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== History ==
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In 2005, when [[Steve Jobs]] began planning the [[iPhone]], he had a choice to either "shrink the Mac, which would be an epic feat of engineering, or enlarge the iPod". Jobs favored the former approach but pitted the [[Macintosh]] and [[iPod]] teams, led by [[Scott Forstall]] and [[Tony Fadell]], respectively, against each other in an internal competition, with Forstall winning by creating the iPhone OS. The decision enabled the success of the iPhone as a platform for third-party developers: using a well-known desktop operating system as its basis allowed the many third-party Mac developers to write software for the iPhone with minimal retraining. Forstall was also responsible for creating a [[software development kit]] for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] within [[iTunes]].<ref>{{cite web |first1=Adam |last1=Satariano |first2=Peter |last2=Burrows |first3=Brad |last3=Stone |title=Scott Forstall, the Sorcerer's Apprentice at Apple |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-12/scott-forstall-the-sorcerers-apprentice-at-apple |website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |date=October 14, 2011 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407032342/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-12/scott-forstall-the-sorcerers-apprentice-at-apple |archivedate=April 7, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Arnold |last=Kim |title=Scott Forstall's Personality, Origins of iOS, and Lost iPhone 4 Prototype |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2011/10/13/scott-forstalls-personality-origins-of-ios-and-lost-iphone-4-prototype/ |website=[[MacRumors]] |date=October 12, 2011 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081118/https://www.macrumors.com/2011/10/13/scott-forstalls-personality-origins-of-ios-and-lost-iphone-4-prototype/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the [[Macworld Conference & Expo]] on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year.<ref>{{cite web |first=Owen |last=Thomas |title=Apple: Hello, iPhone |url=http://money.cnn.com/2007/01/09/technology/apple_jobs/ |website=CNN Money |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=January 9, 2007 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081508/http://money.cnn.com/2007/01/09/technology/apple_jobs/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Lisa |last=Eadicicco |title=Watch Steve Jobs Unveil the First iPhone 10 Years Ago Today |url=http://time.com/4628515/steve-jobs-iphone-launch-keynote-2007/ |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 9, 2017 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402080922/http://time.com/4628515/steve-jobs-iphone-launch-keynote-2007/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Mathew |last=Honan |title=Apple unveils iPhone |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1054769/smartphones/iphone.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=January 9, 2007 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126161949/http://www.macworld.com/article/1054769/smartphones/iphone.html |archivedate=January 26, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed: "iPhone runs OS X" and runs "desktop applications",<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Block |authorlink=Ryan Block |title=Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-from-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynote/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=January 9, 2007 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084725/https://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/live-from-macworld-2007-steve-jobs-keynote/ |archivedate=March 24, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Mic |last=Wright |title=The original iPhone announcement annotated: Steve Jobs’ genius meets Genius |url=https://thenextweb.com/apple/2015/09/09/genius-annotated-with-genius/ |website=The Next Web |date=September 9, 2015 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232647/https://thenextweb.com/apple/2015/09/09/genius-annotated-with-genius/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> but at the time of the iPhone's release, the operating system was renamed "iPhone OS".<ref>{{cite web |title=iOS: A visual history |url=https://www.theverge.com/2011/12/13/2612736/ios-history-iphone-ipad |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=September 16, 2013 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412015548/http://www.theverge.com/2011/12/13/2612736/ios-history-iphone-ipad |archivedate=April 12, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Initially, third-party native applications were not supported. Jobs' reasoning was that developers could build [[web application]]s through [[Safari (web browser)|the Safari web browser]] that "would behave like native apps on the iPhone".<ref>{{cite web |first=Antone |last=Gonsalves |title=Apple Launches iPhone Web Apps Directory |url=http://www.informationweek.com/apple-launches-iphone-web-apps-directory/d/d-id/1060220 |website=[[InformationWeek]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]] |date=October 11, 2007 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092434/http://www.informationweek.com/apple-launches-iphone-web-apps-directory/d/d-id/1060220 |archivedate=February 20, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jobs’ original vision for the iPhone: No third-party native apps |url=https://9to5mac.com/2011/10/21/jobs-original-vision-for-the-iphone-no-third-party-native-apps/ |website=9to5Mac |date=October 21, 2011 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401233112/https://9to5mac.com/2011/10/21/jobs-original-vision-for-the-iphone-no-third-party-native-apps/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In October 2007, Apple announced that a native [[Software development kit|Software Development Kit (SDK)]] was under development and that they planned to put it "in developers' hands in February".<ref>{{cite web |first=Nik |last=Fletcher |title=Apple: "we plan to have an iPhone SDK in developers' hands in February" |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/10/17/apple-we-plan-to-have-an-iphone-sdk-in-developers-hands-in-fe/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 17, 2007 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402080846/https://www.engadget.com/2007/10/17/apple-we-plan-to-have-an-iphone-sdk-in-developers-hands-in-fe/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Eran Dilger |title=Nine Years of Apple's iOS SDK generated $60 billion, 1.4 million jobs |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/17/03/07/nine-years-of-apples-ios-sdk-generated-60-billion-14-million-jobs |website=AppleInsider |date=March 7, 2017 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081011/http://appleinsider.com/articles/17/03/07/nine-years-of-apples-ios-sdk-generated-60-billion-14-million-jobs |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Philip |last=Elmer-DeWitt |title=Steve Jobs: Apple Will Open iPhone to 3rd Party Apps in February |url=http://fortune.com/2007/10/17/steve-jobs-apple-will-open-iphone-to-3rd-party-apps-in-february/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |date=October 17, 2007 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402080842/http://fortune.com/2007/10/17/steve-jobs-apple-will-open-iphone-to-3rd-party-apps-in-february/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On March 6, 2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Block |authorlink=Ryan Block |title=Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 6, 2008 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127165446/https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ |archivedate=January 27, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Jim |last1=Dalrymple |first2=Jason |last2=Snell |title=Apple: iPhone SDK, enterprise announcement next week |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1132275/sdk.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=February 27, 2008 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081039/http://www.macworld.com/article/1132275/sdk.html |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The [[App Store (iOS)|iOS App Store]] was opened on July 10, 2008 with an initial 500 applications available.<ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Ricker |title=Jobs: App Store launching with 500 iPhone applications, 25% free |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/07/10/jobs-app-store-launching-with-500-iphone-applications-25-free/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=July 10, 2008 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330012936/https://www.engadget.com/2008/07/10/jobs-app-store-launching-with-500-iphone-applications-25-free/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> This quickly grew to 3,000 in September 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=App Store Downloads Top 100 Million Worldwide |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09App-Store-Downloads-Top-100-Million-Worldwide.html |website=Apple Press Info |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |date=September 9, 2008 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401111744/http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2008/09/09App-Store-Downloads-Top-100-Million-Worldwide.html |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 15,000 in January 2009,<ref>{{cite web |first=Rik |last=Myslewski |title=iPhone App Store breezes past 500 million downloads |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/16/half_billion_iphone_apps/ |website=[[The Register]] |publisher=Situation Publishing |date=January 16, 2009 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505165333/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/01/16/half_billion_iphone_apps/ |archivedate=May 5, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 50,000 in June 2009,<ref>{{cite web |first=MG |last=Siegler |title=State Of The iPhone Ecosystem: 40 Million Devices and 50,000 Apps |url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/06/08/40-million-iphones-and-ipod-touches-and-50000-apps/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 8, 2009 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610235745/http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/06/08/40-million-iphones-and-ipod-touches-and-50000-apps/ |archivedate=June 10, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 100,000 in November 2009,<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Moren |title=App Store officially passes 100,000 app mark |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1143641/appstore_100000.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=November 4, 2009 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330013112/http://www.macworld.com/article/1143641/appstore_100000.html |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Frommer |title=iPhone App Store Passes 100,000 Apps |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/iphone-app-store-passes-100000-apps-2009-11 |website=[[Business Insider]] |publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]] |date=November 4, 2009 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330000058/http://www.businessinsider.com/iphone-app-store-passes-100000-apps-2009-11 |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 250,000 in August 2010,<ref>{{cite web |first=Matt |last=Brian |title=Apple’s App Store Now Features 250,000 Apps |url=https://thenextweb.com/mobile/2010/08/28/apples-app-store-now-features-250000-apps/ |website=The Next Web |date=August 28, 2010 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329233606/https://thenextweb.com/mobile/2010/08/28/apples-app-store-now-features-250000-apps/ |archivedate=March 29, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Philip |last=Elmer-DeWitt |title=Apple App Store: 250,000 and counting |url=http://fortune.com/2010/08/28/apple-app-store-250000-and-counting/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |date=August 28, 2010 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330000653/http://fortune.com/2010/08/28/apple-app-store-250000-and-counting/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 650,000 in July 2012,<ref>{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Crook |title=Apple App Store Hits 650,000 Apps: 250,000 Designed For iPad, $5.5B Paid Out To Devs |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/24/apple-app-store-hits-650000-apps-250000-designed-for-ipad-5-5b-paid-out-to-devs/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=July 24, 2012 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330014047/https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/24/apple-app-store-hits-650000-apps-250000-designed-for-ipad-5-5b-paid-out-to-devs/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 1 million in October 2013,<ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Ingraham |title=Apple announces 1 million apps in the App Store, more than 1 billion songs played on iTunes radio |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/4866302/apple-announces-1-million-apps-in-the-app-store |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=October 22, 2013 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512171633/https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/22/4866302/apple-announces-1-million-apps-in-the-app-store |archivedate=May 12, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Seth |last=Fiegerman |title=Apple's App Store Tops 1 Million Apps |url=http://mashable.com/2013/10/22/apple-app-store-1-million/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=October 22, 2013 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330012049/http://mashable.com/2013/10/22/apple-app-store-1-million/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 2 million in June 2016,<ref name="The Verge 2 million">{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Golson |title=Apple’s App Store now has over 2 million apps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210135527/http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/13/11922926/apple-apps-2-million-wwdc-2016 |archivedate=February 10, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Kellen |last=Beck |title=Apple's App Store now has over 2 million apps |url=http://mashable.com/2016/06/13/apple-wwdc-apps/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330012051/http://mashable.com/2016/06/13/apple-wwdc-apps/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Erin |last=Carson |title=Apple by the numbers: 2 million apps, 15 million Apple Music subscribers |url=https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/apple-by-the-numbers-2-million-apps15-million-apple-music-subscribers10-billion-icloud-documents/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330014530/https://www.cnet.com/uk/news/apple-by-the-numbers-2-million-apps15-million-apple-music-subscribers10-billion-icloud-documents/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and 2.2 million in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lauren |last=Goode |title=Apple's App Store just had the most successful month of sales ever |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14173328/apple-december-2016-app-store-record-phil-schiller |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=January 5, 2017 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128232821/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14173328/apple-december-2016-app-store-record-phil-schiller |archivedate=January 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Larry |last=Dignan |title=Apple's App Store 2016 revenue tops $28 billion mark, developers net $20 billion |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/apples-app-store-2016-revenue-tops-28-billion-mark-developers-net-20-billion/ |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=January 5, 2017 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330055612/http://www.zdnet.com/article/apples-app-store-2016-revenue-tops-28-billion-mark-developers-net-20-billion/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> {{As of|2016|3}}, 1 million apps are natively compatible with the [[iPad]] tablet computer.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jacob |last=Kastrenakes |title=There are now 1 million iPad apps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/21/11277804/1-million-ipad-apps |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=March 21, 2016 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330011925/http://www.theverge.com/2016/3/21/11277804/1-million-ipad-apps |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.<ref name="The Verge 2 million"/> App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Perez |title=App Store to reach 5 million apps by 2020, with games leading the way |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/10/app-store-to-reach-5-million-apps-by-2020-with-games-leading-the-way/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=August 10, 2016 |accessdate=March 29, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330003410/https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/10/app-store-to-reach-5-million-apps-by-2020-with-games-leading-the-way/ |archivedate=March 30, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In September 2007, Apple announced the [[iPod Touch]], a redesigned [[iPod]] based on the iPhone form factor.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Bangeman |title=The iPod meets the iPhone: a review of the iPod touch |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2007/09/the-ipod-meets-the-iphone-a-review-of-the-ipod-touch/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=September 17, 2007 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618215925/http://arstechnica.com/apple/2007/09/the-ipod-meets-the-iphone-a-review-of-the-ipod-touch/ |archivedate=June 18, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In January 2010, Apple announced the [[iPad]], featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch, and designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Miller |title=Apple announces iPad |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1145938/tabletannouncement1.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=January 27, 2010 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703125014/http://www.macworld.com/article/1145938/tabletannouncement1.html |archivedate=July 3, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as "iOS". The trademark "IOS" had been used by [[Cisco]] for over a decade for its operating system, [[Cisco IOS|IOS]], used on its routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the "IOS" trademark from Cisco.<ref name=ciscosuit>{{cite web | last = Tartakoff | first = Joseph | publisher = [[paidContent]] | url = http://paidcontent.org/article/419-deja-vu-apples-new-ios-brand-is-already-used-by-cisco/ | title = Apple Avoids iPhone-Like Trademark Battle Thanks To Cisco, FaceTime Deals | date = June 7, 2010 | accessdate = February 2, 2011 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511200002/http://paidcontent.org/article/419-deja-vu-apples-new-ios-brand-is-already-used-by-cisco/ | archivedate = May 11, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
In October 2016, Apple opened its first iOS Developer Academy in [[Naples]] inside [[University of Naples Federico II]]'s new campus.<ref>{{cite web |author=Juli Clover |title=Apple's First iOS Developer Academy Opens October 6 at University of Naples |url=http://www.macrumors.com/2016/10/05/apple-developer-academy-university-of-naples/ |publisher=[[MacRumors]] |date=October 5, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223132037/http://www.macrumors.com/2016/10/05/apple-developer-academy-university-of-naples/ |archivedate=December 23, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mike Wuerthele |title=Apple's first European iOS Developer Academy opening on Thursday in Naples, Italy |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/16/10/05/apples-first-european-ios-developer-academy-opening-on-thursday-in-naples-italy |publisher=AppleInsider |date=October 5, 2016 |accessdate=December 22, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221205057/http://appleinsider.com/articles/16/10/05/apples-first-european-ios-developer-academy-opening-on-thursday-in-naples-italy |archivedate=December 21, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
=== Software updates ===
{{Main|iOS version history}}
{{See also|iPhone OS 1|iPhone OS 2|iPhone OS 3|iOS 4|iOS 5|iOS 6|iOS 7|iOS 8|iOS 9|iOS 10|iOS 11|iOS 12}}
{{pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Platform usage as measured by the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] on September 3, 2018.<ref name="IOS Adoption Rate">{{cite web|title=App Store – Support – Apple Developer|url=https://developer.apple.com/support/app-store/|publisher=Apple Inc.|accessdate=September 7, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101233112/https://developer.apple.com/support/app-store/|archivedate=November 1, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| label1 = [[iOS 11]]
| value1 = 85
| color1 = #79CDF8
| label2 = [[iOS 10]]
| value2 = 10
| color2 = #B3E1FB
| label3 = [[iOS 9]] and earlier
| value3 = 5
| color3 = #FFFFFF
}}
Apple provides major updates to the iOS operating system annually via [[iTunes]] and also, for iOS 5 and later, [[Wireless|over-the-air]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Serenity |last=Caldwell |title=Up close with iOS 5: Wireless syncing and updating |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1163060/up_close_with_ios_5_wireless_syncing_and_updating.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=October 15, 2011 |accessdate=June 20, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808112956/http://www.macworld.com/article/1163060/up_close_with_ios_5_wireless_syncing_and_updating.html |archivedate=August 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The latest version is [[iOS 11]], released on September 19, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |first=Juli |last=Clover |title=Apple Releases iOS 11 With Revamped Lock Screen, Fresh App Store, New Siri Voice, and Updated iPad Interface |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2017/09/19/apple-releases-ios-11/ |website=[[MacRumors]] |date=September 19, 2017 |accessdate=September 19, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920043904/https://www.macrumors.com/2017/09/19/apple-releases-ios-11/ |archivedate=September 20, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It is available for [[iPhone 5S]] and later, [[iPad Air]] and later, [[iPad Pro]], [[iPad Mini 2]] and later, and sixth-generation [[iPod Touch]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Cunningham |title=iOS 11 drops the iPhone 5 and 5C and the fourth-gen iPad |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/goodbye-32-bit-ios-11-ends-support-for-the-iphone-5-and-the-ipad-4/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=June 5, 2017 |accessdate=June 5, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605192202/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/goodbye-32-bit-ios-11-ends-support-for-the-iphone-5-and-the-ipad-4/ |archivedate=June 5, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Originally, iPod Touch users had to pay for system software updates. This was due to accounting rules making the device not a "subscription device" like iPhone or Apple TV, and significant enhancements to the device required payments.<ref>{{cite web |title=About that $20 upgrade... |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/about-that-20-upgrade/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=January 15, 2008 |accessdate=June 20, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031215628/https://www.cnet.com/news/about-that-20-upgrade/ |archivedate=October 31, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Dalrymple |title=Accounting rules behind iPod touch update charge |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1131991/ipodtouch.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=February 7, 2008 |accessdate=June 20, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708074832/http://www.macworld.com/article/1131991/ipodtouch.html |archivedate=July 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The requirement to pay to upgrade caused iPod Touch owners to stay away from updates.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Oliver |title=Upgrade fee sees few iPod touch users updating to 3.0 software |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/09/06/25/upgrade_fee_sees_few_ipod_touch_users_updating_to_3_0_software |website=AppleInsider |date=June 25, 2009 |accessdate=June 20, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305192021/http://appleinsider.com/articles/09/06/25/upgrade_fee_sees_few_ipod_touch_users_updating_to_3_0_software |archivedate=March 5, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, in September 2009, a change in accounting rules won tentative approval, significantly affecting both Apple's earnings and stock price, and allowing iPod Touch updates to be delivered for free.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Foresman |title=Accounting rules change could end iPod touch update fee |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2009/09/accounting-rules-change-could-end-ipod-touch-update-fee/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=September 14, 2009 |accessdate=June 20, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708034000/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2009/09/accounting-rules-change-could-end-ipod-touch-update-fee/ |archivedate=July 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Philip |last=Elmer-DeWitt |title=Accounting rule change in Apple’s favor |url=http://fortune.com/2009/09/14/accounting-rule-change-in-apples-favor/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |date=September 14, 2009 |accessdate=June 20, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711122406/http://fortune.com/2009/09/14/accounting-rule-change-in-apples-favor/ |archivedate=July 11, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
== Features ==
=== Home screen ===
{{Main|SpringBoard}}
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[iOS 11]] running on an iPhone (left) and on an iPad Pro (right)
| footer_align = center
| total_width = 480
| image1 = IOS 11 Homescreen iPhone 7 Plus.png
| image2 = IPad Pro Homescreen iOS 11.jpeg
}}
The home screen, rendered by [[SpringBoard]], displays [[application software|application]] icons and a dock at the bottom where users can pin their most frequently used apps. The home screen appears whenever the user unlocks the device or presses the physical "Home" button whilst in another app.<ref>{{cite web|title = Home button – Apple|url = http://help.apple.com/iphone/8/#/iph3bd00bbb|website = help.apple.com|accessdate = May 24, 2015}}</ref> Before iOS 4 on the iPhone 3GS (or later), the screen's background could be customized only through [[Jailbreaking for iOS|jailbreaking]], but can now be changed out-of-the-box. The screen has a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the current application. When a passcode is set and a user switches on the device, the passcode must be entered at the Lock Screen before access to the Home screen is granted.<ref>{{cite web|title = About iOS passcodes – Apple Support|url = https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204060|website = support.apple.com|accessdate = May 24, 2015|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150428092931/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204060|archivedate = April 28, 2015|df = mdy-all}}</ref>
In iPhone OS 3, [[Spotlight (software)|Spotlight]] was introduced, allowing users to search media, apps, emails, contacts, messages, reminders, calendar events, and similar content. In iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed by pulling down anywhere on the home screen (except for the top and bottom edges that open Notification Center and Control Center).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/06/10/apples-ios-7-embeds-search-bar-into-every-app-screen | title=Apple's iOS 7 brings quick Spotlight search access to every app page | work=[[AppleInsider]] | date=June 10, 2013 | accessdate=September 18, 2013 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007171934/http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/06/10/apples-ios-7-embeds-search-bar-into-every-app-screen | archivedate=October 7, 2013 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smartipadguide.com/search-on-ipad-with-spotlight-on-ios-7 | title=Search on iPad with iOS 7 | date=October 21, 2013 | accessdate=March 1, 2014 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113004543/http://www.smartipadguide.com/search-on-ipad-with-spotlight-on-ios-7 | archivedate=January 13, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In iOS 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. As with iOS 7 and 8, pulling down on any homescreen will show Spotlight. However, it can also be accessed as it was in iOS 3 – 6. This gives a Spotlight endowed with Siri suggestions, which include app suggestions, contact suggestions and news.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.macworld.com/article/2984323/ios/hands-on-with-the-new-proactive-spotlight-in-ios-9.html | title=Hands-on with the new, proactive Spotlight in iOS 9 | date=September 16, 2015 | accessdate=October 17, 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019134121/http://www.macworld.com/article/2984323/ios/hands-on-with-the-new-proactive-spotlight-in-ios-9.html | archivedate=October 19, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In iOS 10, Spotlight is at the top of the now-dedicated "Today" panel.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Seifert |title=iOS 10 will make you love your lock screen |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/8/12128150/ios-10-hands-on-preview-lockscreen |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=September 13, 2016 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210155903/http://www.theverge.com/2016/7/8/12128150/ios-10-hands-on-preview-lockscreen |archivedate=February 10, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Since iOS 3.2, users are able to set a background image for the Home screen. This feature is only available on third-generation devices—[[iPhone 3GS]], third-generation [[IPod Touch|iPod touch]] (iOS 4.0 or newer), all iPad models (since iOS 3.2)—or newer.
Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage-frequency and relatedness of the applications, as well as for reasons of usability and aesthetics.<ref>Matthias Böhmer, Antonio Krüger. [http://matthiasboehmer.de/2013/01/study-on-icon-arrangement/ A Study on Icon Arrangement by Smartphone Users] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512183243/http://matthiasboehmer.de/2013/01/study-on-icon-arrangement/ |date=May 12, 2013 }}. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '13). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2137–2146.</ref>
==== System font ====
iOS originally used [[Helvetica]] as the system font. Apple switched to [[Helvetica Neue]] exclusively for the [[iPhone 4]] and its [[Retina Display]], and retained Helvetica as the system font for older iPhone devices on iOS 4.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Gruber |title=4 |url=https://daringfireball.net/2010/06/4 |website=[[John Gruber|Daring Fireball]] |date=June 29, 2010 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009111438/https://daringfireball.net/2010/06/4 |archivedate=October 9, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would change the system font to Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of a light, thin typeface for low-resolution mobile screens. Apple eventually chose Helvetica Neue instead.<ref>{{cite web |first=Elizabeth |last=Stinson |title=Why Apple abandoned the world's most beloved typeface |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/06/apple-abandoned-worlds-beloved-typeface/ |website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=June 9, 2015 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613012051/http://www.wired.com/2015/06/apple-abandoned-worlds-beloved-typeface/ |archivedate=June 13, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Koetsier |title=Apple ‘fontgate’ ends with thicker Helvetica Neue in iOS 7 beta 3 |url=https://venturebeat.com/2013/07/09/apple-fontgate-ends-with-thicker-helvetica-neue-in-ios-7-beta-3/ |website=[[VentureBeat]] |date=July 9, 2013 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203655/https://venturebeat.com/2013/07/09/apple-fontgate-ends-with-thicker-helvetica-neue-in-ios-7-beta-3/ |archivedate=October 15, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The release of iOS 7 also introduced the ability to scale text or apply other forms of text accessibility changes through Settings.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sarah |last=Guarino |title=iOS 7 How-to: Make text more readable/larger on your iPad and iPhone |url=https://9to5mac.com/2013/09/21/ios-7-how-to-make-text-more-readablelarger-on-your-ipad-and-iphone/ |website=9to5Mac |date=September 21, 2013 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731183723/http://9to5mac.com/2013/09/21/ios-7-how-to-make-text-more-readablelarger-on-your-ipad-and-iphone/ |archivedate=July 31, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Allyson |last=Kazmucha |title=How to increase or decrease font sizes on iPhone and iPad in iOS 7 with Dynamic Type |url=https://www.imore.com/how-increase-or-decrease-font-sizes-iphone-and-ipad-ios-7-dynamic-type |website=iMore |date=November 20, 2013 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508115332/http://www.imore.com/how-increase-or-decrease-font-sizes-iphone-and-ipad-ios-7-dynamic-type |archivedate=May 8, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> With iOS 9, Apple changed the font to [[San Francisco (sans-serif typeface)|San Francisco]], an Apple-designed font aimed at maximum legibility and font consistency across its product lineup.<ref>{{cite web |first=Adario |last=Strange |title=All hail Apple's new iOS 9 font, San Francisco |url=http://mashable.com/2015/09/16/apple-ios-9-font/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=September 17, 2015 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221035219/http://mashable.com/2015/09/16/apple-ios-9-font/ |archivedate=December 21, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apple drops Helvetica for San Francisco in iOS 9 |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/15/09/16/first-look-apple-drops-helvetica-for-san-francisco-in-ios-9 |website=AppleInsider |date=September 16, 2015 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306092414/http://appleinsider.com/articles/15/09/16/first-look-apple-drops-helvetica-for-san-francisco-in-ios-9 |archivedate=March 6, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==== Folders ====
iOS 4 introduced folders, which can be created by dragging an application on top of another, and from then on, more items can be added to the folder using the same procedure. A title for the folder is automatically selected by the category of applications inside, but the name can also be edited by the user.<ref name="Folders">{{cite web |first=Dan |last=Frakes |title=Hands on with iOS 4 folders |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1152168/ios4folders.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=June 21, 2010 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101033003/https://www.macworld.com/article/1152168/ios4folders.html |archivedate=November 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> When apps inside folders receive notification badges, the individual numbers of notifications are added up and the total number is displayed as a notification badge on the folder itself.<ref name="Folders" /> Originally, folders on an iPhone could include up to 12 apps, while folders on iPad could include 20.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lex |last=Friedman |title=How to create and organize iOS folders |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1160291/tablets/create-organize-ios-folders.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=June 20, 2011 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015202624/https://www.macworld.com/article/1160291/tablets/create-organize-ios-folders.html |archivedate=October 15, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> With increasing display sizes on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7 updated the folders with pages similar to the home screen layout, allowing for a significant expansion of folder functionality. Each page of a folder can contain up to nine apps, and there can be 15 pages in total, allowing for a total of 135 apps in a single folder.<ref>{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Costello |title=How Many Apps and Folders Can an iPhone Have? |url=https://www.lifewire.com/how-many-apps-allowed-iphone-2000752 |website=[[Lifewire]] |publisher=[[Dotdash]] |date=March 20, 2017 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806182301/https://www.lifewire.com/how-many-apps-allowed-iphone-2000752 |archivedate=August 6, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In iOS 9, Apple updated folder sizes for iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, still at 15 pages maximum, increasing the total to 240 apps.<ref>{{cite web |first=Chance |last=Miller |title=iOS 9 lets you store 105 more apps per folder on the iPad |url=https://9to5mac.com/2015/07/08/new-folders-ios-9/ |website=9to5Mac |date=July 8, 2015 |accessdate=October 15, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150809/https://9to5mac.com/2015/07/08/new-folders-ios-9/ |archivedate=October 15, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==== Notification Center ====
{{Main|Notification Center}}
Before iOS 5, notifications were delivered in a [[modal window]] and couldn't be viewed after being dismissed. In iOS 5, Apple introduced [[Notification Center]], which allows users to view a history of notifications. The user can tap a notification to open its corresponding app, or clear it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/au/iphone/features/notification-center.html |title=iPhone 4S – Always know what's up in Notification Center |publisher=Apple Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214123941/http://www.apple.com/au/iphone/features/notification-center.html |archive-date=February 14, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Notifications are now delivered in banners that appear briefly at the top of the screen. If a user taps a received notification, the application that sent the notification will be opened. Users can also choose to view notifications in modal alert windows by adjusting the application's notification settings. Introduced with iOS 8, widgets are now accessible through the Notification Center, defined by 3rd parties.
When an app sends a notification while closed, a red badge appears on its icon. This badge tells the user, at a glance, how many notifications that app has sent. Opening the app clears the badge.
=== Accessibility ===
iOS offers various accessibility features to help users with vision and hearing disabilities. One major feature, [[VoiceOver]], provides a voice reading information on the screen, including contextual buttons, icons, links and other [[user interface]] elements, and allows the user to navigate the operating system through gestures. Any apps with default controls and developed with a UIKit [[Software framework|framework]] gets VoiceOver functionality built in.<ref>{{cite web |first=Mike |last=Tanasychuk |title=How to use VoiceOver on iPhone and iPad |url=http://www.imore.com/how-use-voiceover-iphone-and-ipad |website=[[iMore]] |date=September 15, 2016 |accessdate=March 31, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220131037/http://www.imore.com/how-use-voiceover-iphone-and-ipad |archivedate=December 20, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> One example includes holding up the iPhone to take a photo, with VoiceOver describing the photo scenery.<ref>{{cite web |first=Shara |last=Tibken |title=Seeing eye phone: Giving independence to the blind |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-voiceover-technology-for-the-blind/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=March 25, 2016 |accessdate=March 31, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060628/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-voiceover-technology-for-the-blind/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As part of a "Made for iPhone" program, introduced with the release of [[iOS 7]] in 2013, Apple has developed technology to use [[Bluetooth]] and a special technology protocol to let compatible third-party equipment connect with iPhones and iPads for streaming audio directly to a user's ears. Additional customization available for Made for iPhone products include battery tracking and adjustable sound settings for different environments.<ref>{{cite web |first=Shara |last=Tibken |title=Apple iPhone tech helps reinvent the hearing aid |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-hearing-aid-tech-deaf-ios-accessibility-cochlear-starkey-bluetooth-watch/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=November 3, 2016 |accessdate=March 31, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401063911/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-iphone-hearing-aid-tech-deaf-ios-accessibility-cochlear-starkey-bluetooth-watch/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Anthony |last=Wing Kosner |title=Made For iPhone Hearing Aids: Hands On With Halo, A Mission-Critical Wearable |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2014/08/16/made-for-iphone-hearing-aids-hands-on-with-halo-a-mission-critical-wearable/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=August 16, 2014 |accessdate=March 31, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401062155/https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2014/08/16/made-for-iphone-hearing-aids-hands-on-with-halo-a-mission-critical-wearable/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Apple made further efforts for accessibility for the release of [[iOS 10]] in 2016, adding a new pronunciation editor to VoiceOver, adding a Magnifier setting to enlarge objects through the device's camera, software [[Telecommunications device for the deaf|TTY]] support for deaf people to make phone calls from the iPhone, and giving tutorials and guidelines for third-party developers to incorporate proper accessibility functions into their apps.<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Aquino |title=Accessibility was all around this year’s WWDC |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/26/accessibility-was-all-around-this-years-wwdc/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 26, 2016 |accessdate=March 31, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055914/https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/26/accessibility-was-all-around-this-years-wwdc/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In 2012, Liat Kornowski from ''[[The Atlantic]]'' wrote that "the iPhone has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary developments since the invention of [[Braille]]",<ref>{{cite web |first=Liat |last=Kornowski |title=How the Blind Are Reinventing the iPhone |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/05/how-the-blind-are-reinventing-the-iphone/256589/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=[[Atlantic Media]] |date=May 2, 2012 |accessdate=March 31, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401055505/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/05/how-the-blind-are-reinventing-the-iphone/256589/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and in 2016, Steven Aquino of ''[[TechCrunch]]'' described Apple as "leading the way in assistive technology", with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives at Apple, stating that "We see accessibility as a basic human right. Building into the core of our products supports a vision of an inclusive world where opportunity and access to information are barrier-free, empowering individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals".<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Aquino |title=When it comes to accessibility, Apple continues to lead in awareness and innovation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/19/when-it-comes-to-accessibility-apple-continues-to-lead-in-awareness-and-innovation/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=May 19, 2016 |accessdate=March 31, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144536/https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/19/when-it-comes-to-accessibility-apple-continues-to-lead-in-awareness-and-innovation/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
=== Multitasking ===
[[Computer multitasking|Multitasking]] for iOS was first released in June 2010 along with the release of [[iOS 4]].<ref name=HuffPost1>{{cite web|title=iOS 4 iPhone Update RELEASED: A Guide To iOS 4|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/21/ios-4-iphone-update-relea_n_619343.html|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=April 13, 2013|date=June 21, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229042916/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/21/ios-4-iphone-update-relea_n_619343.html|archivedate=December 29, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=PCMag1>{{cite web|last=Albanesius|first=Chloe|title=Apple iPhone iOS 4 Software Update Expected Monday|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2365351,00.asp|publisher=PC Magazine|accessdate=April 14, 2013|date=June 21, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623143241/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2365351,00.asp|archivedate=June 23, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Only certain devices—[[iPhone 4]], [[iPhone 3GS]], and [[iPod Touch]] 3rd generation—were able to multitask.<ref name="Ars Technica iOS 4 review">{{cite web |first=Jacqui |last=Cheng |title=Ars reviews iOS 4: what’s new, notable, and what needs work |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2010/06/ars-reviews-ios-4-whats-new-and-notable/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=June 21, 2010 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081218/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2010/06/ars-reviews-ios-4-whats-new-and-notable/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The [[iPad]] did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2.1 in November.<ref name=TheRegister1>{{cite web|last=Ray|first=Bill|title=iOS 4.2 multi-tasking comes to the iPad|url=https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/09/ipad-ios42/|publisher=The Register|accessdate=April 14, 2013|date=November 22, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613233244/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/09/ipad-ios42|archivedate=June 13, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Currently, multitasking is supported on iPhone 3GS+, iPod Touch 3rd generation+, and all iPad models.<ref name=Apple1>{{cite web |url=http://support.apple.com/kb/ht4211 |title=iOS: Understanding multitasking |publisher=Apple |accessdate=September 14, 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906064158/https://support.apple.com/kb/HT4211 |archivedate=September 6, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Implementation of multitasking in iOS has been criticized for its approach, which limits the work that applications in the background can perform to a limited function set and requires application developers to add explicit support for it.<ref name="Ars Technica iOS 4 review"/><ref name="PCWorld2">{{cite web|last=Newman|first=Jared|title=Multitasking With iOS 4 is Horrible: Apple Blew It|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/199528/Multitasking_With_iOS_4_is_Horrible_Apple_Blew_It.html|publisher=PC World|accessdate=April 14, 2013|date=June 22, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629185931/http://www.pcworld.com/article/199528/Multitasking_With_iOS_4_is_Horrible_Apple_Blew_It.html|archivedate=June 29, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the device. Users could, however "jailbreak" their device in order to unofficially multitask.<ref name="iOS 4 walkthrough">{{cite web |url= http://www.tipb.com/2010/06/14/ios-4-walkthrough/ |title= iOS 4 walkthrough |date= June 14, 2010 |accessdate= June 14, 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100615084457/http://www.tipb.com/2010/06/14/ios-4-walkthrough/ |archivedate= June 15, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Starting with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven background [[Application programming interface|APIs]]:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tipb.com/2010/04/08/apple-announces-multitasking-iphone-40/ |title= Apple announces multitasking for iPhone OS 4 (iPhone 3GS/iPod touch G3 only) |date= April 8, 2010 |accessdate= June 14, 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100613024710/http://www.tipb.com/2010/04/08/apple-announces-multitasking-iphone-40/ |archivedate= June 13, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
# Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or video content<ref name="Executing Code in the Background">{{cite web |url=https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/iPhone/Conceptual/iPhoneOSProgrammingGuide/BackgroundExecution/BackgroundExecution.html |title=iOS Application Programming Guide – Background Execution |publisher=Developer.apple.com |date= |accessdate=September 4, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727054318/https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/iPhone/Conceptual/iPhoneOSProgrammingGuide/BackgroundExecution/BackgroundExecution.html |archivedate=July 27, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
# Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
# Background location – application is notified of location changes<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
# [[Apple Push Notification Service|Push notifications]]
# Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined time<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
# Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
# Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any time<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:
# Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the user<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
# External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at regular intervals<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
# Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a bluetooth accessory and shares data at regular intervals<ref name="Executing Code in the Background" />
In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to perform background updates. This feature prefers to update the user's most frequently used apps and prefers to use WiFi networks over a cellular network, without markedly reducing the device's battery life.
==== Switching applications ====
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the home button activates the application switcher. A scrollable dock-like interface appears from the bottom, moving the contents of the screen up. Choosing an icon switches to an application. To the far left are icons which function as music controls, a rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, a volume controller.
With the introduction of iOS 7, double clicking the home button also activates the application switcher. However, unlike previous versions it displays screenshots of open applications on top of the icon and horizontal scrolling allows for browsing through previous apps, and it is possible to close applications by dragging them up, similar to how [[WebOS]] handled multiple cards.<ref name="Jon Rubinstein: OS X and iOS 7 borrow features from webOS">{{cite web|title=Jon Rubinstein: OS X and iOS 7 borrow features from webOS|url=http://www.tuaw.com/2013/06/12/jon-rubinstein-os-x-and-ios-7-borrow-features-from-webos/|accessdate=September 23, 2013|author=Yoni Heisler|date=June 12, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928040445/http://www.tuaw.com/2013/06/12/jon-rubinstein-os-x-and-ios-7-borrow-features-from-webos/|archivedate=September 28, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
With the introduction of iOS 9, the application switcher received a significant visual change; whilst still retaining the card metaphor introduced in iOS 7, the application icon is smaller, and appears above the screenshot (which is now larger, due to the removal of "Recent and Favorite Contacts"), and each application "card" overlaps the other, forming a [[rolodex]] effect as the user scrolls. Now, instead of the home screen appearing at the leftmost of the application switcher, it appears rightmost.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prabhu|first1=Gautam|title=iOS 9 vs. iOS 8: A look at the UI changes in iOS 9|url=http://www.iphonehacks.com/2015/06/ios-9-vs-ios-8-a-look-at-the-ui-changes-in-ios-9.html|website=iPhone Hacks|accessdate=September 20, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107041632/http://www.iphonehacks.com/2015/06/ios-9-vs-ios-8-a-look-at-the-ui-changes-in-ios-9.html|archivedate=November 7, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In [[iOS 11]], the application switcher receives a major redesign. In the iPad, the [[Control Center (iOS)|Control Center]] and app switcher are combined. The app switcher in the iPad can also be accessed by swiping up from the bottom. In the iPhone, the app switcher cannot be accessed if there are no apps in the [[RAM]].
==== Ending tasks ====
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, briefly holding the icons in the application switcher makes them "jiggle" (similarly to the homescreen) and allows the user to ''force'' quit the applications by tapping the red minus circle that appears at the corner of the app's icon.<ref name="iOS: Force an app to close">{{cite web|title=iOS: Force an app to close|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5137|publisher=Apple Inc.|accessdate=October 9, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930234318/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5137|archivedate=September 30, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Clearing applications from multitasking stayed the same from iOS 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last version of iOS 6.
As of iOS 7, the process has become faster and easier. In iOS 7, instead of holding the icons to close them, they are closed by simply swiping them upwards off the screen. Up to three apps can be cleared at a time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6.<ref name="tuaw">{{cite web|title=iOS 7 multitasking|url=http://www.tuaw.com/2013/09/18/ios-7-multitasking-has-a-brand-new-look/|publisher=Tuaw|accessdate=March 21, 2014|date=September 18, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221045014/http://www.tuaw.com/2013/09/18/ios-7-multitasking-has-a-brand-new-look/|archivedate=February 21, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==== Task completion ====
Task completion allows apps to continue a certain task after the app has been suspended.<ref name="MacWorld1">{{cite web|last=Snell|first=Jason|title=Inside iPhone 4.0's multitasking|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1150496/multitasking_iphone.html|publisher=Macworld|accessdate=April 14, 2013|date=April 8, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530231748/http://www.macworld.com/article/1150496/multitasking_iphone.html|archivedate=May 30, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Kent |last=German |title=Apple iPhone 4 AT&T review |url=https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-iphone-4-at-t/review/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=June 23, 2010 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402080855/https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-iphone-4-at-t/review/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As of iOS 4.0, apps can request up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background.<ref name="iLounge1">{{cite web|last=Hollington|first=Jesse|title=Instant Expert: Secrets & Features of iOS 4|url=http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/instant-expert-secrets-features-of-ios-4/|publisher=iLounge|accessdate=April 14, 2013|date=June 21, 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221165136/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/instant-expert-secrets-features-of-ios-4/|archivedate=December 21, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This doesn't extend to background up- and downloads though (e.g. if you start a download in one application, it won't finish if you switch away from the application).
=== Siri ===
{{Main article|Siri}}
Siri ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪər|i}}) is an [[intelligent personal assistant]] integrated into iOS. The assistant uses voice queries and a [[natural language user interface]] to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The software adapts to users' individual language usages, searches, and preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are individualized.
Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010,<ref>{{cite web |first=Erick |last=Schonfeld |title=Siri's IPhone App Puts A Personal Assistant In Your Pocket |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/04/siri-iphone-personal-assistant/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=February 4, 2010 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114439/https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/04/siri-iphone-personal-assistant/ |archivedate=July 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> it was acquired by Apple two months later,<ref>{{cite web |first=Jenna |last=Wortham |title=Apple Buys a Start-Up for Its Voice Technology |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/technology/29apple.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 29, 2010 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728084120/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/technology/29apple.html |archivedate=July 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Katie |last=Marsal |title=Apple acquires Siri, developer of personal assistant app for iPhone |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/10/04/28/apple_acquires_siri_developer_of_personal_assistant_app_for_iphone |website=AppleInsider |date=April 28, 2010 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527081510/http://appleinsider.com/articles/10/04/28/apple_acquires_siri_developer_of_personal_assistant_app_for_iphone |archivedate=May 27, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Leena |last=Rao |title=Confirmed: Apple Buys Virtual Personal Assistant Startup Siri |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/28/apple-buys-virtual-personal-assistant-startup-siri/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=April 28, 2010 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623060933/https://techcrunch.com/2010/04/28/apple-buys-virtual-personal-assistant-startup-siri/ |archivedate=June 23, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and then integrated into [[iPhone 4S]] at its release in October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Golson |title=Siri Voice Recognition Arrives On the iPhone 4S |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2011/10/04/siri-voice-recognition-arrives-on-the-iphone-4s/ |website=[[MacRumors]] |date=October 4, 2011 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728082408/https://www.macrumors.com/2011/10/04/siri-voice-recognition-arrives-on-the-iphone-4s/ |archivedate=July 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Velazco |title=Apple Reveals Siri Voice Interface: The "Intelligent Assistant" Only For iPhone 4S |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/04/apple-reveals-siri-voice-interface-the-intelligent-assistant/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 4, 2011 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728115128/https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/04/apple-reveals-siri-voice-interface-the-intelligent-assistant/ |archivedate=July 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> At that time, the separate app was also removed from the iOS [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Kumparak |title=The Original Siri App Gets Pulled From The App Store, Servers To Be Killed |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/04/the-original-siri-app-gets-pulled-from-the-app-store-servers-killed/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=October 4, 2011 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AK7CIsbI?url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/04/the-original-siri-app-gets-pulled-from-the-app-store-servers-killed/ |archivedate=August 31, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Sarah Jacobsson |last1=Purewal |first2=Jason |last2=Cipriani |title=The complete list of Siri commands |url=https://www.cnet.com/how-to/the-complete-list-of-siri-commands/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=February 16, 2017 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624114306/https://www.cnet.com/how-to/the-complete-list-of-siri-commands/ |archivedate=June 24, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> With the release of [[iOS 10]] in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to Siri, including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling apps.<ref>{{cite web |first=Husain |last=Sumra |title=Apple Opens Siri to Third-Party Developers With iOS 10 |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2016/06/13/apple-siri-api-third-party-developers/ |website=[[MacRumors]] |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728080623/https://www.macrumors.com/2016/06/13/apple-siri-api-third-party-developers/ |archivedate=July 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Olivarez-Giles |title=Apple iOS 10 Opens Up Siri and Messages, Updates Music, Photos and More |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-ios-10-opens-up-siri-and-messages-updates-music-photos-and-more-1465851484 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]] |date=June 13, 2016 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728115246/https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-ios-10-opens-up-siri-and-messages-updates-music-photos-and-more-1465851484 |archivedate=July 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }} {{subscription required}}</ref> With the release of [[iOS 11]], Apple updated Siri's voices for more clear, human voices, it now supports follow-up questions and language translation, and additional third-party actions.<ref>{{cite web |first=Lucas |last=Matney |title=Siri gets language translation and a more human voice |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/05/siri-gets-voice-translation-and-a-more-human-voice/ |website=[[TechCrunch]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 5, 2017 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615141047/https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/05/siri-gets-voice-translation-and-a-more-human-voice/ |archivedate=June 15, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Chaim |last=Gartenberg |title=Siri on iOS 11 gets improved speech and can suggest actions based on how you use it |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/5/15732136/apple-siri-update-announced-new-features-wwdc-2017 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=June 5, 2017 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619081752/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/5/15732136/apple-siri-update-announced-new-features-wwdc-2017 |archivedate=June 19, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
=== Game Center ===
{{Main|Game Center}}
Game Center is an [[Internet|online]] [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] "social gaming network"<ref name="appleDEV">{{cite web |url= https://developer.apple.com/technologies/iphone/whats-new.html#gamecenter |title= What's New in iOS 4 |publisher= Apple |accessdate= June 14, 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100617053052/http://developer.apple.com/technologies/iphone/whats-new.html#gamecenter |archivedate= June 17, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> released by Apple.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gamehunters/post/2010/09/apples-game-center-debuts-next-week/1 |title=Apple's Game Center debuts next week – Game Hunters: In search of video games and interactive awesomeness |work=[[USA Today]] |date=January 9, 2010 |accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref> It allows users to "invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their [[Achievement (video gaming)|achievements]], and compare their high scores on a [[Ladder tournament|leaderboard]]." iOS 5 and above adds support for profile photos.<ref name="appleDEV" />
Game Center was announced during an iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A preview was released to registered Apple developers in August.<ref name="appleDEV" /> It was released on September 8, 2010 with iOS 4.1 on [[iPhone 4]], iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd generation through 4th generation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holt |first=Chris |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/204659/ios_41s_gamecenter_to_hit_iphone_next_week.html |title=iOS 4.1's GameCenter to Hit iPhone Next Week – PCWorld Business Center |publisher=Pcworld.com |accessdate=September 1, 2010}}</ref> Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with iOS 4.2.1.<ref name="iOS 4.2 for iPad">{{cite web|title=iOS 4.2 Software Update for iPad|url=https://support.apple.com/kb/DL1060|publisher=Apple Inc.|accessdate=October 9, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306014058/http://support.apple.com/kb/dl1060|archivedate=March 6, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> There is no support for the [[iPhone 3G]], [[iPhone (original)|original iPhone]] and the [[iPod Touch|first-generation iPod Touch]] (the latter two devices did not have Game Center because they did not get iOS 4). However, Game Center is unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack.<ref name="Game Center">{{cite web|title=Game Center|url=https://www.apple.com/game-center/|publisher=Apple|accessdate=September 7, 2010|date=Sep 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905050539/http://www.apple.com/game-center/|archivedate=September 5, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
==Hardware==
The main hardware platform for iOS is the [[ARM architecture]]. iOS releases before [[iOS 7]] can only be run on iOS devices with [[32-bit]] ARM processors ([[ARMv6]] and [[ARMv7-A]] architectures). In 2013, [[iOS 7]] was released with full [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] support (which includes native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers as well as all built-in applications),<ref>{{cite web |last=Wollman |first=Dana |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/09/10/ios-7-64-bit/ |title=iOS 7 will be 64-bit, just like the iPhone 5s' new A7 chip |publisher=[[Engadget]] |date=September 10, 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141559/http://www.engadget.com/2013/09/10/ios-7-64-bit/ |archivedate=September 24, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> after Apple announced that they were switching to 64-bit [[ARMv8-A]] processors with the introduction of the [[Apple A7]] chip.<ref>{{cite web |last=Souppouris |first=Aaron |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/12/4722470/iphone-5s-64-bit-processor-is-a-bigger-deal-than-you-think |title=Why Apple's 64-bit iPhone chip is a bigger deal than you think |publisher=[[The Verge]] |date=September 12, 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428174943/http://www.theverge.com/2013/9/12/4722470/iphone-5s-64-bit-processor-is-a-bigger-deal-than-you-think |archivedate=April 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 64-bit support was also enforced for all apps in the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]; All new apps submitted to the App Store with a deadline of February 2015, and all app updates submitted to the App Store with a deadline of June 1, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/07/the-state-of-the-64-bit-transition-in-ios-and-whats-left-to-be-done/ |title=The state of the 64-bit transition in iOS, and what's left to be done |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |date=July 2, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131202530/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2015/07/the-state-of-the-64-bit-transition-in-ios-and-whats-left-to-be-done/ |archivedate=January 31, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[iOS 11]] drops support for all iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors as well as 32-bit applications,<ref>{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/goodbye-32-bit-ios-11-ends-support-for-the-iphone-5-and-the-ipad-4/ |title=iOS 11 drops the iPhone 5 and 5C and the fourth-gen iPad |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |date=June 5, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605192202/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/goodbye-32-bit-ios-11-ends-support-for-the-iphone-5-and-the-ipad-4/ |archivedate=June 5, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mayo |first=Benjamin |url=https://9to5mac.com/2017/06/06/ios-11-32-bit-mac-app-store-64-bit/ |title=32-bit apps will not launch on iOS 11, Mac App Store transition to 64-bit from 2018 |publisher=[[Apple community#9to5Mac|9to5Mac]] |date=June 6, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620040920/https://9to5mac.com/2017/06/06/ios-11-32-bit-mac-app-store-64-bit/ |archivedate=June 20, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> making iOS 64-bit only.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/04/what-the-death-of-32-bit-ios-could-mean-for-apples-hardware-and-software/ |title=What the death of 32-bit iOS could mean for Apple’s hardware and software |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |date=April 13, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429003555/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/04/what-the-death-of-32-bit-ios-could-mean-for-apples-hardware-and-software/ |archivedate=April 29, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
== Development ==
{{Main article|iOS SDK}}
The iOS SDK ([[Software Development Kit]]) allows for the development of [[mobile app]]s on iOS.
While originally developing [[iPhone]] prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple's then-[[CEO]] [[Steve Jobs]] did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to make [[web application]]s for the [[Safari (web browser)|Safari web browser]].<ref name="No native apps">{{cite web |title=Jobs’ original vision for the iPhone: No third-party native apps |url=https://9to5mac.com/2011/10/21/jobs-original-vision-for-the-iphone-no-third-party-native-apps/ |website=9to5Mac |date=October 21, 2011 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611063324/https://9to5mac.com/2011/10/21/jobs-original-vision-for-the-iphone-no-third-party-native-apps/ |archivedate=June 11, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, backlash from developers prompted the company to reconsider,<ref name="No native apps" /> with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a software development kit available for developers by February 2008.<ref>{{cite web |first=Geoff |last=Duncan |title=Apple confirms iPhone SDK coming next year |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/apple/apple-confirms-iphone-sdk-coming-next-year/ |website=[[Digital Trends]] |date=October 17, 2007 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828010954/https://www.digitaltrends.com/apple/apple-confirms-iphone-sdk-coming-next-year/ |archivedate=August 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Steve Jobs confirms native iPhone SDK by February |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/07/10/17/steve_jobs_confirms_native_iphone_sdk_by_february |website=AppleInsider |date=October 17, 2007 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828020104/http://appleinsider.com/articles/07/10/17/steve_jobs_confirms_native_iphone_sdk_by_february |archivedate=August 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Dalrymple |title=Apple unveils iPhone SDK |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1132400/iphonesdk.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=March 6, 2008 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015010/http://www.macworld.com/article/1132400/iphonesdk.html |archivedate=August 28, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Block |authorlink=Ryan Block |title=Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference |url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=March 6, 2008 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614212140/https://www.engadget.com/2008/03/06/live-from-apples-iphone-press-conference/ |archivedate=June 14, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The SDK is a free download for users of [[Macintosh|Mac]] personal computers.<ref name="SDK FAQ">{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Guevin |title=FAQ: What does the iPhone SDK mean? |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/faq-what-does-the-iphone-sdk-mean/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=March 6, 2008 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913135508/http://www.cnet.com/news/faq-what-does-the-iphone-sdk-mean/ |archivedate=September 13, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It is not available for [[Microsoft Windows]] PCs.<ref name="SDK FAQ" /> The SDK contains sets giving developers access to various functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes.<ref name="MacRumors SDK">{{cite web |first=Arnold |last=Kim |title=Apple Releases iPhone SDK, Demos Spore, Instant Messaging |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2008/03/06/apple-releases-iphone-sdk-demos-spore-instant-messaging/ |website=[[MacRumors]] |date=March 6, 2008 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311195044/http://www.macrumors.com/2008/03/06/apple-releases-iphone-sdk-demos-spore-instant-messaging/ |archivedate=March 11, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It also contains an iPhone [[simulator]] to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing.<ref name="MacRumors SDK" /> New versions of the SDK accompany new versions of iOS.<ref>{{cite web |first=Benjamin |last=Mayo |title=Apple now allowing developers to submit iOS 9, OS X El Capitan and native Watch apps to the App Store |url=https://9to5mac.com/2015/09/11/apple-developers-os-9-apps/ |website=9to5Mac |date=September 11, 2015 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822090552/https://9to5mac.com/2015/09/11/apple-developers-os-9-apps/ |archivedate=August 22, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Sande |title=New iOS SDK features for developers |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/06/10/new-ios-sdk-features-for-developers/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=June 10, 2013 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115215751/https://www.engadget.com/2013/06/10/new-ios-sdk-features-for-developers/ |archivedate=January 15, 2018 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In order to test applications, get technical support, and distribute apps through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.<ref name="SDK FAQ" />
Combined with [[Xcode]], the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported programming languages, including [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]] and [[Objective-C]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Adam |last=Sinicki |title=Developing for Android vs developing for iOS – in 5 rounds |url=http://www.androidauthority.com/developing-for-android-vs-ios-697304/ |website=Android Authority |date=June 9, 2016 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626191841/http://www.androidauthority.com/developing-for-android-vs-ios-697304/ |archivedate=June 26, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Paul |title=MonoTouch drops .NET into Apple’s walled app garden |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/09/monotouch-drops-net-into-apples-walled-app-garden/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=September 15, 2009 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122123311/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/09/monotouch-drops-net-into-apples-walled-app-garden/ |archivedate=November 22, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jackie |last=Dove |title=Adobe unleashes Creative Suite 5 |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1150522/cs5launch.html |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=April 11, 2010 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924005201/http://www.macworld.com/article/1150522/cs5launch.html |archivedate=September 24, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
== Market share ==
{{Main|Usage share of operating systems}}
iOS is the second most popular mobile operating system in the world, after [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. Sales of iPads in recent years are also behind Android, while, by web use (a proxy for all use), iPads (using iOS) are still most popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201612-201612-map|title=StatCounter Global Stats – Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share|work=statcounter.com|accessdate=February 19, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120526/http://gs.statcounter.com/%23mobile_browser-ww-monthly-201012-201111-bar#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201612-201612-map|archivedate=May 26, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
By the middle of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insidemobileapps.com/2012/07/24/ios-device-sales-leapfrog-android-with-410-million-devices-sold|title=iOS leapfrogs Android with 410 million devices sold and 650,000 apps|publisher=InsideMobileApps|date=July 24, 2012|accessdate=July 24, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727000853/http://www.insidemobileapps.com/2012/07/24/ios-device-sales-leapfrog-android-with-410-million-devices-sold/|archivedate=July 27, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At [[WWDC]] 2014, [[Tim Cook]] said 800 million devices had been sold by June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Ingraham |title=Apple has sold more than 800 million iOS devices, 130 million new iOS users in the last year |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/2/5772344/apple-wwdc-2014-stats-update |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=June 2, 2014 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210135711/http://www.theverge.com/2014/6/2/5772344/apple-wwdc-2014-stats-update |archivedate=February 10, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
During Apple's quarterly earnings call in January 2015, the company announced that they had sold over one billion iOS devices since 2007.<ref>{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Rossignol |title=Tim Cook: Apple Has Sold More Than 1 Billion iOS Devices |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2015/01/27/apple-one-billion-ios-devices/ |website=[[MacRumors]] |date=January 27, 2015 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623144503/http://www.macrumors.com/2015/01/27/apple-one-billion-ios-devices/ |archivedate=June 23, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jordan |last=Kahn |title=Apple announces 1 billion iOS devices sold |url=https://9to5mac.com/2015/01/27/apple-announces-1-billion-ios-devices-sold/ |website=9to5Mac |date=January 27, 2015 |accessdate=June 21, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704104006/https://9to5mac.com/2015/01/27/apple-announces-1-billion-ios-devices-sold/ |archivedate=July 4, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
By late 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of the market share for smartphones and tablets.<ref name=Saylor33>{{cite book |title=The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything |last=Saylor |first=Michael |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2012 |publisher=Vanguard Press |location= |isbn=1-59315-720-7 |page=33}}</ref> By the end of 2014, iOS accounted for 14.8% of the smartphone market<ref name=idcq414>{{cite press release|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615 |title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=February 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615 |archive-date=February 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and 27.6% of the tablet and two-in-one market.<ref name=idctabq414>{{cite press release|url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25480015 |title=Worldwide Tablet Growth Hits the Brakes, Slowing to the Low Single Digits in the Years Ahead, According to IDC |publisher=IDC |date=March 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313224458/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25480015 |archive-date=March 13, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In February 2015, [[StatCounter]] reported iOS was used on 23.18% of smartphones and 66.25% of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage instead of sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gs.statcounter.com/#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201502-201503-bar|title=StatCounter Global Stats: Top 7 Mobile Operating Systems on Feb 2015|accessdate=March 6, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120526/http://gs.statcounter.com/%23mobile_browser-ww-monthly-201012-201111-bar#tablet-os-ww-monthly-201502-201503-bar|archivedate=May 26, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that iOS adoption of the worldwide smartphone market was at a record-low 12.1%, attributed to lackluster performance in China and Africa. Android accounted for 87.5% of the market, with Windows Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the rest.<ref>{{cite web |first=Linda |last=Sui |title=Strategy Analytics: Android Captures Record 88 Percent Share of Global Smartphone Shipments in Q3 2016 |url=https://www.strategyanalytics.com/strategy-analytics/news/strategy-analytics-press-releases/strategy-analytics-press-release/2016/11/02/strategy-analytics-android-captures-record-88-percent-share-of-global-smartphone-shipments-in-q3-2016#.WDqfU-YrKUl |publisher=Strategy Analytics |date=November 2, 2016 |accessdate=November 27, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153018/https://www.strategyanalytics.com/strategy-analytics/news/strategy-analytics-press-releases/strategy-analytics-press-release/2016/11/02/strategy-analytics-android-captures-record-88-percent-share-of-global-smartphone-shipments-in-q3-2016#.WDqfU-YrKUl |archivedate=November 27, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Joe |last=Rossignol |title=iOS Adoption Remains at Lowest Levels Since 2014 as Android Captures Record 87.5% Market Share |url=http://www.macrumors.com/2016/11/02/ios-vs-android-market-share-3q16/ |publisher=[[MacRumors]] |date=November 2, 2016 |accessdate=November 27, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127215126/http://www.macrumors.com/2016/11/02/ios-vs-android-market-share-3q16/ |archivedate=November 27, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
== Jailbreaking ==
{{Main|iOS jailbreaking}}
Since its initial release, iOS has been subject to a variety of different hacks centered around adding functionality not allowed by Apple.<ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Ricker |title=iPhone Hackers: "we have owned the filesystem" |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/07/10/iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-filesystem/ |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[AOL]] |date=July 10, 2007 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401233052/https://www.engadget.com/2007/07/10/iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-filesystem/ |archivedate=April 1, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Prior to the 2008 debut of Apple's native [[App Store (iOS)|iOS App Store]], the primary motive for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple's purchase mechanism for installing the App Store's native applications.<ref>{{cite news|last=Healey|first=Jon|title=Hacking the iPhone|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 6, 2007|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story|accessdate=August 6, 2007|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106035917/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story|archivedate=November 6, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Apple claimed that it will not release iOS software updates designed specifically to break these tools (other than applications that perform [[SIM lock|SIM unlocking]]); however, with each subsequent iOS update, previously un-patched jailbreak exploits are usually patched.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.geek.com/apple/apples-joswiak-we-dont-hate-iphone-coders-1374199/ |title= Apple's Joswiak: We Don't Hate iPhone Coders |date= September 11, 2007 |accessdate= February 19, 2017 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092613/https://www.geek.com/apple/apples-joswiak-we-dont-hate-iphone-coders-1374199/ |archivedate= February 20, 2017 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
Since the arrival of Apple's native iOS App Store, and—along with it—third-party applications, the general motives for jailbreaking have changed.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/edwardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-review_N.htm |title= Apple's iPhone isn't perfect, but it's worthy of the hype |author= Baig, Edward C. |work= [[USA Today]] |date= June 26, 2007 |accessdate= June 28, 2007 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070629012206/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/edwardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-review_N.htm |archivedate= June 29, 2007 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> People jailbreak for many different reasons, including gaining filesystem access, installing custom device themes, and modifying SpringBoard. An additional motivation is that it may enable the installation of pirated apps. On some devices, jailbreaking also makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the Linux kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their devices because of the limitations of iOS. Depending on the method used, the effects of jailbreaking may be permanent or temporary.<ref name="WhatIsJB">{{cite web
|last = IPad
|first = MAX
|title = Jailbreaking Explained
|publisher = IPad Forums
|date = May 6, 2010
|url = http://www.ipadforums.net/ipad-hacking/2838-jailbreaking-explained.html
|accessdate = November 4, 2012
|deadurl = no
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102053916/http://www.ipadforums.net/ipad-hacking/2838-jailbreaking-explained.html
|archivedate = November 2, 2012
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>
In 2010, the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Office to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems under the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA). The exemption allows jailbreaking of iPhones for the sole purpose of allowing legally obtained applications to be added to the iPhone.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/07/feds-ok-iphone-jailbreaking/|title= U.S. Declares iPhone Jailbreaking Legal, Over Apple's Objections|author= Kravets, David|work= [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date= July 26, 2010|accessdate= December 13, 2011|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/69Yz4lhrJ?url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2010/07/feds-ok-iphone-jailbreaking/|archivedate= July 31, 2012|df= mdy-all}}</ref> The exemption does not affect the contractual relations between Apple and an iPhone owner, for example, jailbreaking voiding the iPhone warranty; however, it is solely based on Apple's discretion on whether they will fix jailbroken devices in the event that they need to be repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office exempted unlocking an iPhone from DMCA's anticircumvention prohibitions.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2010/75fr43825.pdf|title= U.S. Copyright Office Final 2010 Anti-Circumvention Rulemaking|publisher= U.S. Copyright Office|date= July 27, 2010|accessdate= August 21, 2012|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501085441/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2010/75fr43825.pdf|archivedate= May 1, 2012|df= mdy-all}}</ref> Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with any wireless carrier using the same GSM or CDMA technology for which the particular phone model was designed to operate.<ref name="WhatisUnlock">{{cite web
|last = Mobile
|first = Know Your
|title = Locked / Unlocked – a definition of the terms Locked and Unlocked from the Know Your Mobile mobile phone glossary
|publisher = Know Your Mobile
|date = May 19, 2010
|url = http://www.knowyourmobile.com/glossary/l/488285/locked_unlocked.html
|accessdate = November 4, 2012
|deadurl = no
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120831061738/http://www.knowyourmobile.com/glossary/l/488285/locked_unlocked.html
|archivedate = August 31, 2012
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>
== Unlocking ==
{{Main|SIM lock}}
Initially most wireless carriers in the US did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it for use with other carriers. However AT&T allowed iPhone owners who have satisfied contract requirements to unlock their iPhone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.att.com/esupport/article.jsp?sid=KB414532|title=AT&T – What are the eligibility requirements for unlocking iPhone?|publisher=AT&T|date=|accessdate=August 21, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803185724/https://www.att.com/esupport/article.jsp?sid=KB414532|archivedate=August 3, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Instructions to unlock the device are available from Apple,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5014|title=iPhone: About unlocking|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] Website|date=May 22, 2012|accessdate=August 21, 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017021001/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5014|archivedate=October 17, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> but it is ultimately the sole discretion of the carrier to authorize the device to be unlocked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/ht1937|title=iPhone: Wireless Carrier Support and Features|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] Website|date=April 12, 2013|accessdate=May 13, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424042251/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1937|archivedate=April 24, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This allows the use of a carrier-sourced iPhone on other networks. Modern versions of iOS and the iPhone fully support LTE across multiple carriers despite where the phone was originally purchased from.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.macworld.com/article/2991494/carriers/new-iphones-use-lte-on-any-american-carrier-despite-the-way-theyre-listed.html|title= New iPhones use LTE on any American carrier, despite the way they're listed|work= [[MacWorld]]|date= October 9, 2015|accessdate= October 19, 2017|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170713084749/http://www.macworld.com/article/2991494/carriers/new-iphones-use-lte-on-any-american-carrier-despite-the-way-theyre-listed.html|archivedate= July 13, 2017|df= mdy-all}}</ref> There are programs to remove SIM lock restrictions, but are not supported by Apple and most often not a permanent unlock – a soft-unlock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3743|title=Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] Website|date=February 9, 2013|accessdate=May 13, 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510123825/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3743|archivedate=May 10, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
== Digital rights management ==
The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by [[digital rights]] advocates such as the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], computer engineer and activist [[Brewster Kahle]], Internet-law specialist [[Jonathan Zittrain]], and the [[Free Software Foundation]] who protested the iPad's introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their "[[Defective by Design]]" campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defectivebydesign.org/ipad |title= iPad DRM endangers our rights |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120412122641/http://www.defectivebydesign.org/ipad |archivedate= April 12, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Nate |last=Anderson |title=Protestors: iPad is nothing more than a golden calf of DRM |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/01/protestors-ipad-is-nothing-more-than-a-golden-calf-of-drm/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=January 27, 2010 |accessdate=April 1, 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081221/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/01/protestors-ipad-is-nothing-more-than-a-golden-calf-of-drm/ |archivedate=April 2, 2017 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2010-02-03/mobile-devices-and-next-computing-revolution-0 |title= Mobile Devices and the Next Computing Revolution |date= February 3, 2010 |accessdate= June 9, 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101201053215/http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2010-02-03/mobile-devices-and-next-computing-revolution-0 |archivedate= December 1, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/feb/01/apple-ipad-choke-innovation |title= Apple iPad will choke innovation, say open internet advocates |work= [[The Guardian]] |date= February 1, 2010 |author= Bobbie Johnson |accessdate= February 7, 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141036/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/feb/01/apple-ipad-choke-innovation |archivedate= March 16, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Competitor [[Microsoft]], via a PR spokesman, criticized Apple's control over its platform.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://technologizer.com/2010/01/28/microsoft-ipads-closed-platfor-is-humorous/ |title= Microsoft PR spokesman condemns iPad for being "locked down" |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120305021357/http://technologizer.com/2010/01/28/microsoft-ipads-closed-platfor-is-humorous/ |archivedate= March 5, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely [[digital rights management]] (DRM) intended to lock purchased media to Apple's platform, the development model (requiring a yearly subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple's general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will.
Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a growing trend in Apple's approach to computing, particularly Apple's shift away from machines that hobbyists can "tinker with" and note the potential for such restrictions to stifle software innovation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://apple.slashdot.org/story/10/01/31/1657233/Apples-Trend-Away-From-Tinkering |title= Apple's Trend Away From Tinkering |publisher= Slashdot |date= January 31, 2010 |accessdate= June 9, 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100208164828/http://apple.slashdot.org/story/10/01/31/1657233/Apples-Trend-Away-From-Tinkering |archivedate= February 8, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite video
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDrJd7GkkNA&feature=related
|title = Campus Party Brasil 2011 – Geek Pride e Wozniak
|people = [[Steve Wozniak]] (Interviewee)
|date = January 22, 2011
|publisher = Fragoso, Victor
|accessdate = March 7, 2011
|deadurl = no
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512222742/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDrJd7GkkNA&feature=related
|archivedate = May 12, 2011
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>
Former [[Facebook]] developer [[Joe Hewitt (programmer)|Joe Hewitt]] protested against Apple's control over its hardware as a "horrible precedent" but praised iOS's [[Sandbox (computer security)|sandboxing]] of apps.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cultofmac.com/pundits-on-the-ipads-closed-system-its-doom-for-pcs-no-its-great/28440 |title= Pundits On The iPad's Closed System: It's Doom For PCs, No It's Great |author= Leander Kahney |date= January 30, 2010 |accessdate= June 9, 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100515124959/http://www.cultofmac.com/pundits-on-the-ipads-closed-system-its-doom-for-pcs-no-its-great/28440 |archivedate= May 15, 2010 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
== Kernel ==
The iOS kernel is the [[XNU]] kernel of [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]]. The original iPhone OS (1.0) up to iPhone OS 3.1.3 used Darwin 9.0.0d1. iOS 4 was based on Darwin 10. iOS 5 was based on Darwin 11. iOS 6 was based on Darwin 13. iOS 7 and iOS 8 are based on Darwin 14. iOS 9 is based on Darwin 15. iOS 10 is based on Darwin 16. iOS 11 is based on Darwin 17.<ref>Available in iOS 5 to iOS 7 via General > About > Diagnostics & Usage > Diagnostics & Usage Data >(date and time).panic.plist, after a kernel crash <br /> Available in iOS 8 to iOS 10 via Privacy > Diagnostics & Usage > Diagnostics & Usage Data > JetsamEvent-(date and time).ips, when low in memory <br /> Available in iOS 11 via Privacy > Analytics > Analytics Data > JetsamEvent-(date and time).ips, when low in memory</ref>
== Security ==
iOS utilizes many security features in both hardware and software. Below are summaries of the most prominent features.
=== Secure Boot ===
Before fully booting into iOS, there is low-level code that runs from the Boot [[Read-only memory|ROM]]. Its task is to verify that the Low-Level [[Booting|Bootloader]] is signed by the Apple [[Root certificate|Root]] [[Certificate authority|CA]] public [[Key (cryptography)|key]] before running it. This process is to ensure that no malicious or otherwise unauthorized software can be run on an iOS device. After the Low-Level Bootloader finishes its tasks, it runs the higher level bootloader, known as [[iBoot]]. If all goes well, iBoot will then proceed to load the iOS kernel as well as the rest of the operating system.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf|title=iOS Security Guide|last=Apple Inc.|first=|date=May 2016|website=apple.com|publisher=|access-date=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227071343/http://www.apple.com/business/docs/iOS_Security_Guide.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
=== Secure Enclave ===
The Secure Enclave is a [[coprocessor]] found in iOS devices that contain [[Touch ID]] or [[Face ID]]. It has its own secure boot process to ensure that it is completely secure. A hardware [[Random number generation|random number generator]] is also included as a part of this coprocessor. Each device's Secure Enclave has a unique ID that is given to it when it is made and cannot be changed. This identifier is used to create a temporary key that [[Encryption|encrypts]] the [[Random-access memory|memory]] in this portion of the system. The Secure Enclave also contains an anti-replay counter to prevent [[Brute-force attack|brute force attacks]].<ref name=":0" />
=== Passcode ===
iOS devices can have a passcode that is used to unlock the device, make changes to system settings, and encrypt the device's contents. Until recently, these were typically four numerical digits long. However, since unlocking the devices with a fingerprint by using Touch ID has become more widespread, six-digit passcodes are now the default on iOS with the option to switch back to four or use an alphanumeric passcode.<ref name=":0" />
=== Touch ID ===
{{Main article|Touch ID}}
Touch ID is a fingerprint scanner that is embedded in the home button and can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions. When used, Touch ID only temporarily stores the fingerprint data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described above. There is no way for the device's [[Central processing unit|main processor]] or any other part of the system to access the raw fingerprint data that is obtained from the Touch ID sensor.<ref name=":0" />
=== Address Space Layout Randomization ===
{{Main article|Address Space Layout Randomization}}
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a low-level technique of preventing [[memory corruption]] attacks such as [[buffer overflow]]s. It involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory in order to make it harder to predict ways to corrupt the system and create exploits. ASLR makes app bugs more likely to crash the app than to silently overwrite memory, regardless of whether the behavior is accidental or malicious.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/ASLR|title=ASLR – The iPhone Wiki|website=www.theiphonewiki.com|access-date=December 6, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223020839/https://www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/ASLR|archivedate=December 23, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
=== Non-Executable Memory ===
iOS utilizes the [[ARM architecture|ARM architecture's]] Execute Never (XN) feature. This allows some portions of the memory to be marked as non-executable, working alongside ASLR to prevent buffer overflow attacks including [[return-to-libc attack]]s.<ref name=":0" />
=== Encryption ===
As mentioned above, one use of encryption in iOS is in the memory of the Secure Enclave. When a passcode is utilized on an iOS device, the contents of the device are encrypted. This is done by using a hardware [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] 256 implementation that is very efficient because it is placed directly between the [[Flash memory|flash storage]] and RAM.<ref name=":0" />
=== Keychain ===
The iOS keychain is a [[database]] of login information that can be shared across apps written by the same person or organization.<ref name=":0" /> This service is often used for storing passwords for web applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Security/Conceptual/keychainServConcepts/iPhoneTasks/iPhoneTasks.html|title=iOS Keychain Services Tasks|website=developer.apple.com|access-date=December 6, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123800/https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Security/Conceptual/keychainServConcepts/iPhoneTasks/iPhoneTasks.html|archivedate=December 20, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
=== App Security ===
Third-party applications such as those distributed through the App Store must be code signed with an Apple-issued [[Public key certificate|certificate]]. This continues the [[chain of trust]] all the way from the Secure Boot process as mentioned above to the actions of the applications installed on the device by users. Applications are also [[Sandbox (computer security)|sandboxed]], meaning that they can only modify the data within their individual [[home directory]] unless explicitly given permission to do otherwise. For example, they cannot access data that is owned by other user-installed applications on the device. There is a very extensive set of privacy controls contained within iOS with options to control apps' ability to access a wide variety of permissions such as the camera, contacts, background app refresh, cellular data, and access to other data and services. Most of the code in iOS, including third-party applications, run as the "mobile" user which does not have [[Superuser|root privileges]]. This ensures that system files and other iOS system resources remain hidden and inaccessible to user-installed applications.<ref name=":0" />
=== Network Security ===
iOS supports [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] with both low- and high-level [[Application programming interface|APIs]] for developers. By default, the App Transport Security framework requires that servers use at least TLS 1.2. However, developers are free to override this framework and utilize their own methods of communicating over networks. When Wi-Fi is enabled, iOS uses a randomized [[MAC address]] so that devices cannot be tracked by anyone [[Network sniffers|sniffing]] wireless traffic.<ref name=":0" />
=== Two-Factor Authentication ===
{{Main article|Multi-factor authentication}}
Two-factor authentication is an option in iOS to ensure that even if an unauthorized person knows an [[Apple ID]] and password combination, they cannot gain access to the account. It works by requiring not only the Apple ID and password, but also a verification code that is sent to a device that is already known to be trusted.<ref name=":0" /> If an unauthorized user attempts to sign in using another user's Apple ID, the owner of the Apple ID receives a notification that allows them to deny access to the unrecognized device.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204915|title=Two-factor authentication for Apple ID|newspaper=Apple Support|language=en-US|access-date=December 6, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123803/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204915|archivedate=December 20, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
== Devices ==
{{Main|List of iOS devices}}
{{Timeline of iOS devices}}
== See also ==
{{portal|Information technology|Apple}}
* [[Comparison of mobile operating systems]]
* [[iOS version history]]
* [[List of iOS devices]]
* [[iPhone]]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| first1 = Aaron
| last1 = Hillegass
| first2 = Jon
| last2 = Conway
| date = March 22, 2012
| title = iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide
| publisher = [[Pearson Education|Pearson]]
| edition = 3rd
| page = 590
| isbn = 978-0-321-82152-2
}}
* {{cite book
| first1 = Kirby
| last1 = Turner
| date = December 19, 2011
| title = Learning iPad Programming: A Hands-on Guide to Building iPad Apps with iOS 5
| publisher = [[Pearson Education|Pearson]]
| edition = 1st
| page = 816
| isbn = 978-0-321-75040-2
}}
* {{cite book
| first1 = Dave
| last1 = Mark
| first2 = Jeff
| last2 = LaMarche
| date = July 21, 2009
| title = Beginning iPhone 3 Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK
| publisher = [[Apress]]
| edition = 1st
| page = 584
| isbn = 1-4302-2459-2
}}
* {{cite book
| first1 = Dave
| last1 = Mark
| first2 = Jeff
| last2 = LaMarche
| date = December 29, 2009
| title = More iPhone 3 Development: Tackling iPhone SDK 3
| publisher = [[Apress]]
| edition = 1st
| page = 552
| isbn = 1-4302-2505-X
}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|iOS (Apple Inc.)}}
* {{Official website|www.apple.com/ios}}
* {{Official website|developer.apple.com/ios}} Dev Center at [[Apple Developer Connection]]
* [https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/navigation/ iOS Reference Library] – on the Apple Developer Connection website
{{iOS}}
{{iPod}}
{{Apple Inc. operating systems}}
{{Darwin derivations}}
{{Unix-like}}
{{Operating system}}
{{Mobile operating systems}}
{{Apple Inc.}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:IOS (Apple)| ]]
[[Category:Mach (kernel)]]
[[Category:Mobile operating systems]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Smartphones]]
[[Category:Tablet operating systems]]
== Tham khảo ==
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