====Ethiopia====
[[Dallol (town)|Dallol]] is a former mining town in Ethiopia. It is located in the [[Dallol]] crater, where the temperature can rise as high as 104° Fahrenheit (40°C).
====Côte d'Ivoire====
[[Grand Bassam]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] was the French Colonial capital of Côte d'Ivoire until 1896, when it was abandoned by the French Colonial Government. Commercial activity gradually weakened until the city became a virtual ghost town in 1960, the same year Côte d'Ivoire became independent. Today the city has revived somewhat as a tourist center, but it still has the aura of a ghost town.
===North & South America===
====Argentina====
Most 19th and 20th century European immigrants to [[Argentina]] settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities that enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. Many also settled in the growing small towns along the expanding railway system. Since the 1930s, many rural workers have moved to the big cities.
The 1990s saw many rural towns become ghost towns when train services ceased and local products previously manufactured on a small scale were replaced by massive amounts of cheap imported goods. Some ghost towns near cities are tourist attractions.
====Brazil====
The small village of Caraíbas, in the municipality of [[Itacarambi]], suffered a rare earthquake in the early morning of December 9, 2007. It measured 4.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. Located over a [[geological fault]], the village of 76 families was evacuated and has been abandoned ever since.
[[Fordlândia]] was established by American industrialist [[Henry Ford]] in 1928 near [[Santarém, Brazil|Santarém]]. This was done to mass-produce [[natural rubber]]. Built in inadequate terrain, designed with no knowledge of tropical agriculture, and managed with little regard for local culture, the enterprise was an absolute failure; in 1934, it was relocated to [[Belterra, Brazil|Belterra]], but ultimately closed down in 1945.
====Canada====
[[File:RobsartHospital.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Robsart Hospital]], one of many abandoned buildings in [[Robsart, Saskatchewan]]]]
{{See also|List of ghost towns in Canada|List of ghost towns in British Columbia|List of ghost towns in Alberta|Ghost towns in Saskatchewan}}
There are ghost towns in parts of [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Northern Ontario]], [[Central Ontario]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] (see [[Newfoundland outport|outport]]), and [[Quebec]]. Some were logging towns or dual mining and logging sites, often [[company town|developed at the behest of the company]]. In Alberta and Saskatchewan most ghost towns were once farming communities that have since died off due to the removal of the railway through the town or the bypass of a highway. The ghost towns in British Columbia were predominantly mining towns and prospecting camps as well as canneries and, in one or two cases, large smelter and pulp mill towns. Among the most notable are [[Anyox]], [[Kitsault]], and [[Ocean Falls]]. Other notable ghost towns in BC are [[Cassiar]], [[Bralorne]], and [[Hedley, British Columbia|Hedley]].
British Columbia has more ghost towns than any other jurisdiction on the North American continent, with one estimate at the number of abandoned and semi-abandoned towns and localities upwards of 1500.<ref>Bruce Ramsey, ''Ghost Towns of British Columbia", Mitchell Press, Vancouver (1963-1975)</ref><!--other book refs added shortly--> Some ghost towns have revived their economies and populations due to historical and eco-tourism, such as [[Barkerville, British Columbia|Barkerville]]. Barkerville, once the largest town north of [[Kamloops]], is now a year-round Provincial Museum.
====Chile====
Most of the ghost towns in Chile had once been mining camps or lumber mills, such as the many [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]] mining camps that prospered from the end of the [[Saltpeter War]] until the invention of [[synthetic saltpeter]] during [[World War I]]. The ghost towns of [[Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works]] in the middle of the [[Atacama Desert]] were declared [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s in 2005. The copper mining camp of [[Sewell, Chile|Sewell]], high up in the [[Andes]] of [[Central Chile]], was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. Despite protection laws, this ghost town suffers "tourist looting."
[[Port Famine]] ({{lang-es|Puerto Hambre}}) is arguably Chile's oldest ghost town. It was founded in the [[Strait of Magellan]] in 1584 by [[Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa]]. Starvation and the cold climate killed all of the inhabitants. The [[England|English]] navigator Sir [[Thomas Cavendish]] landed at the site in 1587. He found only ruins of the settlement, and renamed the place ''Port Famine''.
[[Chaitén]] is a small city in southern Chile that was heavily damaged by a volcanic eruption.
Other lesser known ghost towns are located in the southern part of the [[Chilean Coast Range]]. They were once lumber mills where [[Fitzroya]] were cut down to make [[roof shingles]], a typical element of [[Chilota architecture]].
====Colombia====
Many ghost towns in this country are mostly the result of ongoing violence by guerrilla groups such as [[FARC]]. [[Bojayá]] was a small town in the [[Chocó]] department. On May 2, 2002, FARC attacked this village, and most of the people hid in the church. FARC threw a bomb into the building, killing approximately 140 people, including 40 children. Today, Bojayá is a ghost town and though plans have been made to rebuild it, it will not be on the exact location of the massacre. Another ghost town is [[Armero tragedy|Armero]], left in ruins by a volcanic eruption in 1985 that killed over 20.000 inhabitants. Survivors of the tragedy left for other towns and Armero is currently unpopulated.
====Guyana====
[[Jonestown]] in [[Guyana]] became a ghost town because of the mass suicide of the [[Peoples Temple]] community that lived there.
====Mexico====
* [[Ojuela]]
* [[Real de Catorce]]
'''[[Real de Catorce]]''' was once a flourishing silver mining town in northern Mexico. Its dramatic landscapes and buildings have been used by Hollywood for movies such as ''[[The Mexican]]'' (2001) with [[Brad Pitt]] and [[Julia Roberts]]. Recent efforts to adapt the town to tourism have created a mixture of ghost town and heritage tourist site adapted to visitors in search of interesting history in the country.
====United States====
{{Main|List of ghost towns in the United States}}
[[File:Bannack.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Bannack, Montana]], USA, a well-preserved ghost town that is now a [[state park]].]]
There are many ghost towns, or semi-ghost towns (some of them [[unincorporated communities]]), in the American [[Great Plains]], whose rural areas have lost a third of their population since 1920. Thousands of communities in the northern plains states like [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]] and [[Nebraska]] became railroad ghost towns when a rail line failed to materialize. Hundreds more were abandoned when the [[Interstate highway system|US Highway System]] replaced the railroads as America's favorite mode of travel. Ghost towns are common in mining or old [[mill town]] areas: [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], [[New Mexico]], [[Montana]], [[Minnesota]], and [[California]] in the western [[United States]] and [[West Virginia]] in the eastern USA. They can be observed as far south as [[Texas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Arkansas]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Florida]]. When the resources that had created an employment boom in these towns played out, the businesses ceased to exist and the people moved on to more productive areas. Sometimes a ghost town consists of many old abandoned buildings (like in [[Bodie, California]]); other times there are simply structures or foundations of former buildings (e.g., [[Graysonia, Arkansas]]). Even some of the earliest settlements in the US are or have been ghost towns, such as [[Jamestown, Virginia]], the [[Zwaanendael Colony]] in Delaware and the famous [[Lost Colony]] in [[North Carolina]].
Old mining camps that have lost most of their population at some stage of their history, such as [[St. Elmo, Colorado]]; [[Central City, Colorado]]; [[Aspen, Colorado]]; [[Virginia City, Montana]]; [[Marysville, Montana]]; [[Tombstone, Arizona]]; [[Oatman, Arizona]]; [[Deadwood, South Dakota]]; [[Park City, Utah]]; [[Crested Butte, Colorado]]; or [[Cripple Creek, Colorado]], are sometimes included in the category, although they are active towns and cities today.
A recent attempt to declare an "Official Ghost Town" in California collapsed when the adherents of the town of [[Calico, California|Calico]], in [[Southern California]], and those of [[Bodie, California|Bodie]], in [[Northern California]], could not come to an agreement as to which of their favorites was more deserving.
The ghost town of [[Medicine Mound, Texas|Medicine Mound]] in [[Hardeman County, Texas|Hardeman County]] in [[West Texas]] is preserved through a museum operated there by [[Myna Potts]]. Medicine Mound consists of two buildings. The museum is in the former Hicks-Cobb [[General Store]].
A more recent ghost town is [[Centralia, Pennsylvania]], which, at its peak, had over 2,600 residents in either the borough itself or in immediately adjacent areas. It had over 1,000 as recently as 1981 but as of 2007 is down to nine residents as a result of a [[coal seam fire|underground mine fire]] that started in the 1960s when a landfill created from an abandoned [[strip mine]] was set on fire. (At the time, it was legal to create a landfill from an abandoned strip mine as long as it was sealed off from any possible coal seams that could catch fire; this loophole has since been closed because of Centralia). [[Pennsylvania]] later acquired the borough through [[eminent domain]] so it could get the residents safely moved to other areas, though a small handful remain.<ref>See [[Bill O'Neal]], ''Ghost Towns of the American West'' (1995).</ref>
====Saint Pierre and Miquelon====
Sailor's Island ([[Île aux Marins]]) is a ghost town/island located a few miles away from the island of Saint-Pierre. Once inhabited by over 600 fishermen, families and tradesmen, the island was progressively abandoned until the last inhabitant left in 1965. The island is now a tourist attraction.
===Antarctica===
[[File:Deception-Base.jpg|thumb|right|The derelict British base in [[Whalers Bay]], [[Deception Island]], destroyed by volcano eruption]]
[[File:Grytvikken.jpg|thumb|right|The ghost town of [[Grytviken]], [[South Georgia Island]]]]
The oldest ghost town in [[Antarctica]] is located on [[Deception Island]], where in 1906 a Norwegian-Chilean whaling company started using Whalers Bay as a base for a factory ship, the ''Gobernador Bories''. Other whaling operations followed suit, and by 1914 there were 13 factory ships based there.
Antarctica also has many more-recently abandoned scientific and military bases, especially in the [[Antarctic Peninsula]].
====South Georgia====
The [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] island of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|South Georgia]] used to have several thriving whaling settlements during the first half of the 20th century, with a combined population exceeding 2,000 in some years. These included [[Grytviken]] (operating 1904[[1964|-64]]), [[Leith Harbour]] (1909[[1965|-65]]), [[Ocean Harbour]] (1909[[1920|-20]]), [[Husvik]] (1910[[1960|-60]]), [[Stromness (South Georgia)|Stromness]] (1912[[1961|-61]]) and [[Prince Olav Harbour]] (1917[[1934|-34]]). The abandoned settlements have become increasingly dilapidated, and remain uninhabited nowadays except for the Museum curator's family at Grytviken. The jetty, the church, and dwelling and industrial buildings at Grytviken have recently been renovated by the Government of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]], becoming a popular tourist destination. Some historical buildings in the other settlements are being restored, as well.
===Oceania===
====Australia====
Similar to the United States, Canada and other former frontier countries, most ghost towns in [[Australia]] were usually formed after the end of mining operations or the removal of railway services. They are spread throughout the country and are located in every state and territory. Some ghost towns in Australia include [[Cassilis, Victoria|Cassilis]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Farina, South Australia|Farina]] in the far north of [[South Australia]], [[Newnes, New South Wales|Newnes]] in New South Wales, Gwalia, [[Goldsworthy, Western Australia|Goldsworthy]], [[Cossack, Western Australia|Cossack]], and [[Wittenoom, Western Australia|Wittenoom]] in [[Western Australia]]. [[Ravenswood, Queensland|Ravenswood]] in north-eastern [[Queensland]] was a ghost town for many years, due to the declining gold rushes, but new gold discoveries in the area and improved mineral processing technologies have boosted the economy of the area and revived the town.
[[Old Adaminaby]] in New South Wales is an example of one of the drowned towns which has been subsequently revealed through drought in recent decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/drought-uncovers-australias-drowned-town-20070419-8ag.html |title=Drought uncovers Australia's drowned town |publisher=News.brisbanetimes.com.au |date=2007-04-19 |accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref>
===Europe===
[[File:Smeerenburg-blubberovens.JPG|thumbnail|left|250px|Remains of the 17th century [[Smeerenburg]], [[Spitsbergen]].]]
In Europe, many villages were abandoned over the ages for many different reasons.
Sometimes, wars and genocide end a town's life, and it is never resettled. This happened to the Swedish town Sjöstad, [[Närke]] in 1260, when the town's 700 merchants crossed the ice of [[Vättern|Lake Vättern]] and were cut down by the Danes. The Danes then proceeded to the town, ravaging and burning it. The town was never resettled. In a farm town named ''Skyrstad'', ruins and a silver treasure which yielded 4000 coins are all that testify to its existence (see [[abandoned village]]). The same happened in the French village [[Oradour-sur-Glane]] in 1944, when occupying Germans massacred the village's population.
In the United Kingdom, the once thriving farming village of [[Knaptoft]] in [[Leicestershire]] was depopulated due to the enclosure of the surrounding land for sheep pasture. The ruins of the former church still exist, as does a graveyard, with graves even occupying ground inside the ruins of the church. The villages of [[Imber]] on [[Salisbury Plain]], [[Wiltshire]] and [[Tyneham]] near [[Dorset]]'s historic [[Jurassic Coast]], as well as several villages within the [[Stanford Battle Area]] in [[Norfolk]], were evacuated by the [[British Army]], and the abandoned buildings are now used for training exercises. The creation of reservoirs has led to the drowning of villages. These include [[Mardale|Mardale Green]] in the [[Lake District|English Lake District]] and two villages - [[Ashopton]] and [[Derwent Village, Derbyshire|Derwent]] - drowned by the [[Ladybower Reservoir]] in [[Derbyshire]]. In [[Wales]], the village of [[Capel Celyn]] was drowned to form [[Llyn Celyn]], to provide water for Liverpool, and [[Llyn Clywedog]] drowned farmsteads and agricultural land to reduce flooding of the [[River Severn]]. The village of [[Nant Gwrtheyrn]] on the [[Llŷn peninsula]], North Wales was an old quarry village which was abandoned in the 1950s after the quarry closed because there was no road leading to the village. It has since been restored as a Welsh-language learning centre.
Industrialisation is another factor. For example, the village of Etzweiler in northwestern [[Germany]] was abandoned in the 1990s to make way for a coal mine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~kazil/etzweiler.html |title=Etzweiler - Modern ghost town in Germany |publisher=Xs4all.nl |date=2002-02-02 |accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://diggelfjoer.swalker.nl/index.php?main=aband&sub=abandetz |title=Diggelfjoer: Abandoned |publisher=Diggelfjoer.swalker.nl |date=2002-09-27 |accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref> While Etzweiler disappeared in 2006, neighbouring Pesch and Holz have become near-deserted ghost towns. All that is left of Otzenrath are the remains of the village's church, where archeologists excavate remains of sacred buildings from medieval and potentially Roman times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbidden-places.net/urban-exploration-otzenrath-ghost-town |title=Urban exploration: Otzenrath ghost town |publisher=Forbidden-places.net |date= |accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref> Furthermore, parts of the motorway A44 have been removed and as the lignitemine continues to move west, parts of the A61 will follow before 2020 (with the A44 being rebuilt behind the mine).
Several Belgian villages had to disappear to facilitate the expansion of the port of [[Antwerp]], such as the former villages of Oosterweel, Oordam, [[Wilmarsdonk]], Lillo and Oorderen.
[[Pyramiden]] (Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, meaning "the pyramid", Russian: Пирамида) was a Russian settlement and coal mining community on the archipelago of [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]]. It was founded by Sweden in 1910, and sold to the [[Soviet Union]] in 1927. The settlement, with a one time population of 1,000 inhabitants, was abandoned in the late-1990s by its owner, the state-owned Soviet company Trust Artikugol, and is now a ghost town.
The city of [[Pripyat, Ukraine|Prypiat]] and dozens of smaller settlements in northern [[Ukraine]] and southern [[Belarus]] were abandoned after the [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear disaster]] and turned into a closed [[zone of alienation|alienation zone]]. The area has been largely untouched since then, and as such it functions as a large [[time capsule]] of the late Soviet era.
Several communities became ghost towns in [[Ireland]] in the latter half of the nineteenth century, particularly in the west of the country, due to a combination of the [[potato famine]] and economic decline brought on by the famine. These now consist primarily of knee-high ruins of cottages. Notable ghost towns are on [[Achill Island]] and in the [[The Burren|Burren]] area of county Clare. A more recent ghost town was created in the 1950s on [[Great Blasket]] island, where island life became unfeasible and the island was depopulated.
In [[Finland]], which is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world,{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} most people live in the biggest towns, and some villages near the Russian border and in [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] are nearly abandoned.
====Croatia====
In [[Croatia]], some villages in [[Lika]] and [[Banovina]] regions have been depopulated during the war 1991 - 1995. E.g. village [[Javornik]] near [[Lička Jesenica]] in Lika is totally abandoned.
====Hungary====
Hundreds of villages were abandoned during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] wars in the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the 16-17th century. Many of them were never repopulated but generally they are not classified as ghost towns because few visible traces remained of them. Real ghost towns are rare in present-day [[Hungary]], except the abandoned villages of Derenk (abandoned in 1943) and Nagygéc (abandoned in 1970). Due to the decrease of rural population beginning in the 1980s, dozens of villages are now threatened with abandonment. The first village officially declared as "dead" was Gyűrűfű in the end of the 1970s, but later it was repopulated as an eco-village. Sometimes depopulated villages were successfully saved as small rural resorts like Kán, [[Tornakápolna]], [[Szanticska]], Gorica, and Révfalu.
====Bulgaria====
An increasing number of settlements in [[Bulgaria]] are becoming ghost towns as a result of the ongoing demographic decline of the country since the late 20th century. According to the 2001 census, there were 138 uninhabited villages, estimated to have become over 150 by 2006. There are ghost villages in 16 out of the 28 provinces of the country, more numerously in [[Gabrovo Province]] (57 in 2001), [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] (34), [[Kardzhali Province|Kardzhali]], [[Blagoevgrad Province|Blagoevgrad]], [[Burgas Province|Burgas]], and [[Lovech Province]]s. Some Bulgarian villages may avoid that fate thanks to immigration of settlers from abroad, mainly from the [[United Kingdom]], but also other [[EU]] countries, former [[USSR|Soviet]] republics, and even [[Israel]] and [[Japan]].<ref>Monitor Daily, [http://big.bg/modules/news/article.php?storyid=32394 Dr. Boris Kolev: Over 150 are the dead villages in Bulgaria], Sofia, August 8, 2006 (in Bulgarian)</ref><ref>Trud Daily, [http://www.trud.bg/default.asp?issue_date=13/8/2007&im=8&id=13&iy=2007 Foreigners colonize native villages], Sofia, August 13, 2007 (in Bulgarian)</ref>
====Czech Republic====
There is a ghost town in [[Milovice]], {{convert|30|km}} from the capital, [[Prague]]. Milovice consists of four parts, two of which, Milovice-Mladá and Milovice-Boží Dar, were occupied by Soviet soldiers and their families. These two parts were abandoned in 1990-1991 after the [[Velvet Revolution]]. The population was about 20,000. Nowadays, Mladá, the central part of Milovice, is being rebuilt and many young people live there. Boží Dar, as well as the nearby airport, is totally abandoned.
====Poland====
A Polish ghost town is [[Kłomino]] (near to [[Borne Sulinowo]]; Russian name - Gródek\Гродек) in the northwest part of the country. It was built for Soviet soldiers and their families. The population was about 5,000. It was completely abandoned in 1992 after the collapse of the USSR. Only a few families live there now, but there are plans to repopulate the city.
====Spain====
There are many ghost hamlets in central Spain, as most of their former inhabitants moved to urban areas after the 1960s.
[[Belchite]], in the [[province of Zaragoza]], [[Aragon]], is one of the most well-known ghost towns in [[Spain]]. Before the 1930s, Belchite was a growing city, with many services. As a consequence of the [[Battle of Belchite (1937)|Battle of Belchite]], during the [[Spanish Civil War]], the city was totally destroyed. Instead of a reconstruction, dictator [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] decided to keep the ruins of the old town of Belchite intact as a memorial of the battle. As of 1964, the town was totally deserted, the inhabitants having been removed to Belchite Nuevo, on the side of the old town. The ruins, which are not accommodated for tourism, are visited by more than 10,000 tourists annually. It is also a well-known meeting point for Francoist nostalgics, especially [[Falange|Falangist]]s.
====Turkey====
[[Kayaköy]] in southwestern [[Turkey]] was inhabited by Anatolian Greeks until 1923, when a population exchange was agreed by the Turkish and Greek governments. This left the town as a site of empty houses and Greek churches.
[[Karaburun#Other Information|Sazak]] near [[Karaburun]], a district of [[İzmir Province]] on the Aegean (western) coast of Turkey, was also inhabited by Greeks, which left the area according to the population exchange treaty. Nowadays Sazak is a total ghost town.
Çökene in [[Büyükorhan]] district was a village until 2008. It is a site of empty houses after immigration to big cities due to money shortage and umemployment.<ref>[http://www.cnnturk.com/2010/turkiye/02/03/gecim.sikintisi.hayalet.koy.yaratti/562173.1/index.html Geçim sıkıntısı 'hayalet köy' yarattı CNNTurk.com]. Retrieved 2010-03-11.</ref>
===Post-Soviet states===
[[Prypiat, Ukraine|Prypiat]] is one of the biggest ghost towns. Prypiat was built to be the home for the workers of the [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]]. At its peak, it had a population of over 50,000 residents; all abandoned the town after the [[Chernobyl disaster]]. Unlike the neighboring town of [[Chernobyl]], Prypiat remains a ghost town and is completely empty.
[[Skrunda-1]], site of a former Hen House radar installation in [[Latvia]], is a ghost town that was auctioned off in its entirety in early 2010.
Apart from Prypiat and Skrunda-1, many abandoned towns and settlements are located in northern Russia ([[Komi Republic|Komi]], [[Taymyr Autonomous Okrug|Taymyr]], [[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka]]). There are several towns that were established near Soviet concentration camps to supply necessary services. Since most of the [[GULAG]] installations were abandoned in the 1950s, the towns were abandoned, as well. One such town is located near the former GULAG camp called [[Butugychag]] (also called Lower Butugychag). There are several Soviet settlements that were abandoned on the Norwegian island of [[Spitsbergen]], [[Grumant]]. Other towns were deserted due to deindustrialisation and the economic crises of the early 1990 attributed to [[post-Soviet conflicts]]. [[Agdam]], [[Azerbaijan]] is an example of this. Even more semi-deserted towns are situated in [[Abkhazia]], notably [[Tquarchal]] and [[Ochamchira]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.ge/news/agricabh.pdf |title=THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN OCHAMCHIRA, TKVARCHELI AND GALI, ABKHAZIA, GEORGIA |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref>
In European Russia, many villages have been depopulated since the 1940s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6465/is_200305/ai_n25686585 |title=RUSSIA: MORE EVIDENCE FOUND OF RURAL DEPOPULATION TREND.(Brief Article) | IPR Strategic Business Information Database | Find Articles at BNET |publisher=Findarticles.com |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref>
===Asia===
====Cyprus====
The southern part of [[Famagusta]], also known as [[Varosha (Famagusta)|Varosha]], is fenced off by the Turkish army. Prior to the [[Turkish Invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974, it was the modern tourist area of the city of [[Famagusta]]. For the last three decades, it has been left as a ghost town.
====India====
Numerous cities in [[India]] have become ghost towns due to various factors. The medieval town of Milakpur Kohi near [[Sultan Ghari]], [[Delhi]] is one of the oldest ghost towns in northern India. The medieval [[Mughal Empire]] towns of [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and [[Bhangarh]] in northern India and the medieval [[Vijayanagara Empire]] town of [[Vijaynagara]] in southern India are some of the most prominent historical ghost towns in India. One of the most recent ghost towns in India is [[Dhanushkodi]], situated on a low-lying island off the Indian coast. Destroyed by a cyclone in 1964, Dhanushkodi was declared unfit for living after the storm and is a ruin today.
====Japan====
[[Hashima Island]] was a [[Japan]]ese mining town from 1887 to 1974. Once known for having the world's highest population density (in 1959 at 83,500 people per square kilometer), the island was abandoned when the coal mines were closed down.
There are plans to abandon various remote depopulated villages and towns due to the falling national population.
====Malaysia====
Kampung Kepayang in [[Perak]] state, is almost uninhabited, with only 2 or 3 shophouses being in use. This is a result of the widening of the main road, thus making it difficult to park a vehicle, and result in loss of business of the shops. However, there are still [[Malay people|Malay]]s who reside in the village houses behind the shop houses, and the addresses in Simpang Pulai are still written as "Kampung Kepayang."
====Oman====
The city of Sap Bani Khamis<ref>[http://www.omanclimbing.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=398 Sap Bani Khamis]</ref> is an abandoned town, previously inhabited by thieves.
====Other====
There are many ghost villages in [[Iran]], [[Syria]], and [[Lebanon]]. These ghost villages were abandoned as a result of migration to major cities. Most of these towns are in ruins and a few serve as tourist attractions. In addition, the Syrian city of [[Quneitra]] has become a ghost town after the 1967 Six Day War and subsequent Yom Kippur war in 1973. As of today, the city remains destroyed. Syria has left the ruins in place and built a museum to memorialize its destruction, a symbol of Israeli aggression. It maintains billboards at the ruins of many buildings and effectively preserves it in the condition that the Israeli army left it in.
==Cultural references==
{{In popular culture|date=July 2009}}
===Film===
* The 2006 adaptation of ''[[Silent Hill (film)|Silent Hill]]'' drew inspiration from [[Centralia, Pennsylvania]], which was rendered a ghost town after a [[coal seam fire|coal mine fire]].
* Much of the remake of ''[[The Hills Have Eyes (2006 film)|The Hills Have Eyes]]'' takes place in desert towns abandoned due to nearby nuclear weapons testing.
===Video games===
* The 1981 [[Adventure International]] [[text adventure]] ''[[Ghost Town (video game)|Ghost Town]]'' by [[Scott Adams (game designer)|Scott Adams]] is set in a deserted mining town.
* The 1999 [[PlayStation]] game ''[[Silent Hill]]'' takes place in a ghost town of the same name. It has spawned four sequels and movie adaptation is loosely based on [[Centralia, Pennsylvania]].<ref>The Real Silent Hill". offroaders.com (no date). Retrieved on 2008-12-06.</ref>
* The 2000 [[PlayStation]] game ''[[Vagrant Story]]'' takes place in a ghost town named Leá Monde.
* The 2003 [[PlayStation 2]] game ''[[Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly|Fatal Frame II]]'' takes place in a small, ghostly Shinto village in rural Japan.
* The 2003 [[arcade game]] ''[[Johnny Nero: Action Hero]]'' features a Western movie-themed stage where a ghost town is filled with evil spirits, which the hero must eliminate.
* The 2004 [[PC game]] ''[[Half Life 2]]'' features a town called ''[[Ravenholm]]'' whose occupants were killed or converted into zombies, now abandoned and desolate except for a single insane preacher.
* The 2004 game ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'' features several ghost towns.
* Parts of the 2007 games ''[[S.T.A.L.K.E.R.]]'' and ''[[Call of Duty 4]]'' take place in the abandoned city of [[Pripyat (city)|Prypiat]]. There is also a multiplayer level based on Chernobyl in ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2]]''.
* The 2007 [[Wii]] game ''[[No More Heroes (video game)|No More Heroes]]'' features a ghost town.
* The 2008 game ''[[Fallout 3]]'' is set in a future ravaged by [[nuclear warfare]], and thus there are many ghost towns littering the desolate landscape.
* The 2010 [[Western (genre)|Western]] game [[Red Dead Redemption]] features a ghost town called Tumbleweed whose economy collapsed when the newly-constructed railroad bypassed the town.
===Music===
* The 1981 song by [[The Specials]] entitled "[[Ghost Town]]" was a commentary on [[Coventry]] in the 1980s, the city in which the band originated.
* [[Ghostown (Radiators from Space album)|''Ghostown'']], a 1979 album by Irish band [[The Radiators From Space]], is a [[concept album]] documenting the sense of social and cultural isolation felt by many [[Dublin]]ers throughout the 1970s.
* The modern jazz guitarist [[Bill Frisell]] also has an album entitled "Ghost Town" (2000).
* Huns and Dr Beeker released in 2005 The Middle of Somewhere including "Ghost Town (For the Victims of Chernobyl)"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hunsanddrbeeker.com/music/?id=2 |title=Huns & Dr Beeker |publisher=Hunsanddrbeeker.com |date= |accessdate=2009-08-25}}</ref>
* The rock group [[Shiny Toy Guns]] has a song "Ghost Town" Released as single late 2008.
* There is a country rock group based in New Orleans, Louisiana called "Ghost Town".
==See also==
{{div col|3}}
*[[Abandoned mine#Abandoned mines|Abandoned mine]]
*[[Abandoned village]]
*[[Deserted medieval village]]
*[[List of ghost towns]]
*[[Old field (ecology)]]
*[[Rotten borough]]
*[[Unused highway]]
*[[Urban decay]]
*[[Urban Exploration]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==ReferencesTham khảo==
<!-- This section holds references that are cited by this article -->
* <cite>Ghost Towns of Texas</cite> by T. Lindsey Baker, [[University of Oklahoma Press]], 1991, Paperback, ISBN 0-8061-2189-0
* <cite>Ghost Towns of the American West</cite> by [[Berthold Steinhilber]] (Photographer), [[Mario Kaiser]] (Author), [[Michael Koetzle]] (Author), [[Wim Wenders]] (Author), [[Harry N. Abrams]], 2003.
==Liên kết ngoài==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Ghost towns}}
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* [http://www.ghosttowngallery.com/ Ghost Town Gallery (With about 200 Ghost Towns throughout the American west)]
* [http://www.ontarioabandonedplaces.com/ Ontario Abandoned Places (Ghost Towns in Canada)]
* [http://www.ghosttowner.com/ GhostTowner.com - The How-To for visiting Ghost Towns]
* [http://www.coloradopast.com/ Coloradopast.com - Ghost Towns and Historic locations in Colorado]
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{{br}}
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===Individual places===
*[http://www.forbidden-places.net/urban-exploration-otzenrath-ghost-town Ötzenrath, Germany]
*[http://groups.msn.com/ReturntoVaroshaFamagustaCyprus/ Varosha, Cyprus]
*[http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/ Abandoned towns, villages and other communities in Great Britain]
*[http://www.lugaresdemexico.com/sanpedro.html San Pedro, México] {{es}}
*[http://www.lugaresdemexico.com/pozos.html Mineral de Pozos, México] {{es}}
*http://menotomymaps.com/quab_1.html. Map showing the towns buried under Quabbin as they looked in 1912 with original house locations and current reservoir water level
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nimxKk1r420 Dead Lonesome, Part 1 of 2 (Youtube video)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHPVp-QuL4Q Dead Lonesome, Part 2 of 2 (Youtube video)]
{{div col end}}
===Chernobyl disaster-related===
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*[http://www.kiddofspeed.com/ Photographic Journey] (''Note: some statements described as fact on this site are disputed'')
*[http://pripyat.com/ Pripyat] (Russian)
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=JYkVatvFLsg Video of Pripyat & Chernobyl (August 07)]
*[http://brokenkites.com/pripyat/ Photographs of Pripyat & Chernobyl (August 07)]
{{div col end}}
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