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Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Charles François Dumouriez”

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{{Infobox military person
| name = Charles François Dumouriez
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==Sự nghiệp trong cuộc cách mạng==
Khi [[Cách mạng Pháp]] nổ ra, ông nhận thấy một cơ hội mở ra trước mắt để bắt đầu một sự nghiệp chính trị mới. Do đó, năm 1789, ông đi đến Paris kết bạn với Lafeyette, Mirabeau, chấp thuận các nguyên tắc của cuộc Cách mạng. Năm 1790, ông gia nhập [[Câu lạc bộ Jacobin]]. Ông được giữ chức chỉ huy tại Vendée với quân hàm Trung Tướng. Đến tháng 8 năm 1972, ông thăng làm chỉ huy Vệ Binh Quốc gia tại Cherbourg. The death of [[Honoré Mirabeau|Mirabeau]], to whose fortunes he had attached himself, proved a great blow. However, opportunity arose again when, in his capacity as a lieutenant-general and the commandant of [[Nantes]], he offered to march to the assistance of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] after the royal family's unsuccessful [[flight to Varennes]].
 
In 1790, Dumouriez was appointed French military advisor to the newly established independent Belgian government and remained dedicated to the cause of an independent Belgian Republic.
 
Minister of War, [[Louis Lebègue Duportail]], promoted Dumouriez from president of the War Council to major-general in June 1791 and attached him to the Twelfth Division, which was commanded by General [[Jacques Alexis de Verteuil]].
 
[[Tập tin:Dumouriez arresting the Commissioners.jpeg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|Dumouriez arresting the Commissioners in April 1793]]
 
On ngày 24 tháng 8 năm 1792, Dumouriez wrote to his ally General [[François Kellermann]] about the void in military power within France. Within this letter, Dumouriez voices his opinions adamantly that Lafayette was a "traitor"<ref>"From Hero To “Traitor”: The French Revolution." Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds. Cornell University, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2017. <http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lafayette/exhibition/english/traitor/></ref> to France after being arrested for mobilizing his army from the borders of France to Paris to protect the Royal family from revolutionaries that were dissatisfied with the monarchy of France at the time. Within this letter, Dumouriez's attachment to the Jacobin club is explicitly present as he tells Kellermann that the army was finally "purged of aristocrats".<ref>Dumouriez, Charles François. "Letter to General François Kellermann". ngày 24 tháng 8 năm 1792.<http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lafayette/exhibition/pdf/REX029_051.pdf></ref> Dumouriez's loyalty to France's military which was evident within this letter was instrumental to him ascending to his future position of Foreign Minister of France from March 1792 to June 1792 and becoming a military hero for his decisive victory at Jemappes in which the newspaper [[Révolutions de Paris]] proclaimed him the liberator of the Belgians.<ref>"Department of History." Illustrations from Révolutions De Paris | Department of History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.</ref>
 
He then attached himself to the [[Girondist]] party and, on ngày 15 tháng 3 năm 1792, became the French minister of foreign affairs. Dumouriez then selected Pierre LeBrun as his first officer for Belgian and Liégeois affairs. The relationship between the Girondists and Dumouriez was not based on ideology, but rather based on the practical benefit it gave to both parties. Dumouriez needed people in the Legislative Assembly to support him, and the Girondists needed a general to give them legitimacy in the army.<ref name="Brace">Brace, Richard Munthe, ''General Dumouriez and the Girondins 1792-1793'', in ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 56, No. 3, (April, 1951), pp. 493-509.</ref> He played a major part in the declaration of war against [[Austria]] (20 April), and he planned the invasion of the [[Netherlands|Low Countries]]. His foreign policy was greatly influenced by [[Jean-Louis Favier]].<ref>Savage, Gary. ''Favier’s Heirs: The French Revolution and the Secret du Roi'', in ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 41, No. 1, (March 1998), pp. 225-258.</ref> Favier had called for France to break its ties with Austria. On the king's dismissal of [[Jean Marie Roland|Roland]], [[Étienne Clavière|Clavière]] and Servan (ngày 13 tháng 6 năm 1792), he took Servan’s post of minister of war, but resigned it two days later on account of [[Louis XVI]]'s refusal to come to terms with the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]], and went to join the army of Marshal [[Nicolas Luckner|Luckner]]. After the ''émeute'' of [[10th of August (French Revolution)|ngày 10 tháng 8 năm 1792]] and [[Marquis de la Fayette|Lafayette]]’s flight, he gained appointment to the command of the "Army of the Centre". At the same moment, France's enemies assumed the offensive. Dumouriez acted promptly. His subordinate [[François Christophe Kellermann|Kellermann]] repulsed the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussians]] at [[Battle of Valmy|Valmy]] (ngày 20 tháng 9 năm 1792), and Dumouriez himself severely defeated the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrians]] at [[Battle of Jemappes|Jemappes]] (ngày 6 tháng 11 năm 1792). After these military victories, Dumouriez was ready to invade Belgium to spread revolution. He was a true revolutionary in the sense that he believed that nations which had undergone a revolution, in this instance France, should give aid to oppressed countries. As his plans were largely limited to Belgium, this tunnel vision sometimes prevented him from acting in the most logical fashion as a commander.<ref>Howe, Patricia Chastain, ''Charles-Francois Dumouriez and the Revolutionizing of French Foreign Affairs in 1792'', in ''French Historical Studies'', Vol. 14, No. 3, (Spring, 1986), pp. 367-390.</ref>
 
Returning to Paris, Dumouriez encountered popular ovation, but he gained less sympathy from the revolutionary government. His old-fashioned methodical method of conducting war exposed him to the criticism of ardent [[Jacobin Club|Jacobins]], and a defeat would have meant the end of his career. To the more radical elements in Paris, it became clear that Dumouriez was not a true patriot when he returned to Paris on ngày 1 tháng 1 năm 1793 and worked during the trial of Louis XVI to save him from execution. Dumouriez had also written a letter to the Convention scolding it for not supplying his army to his satisfaction and for the Decree of 15 December, which allowed the French armies to loot in the territory they had won. The Decree insured that any plan concerning Belgium would fail due to a lack of popular support among the Belgians. This letter became known as “Dumouriez’s declaration of war”.<ref name="Brace"/> After a major defeat in the [[Battle of Neerwinden (1793)|Battle of Neerwinden]] in March 1793, he made a desperate move to save himself from his radical enemies. Arresting the four deputy-commissioners of the [[National Convention]] who had been sent to inquire into his conduct ([[Armand-Gaston Camus|Camus]], Bancal-des-Issarts, [[Nicolas Marie Quinette|Quinette]], and Lamarque) as well as the [[Minister of Defence (France)|Minister of War]], [[Pierre Riel de Beurnonville]], he handed them over to the enemy, and then attempted to persuade his troops to march on Paris and overthrow the revolutionary government. The attempt failed, and Dumouriez, along with the duc de Chartres (afterwards King [[Louis-Philippe I, King of the French|Louis Philippe]]) and his younger brother, the [[Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier|duc de Montpensier]], fled into the Austrian camp. This blow left the Girondists vulnerable due to their association with Dumouriez.
 
==Later life and death==
Following his defection in April 1793, Dumouriez remained in Brussels for a short time, and then traveled to Cologne, seeking a position at the elector’s court. He soon learned he had become an object of suspicion among his countrymen, the royal houses, aristocracies, and clergy of Europe. In response, Dumouriez wrote and published in Hamburg a first volume of memoirs in which he offered his version of the previous year’s events.
Dumouriez now wandered from country to country, occupied in ceaseless royalist intrigues, until 1804 when he settled in [[England]], where the British government granted him a pension. He became a valuable adviser to the British [[War Office]] in its struggle against [[Napoleon]], though the extent of his aid only became public many years later. In 1814 and 1815, he endeavoured to procure from [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] the baton of a marshal of France but failed to do so.
 
He died at [[Turville|Turville Park]], near [[Henley-on-Thames]], on ngày 14 tháng 3 năm 1823.
 
Dumouriez's memoirs appeared at Hamburg in 1794. An enlarged edition, ''La Vie et les mémoires du Général Dumouriez'', appeared at Paris in 1823. Dumouriez also wrote a large number of political pamphlets.
 
== Tham khảo ==
Lấy từ “https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_François_Dumouriez”