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{{Taxobox
| name = ''Dinornis''
| image =Dinornis maximus, Natural History Museum (PV A 608).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''D. novaezealandiae'', Natural History Museum of London
| status = EX
| extinct = ''c.''1500
|regnum = [[Animal]]ia
|phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
|classis = [[bird|Aves]]
|superordo = [[Paleognathae]]
|ordo = [[Dinornithiformes]]
|familia = †[[Dinornithidae]]
|genus = [[extinction|†]]'''''Dinornis'''''
|genus_authority = ([[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1843)<ref>{{cite web |author = Checklist Committee [[Ornithological Society of New Zealand]] |date=2010 |title=Checklist-of-Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica |url=http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/checklist/Checklist-of-Birds.pdf |publisher=Te Papa Press |volume= |issue= |pages= |access-date= 4 January 2016}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision =
''[[Dinornis novaezealandiae|D. novaezealandiae]]'' <small>North Island Giant Moa</small><br/>
''[[Dinornis robustus|D. robustus]]'' <small>South Island Giant Moa</small><!-- NZ.J.Ecol.3:125 -->
| synonyms =
*''Dinoris'' <small>(''[[lapsus]]'')</small>
*''Megalornis'' <small>[[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1843 ''non'' Gray, 1841: [[Ardea (genus)|preoccupied]], ''[[nomen nudum]]''</small>
*''Moa'' <small>Reichenbach, 1850</small>
*''Movia'' <small>Reichenbach, 1850</small>
*''Owenia'' <small>Gray, 1855</small>
*''Palapteryx'' <small>Owen, 1851</small>
*''Tylopteryx'' <small>Hutton, 1891</small>
}}
 
The '''giant moa''' (''Dinornis'') is an extinct genus of birds belonging to the [[moa]] family. Like all [[Moa]]s it was a member of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Dinornithiformes]]. It was [[endemism|endemic]] to [[New Zealand]]. Two species of ''Dinornis'' are considered valid, ''[[Dinornis novaezealandiae]]'' of the North Island, and ''[[Dinornis robustus]]'' of the South. In addition, two further species (new lineage A and lineage B) have been suggested based on distinct DNA lineages.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0409435102| title = Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 102| issue = 23| pages = 8257–62| year = 2005| last1 = Baker | first1 = A. J.| last2 = Huynen | first2 = L. J.| last3 = Haddrath | first3 = O.| last4 = Millar | first4 = C. D.| last5 = Lambert | first5 = D. M. | pmid=15928096 | pmc=1149408| bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.8257B}}</ref>
 
==Description==
[[File:Dinornis robustus, South Island Giant Moa - three quarter view on black YORYM 2004 20.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''D. robustus'' skeleton]]
[[File:Dinornis struthoides.jpg|upright|thumb|left|''D. struthoides'' skeleton, now known to be a male ''Dinornis'', not a distinct species]]
''Dinornis'' may have been the tallest bird that ever lived, with the females of the largest species standing {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall,<ref name = "Wood">Wood, Gerald (1983)</ref> and one of the most massive, weighing {{convert|230|-|240|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=Amadon1947>Amadon, D. (1947)</ref> or {{convert|278|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=Campbelletal1992>Campbell Jr., K. & Marcus, L. (1992)</ref> in various estimates. [[Feather]] remains are reddish brown and [[hair]]-like, and apparently covered most of the body except the lower legs and most of the head (plus a small portion of the neck below the head). The feet were large and powerful, and the birds had a long neck that allowed them to reach tall [[vegetation]]. In relation to its body, the head was small, with a pointed, short, flat and somewhat curved beak.
 
===Sexual dimorphism===
It has been long suspected that several species of moa constituted males and females, respectively. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material.<ref name="Huynen">Huynen, L. J.,''et al.'' (2003)</ref> For example, prior to 2003 there were three species of ''Dinornis'' recognised: South Island giant moa (''D. robustus ''), North Island giant moa (''D. novaezealandiae'') and slender moa (''D. struthioides''). However, DNA showed that all ''D. struthioides'' were in fact males, and all ''D. robustus '' were females. Therefore, the three species of ''Dinornis'' were reclassified as two species, one each formerly occurring on [[New Zealand]]'s North Island (''D. novaezealandiae'') and South Island (''D. robustus '');<ref name="Huynen" /><ref name="Bunce"/> ''robustus'' however, comprises three distinct genetic lineages and may eventually be classified as many species. ''Dinornis'' seems to have had the most pronounced sexual dimorphism of all moa, with females being up to 150% as tall and 280% as heavy as males.
 
==Taxonomy==
The [[cladogram]] below follows a 2009 analysis by Bunce ''et al.'':<ref name="Bunce">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bunce | first1 = M. | last2 = Worthy | first2 = T. H. | last3 = Phillips | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Holdaway | first4 = R. N. | last5 = Willerslev | first5 = E. | last6 = Haile | first6 = J. | last7 = Shapiro | first7 = B. | last8 = Scofield | first8 = R. P. | last9 = Drummond | first9 = A. | last10 = Kamp | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0906660106 | first10 = P. J. J. | last11 = Cooper | first11 = A. | title = The evolutionary history of the extinct ratite moa and New Zealand Neogene paleogeography | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 49 | pages = 20646-51 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19923428| pmc = 2791642| bibcode = 2009PNAS..10620646B }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=Dinornithidae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dinornis robustus]]''
|2=''[[Dinornis novaezealandiae]]''
}}
|label2=Megalapteryidae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Megalapteryx didinus]]''
}}
}}
|label2=Emeidae
|2={{clade
|label1=&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|label1=&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|label1=&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pachyornis australis]]''
|label2=&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pachyornis elephantopus]]''
|2=''[[Pachyornis geranoides]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|label1=&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Anomalopteryx didiformis]]''
|label2=&nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Emeus crassus]]''
|2=''[[Euryapteryx curtus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
 
==Extinction==
Prior to the arrival of humans, the giant moa had an [[Ecological stability|ecologically stable]]
population in New Zealand for at least 40,000 years.<ref name="scidai2012"/>
The giant moa, along with [[moa|other moa genera]], were wiped out by [[Immigration to New Zealand#Polynesian settlement|Polynesian settlers]],<ref name="scidai2012">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120803114412.htm | title= Giant Moa Had Climate Change Figured out| publisher= ScienceDaily | date= August 3, 2012| accessdate=2012-08-06 }}</ref> who hunted it for food. All taxa in this genus were extinct by 1500 in New Zealand. It is generally accepted that the [[Māori people|Māori]] still hunted them at the beginning of the fifteenth century, although some models suggest extinction had already taken place by the middle of the 14th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holdaway|first1=R. N.|last2=Jacomb|first2=C.|year=2000|title=Rapid Extinction of the Moas (Aves: Dinornithiformes): Model, Test, and Implications|journal=Science|volume=287|issue=5461|pages=2250–2254|doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2250|pmid=10731144|bibcode=2000Sci...287.2250H}}</ref> Although some birds became extinct due to [[Agriculture|farming]], for which the forests were cut and burned down and the ground was turned into [[arable land]], the giant moa had been extinct for 300 years prior to the arrival of [[Europe]]an settlers.<ref name=perry>{{cite journal|last1=Perry|first1=G. L.|last2=Wheeler|first2=A. B.|last3=Wood|first3=J. R.|last4=Wilmshurst|first4=J. M.|year=2014|title=A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=105|pages=126–135|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025|bibcode=2014QSRv..105..126P}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}
;Specific citations:
{{Reflist}}
;General references:
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
:{{cite journal | last = Amadon | first = D. | year = 1947 | title = An estimated weight of the largest known bird | journal = Condor | volume = 49 | issue = 4| pages = 159&ndash;164 | doi =10.2307/1364110| jstor = 1364110 }}
 
:{{cite journal |last1=Baker|first1=Allan J. | last2=Huynen|first2=Leon J.|last3=Haddrath|first3=Oliver | last4=Millar|first4=Craig D.| last5=Lambert|first5= David M. |author= |authorlink= |date= |year=2005 |month= |day= |title= Reconstructing the tempo and mode of evolution in an extinct clade of birds with ancient DNA: The giant moas of New Zealand|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |series= |issue=23 |page= |pages= 8257–8262|issn= |pmid= 15928096|pmc= 1149408|doi=10.1073/pnas.0409435102 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.8257B |oclc= |id= |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/102/23/8257.full.pdf |language= |format=PDF |accessdate=Feb 14, 2011 |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote=}}
 
:{{cite book |last1=Benes|first1=Josef |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=Prehistoric Animals and Plants |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year=1979 |month= |origyear= |publisher=Hamlyn |location=London, UK |language= |isbn=978-0-600-30341-1 |oclc= |doi= |id= |page=191 |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}}
 
:{{cite journal |last1=Bunce|first1=Michael | last2=Worthy|first2=Trevor H.|last3=Ford|first3= Tom| last4=Hoppitt|first4= Will|last5=Willerslev|first5=Eske | last6=Drummond|first6=Alexei |last7=Cooper|first7= Alan |author= |authorlink= |date= |year=2003 |month= |day= |title=Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=425 |series= |issue=6954 |page= |pages= 172–175|issn= |pmid= 12968178|pmc= |doi=10.1038/nature01871 |bibcode=2003Natur.425..172B |oclc= |id= |url= |language= |format= |accessdate= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote=}}
 
:{{cite journal | last1 = Campbell, Jr. | first1 = K. E. | last2= Marcus|first2= L. | year = 1992 | title = The relationship of hindlimb bone dimensions to body weight in birds | journal = Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb | series = Science | issue =36 | pages = 395–412 | doi =}}
 
:{{cite journal |last1=Huynen|first1=Leon J. | last2=Millar|first2=Craig D. |last3=Scofield|first3=R. P. | last4=Lambert |first4=David M. |author= |authorlink= |date= |year=2003 |month= |day= |title= Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=425 |series= |issue=6954 |page= |pages=175–178 |issn= |pmid= 12968179|pmc= |doi=10.1038/nature01838 |bibcode=2003Natur.425..175H |oclc= |id= |url= |language= |format= |accessdate= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote=}}
 
:{{cite journal |last1=Owen|first1=Richard | last2=|first2= |author= |authorlink= |date= |year=1843 |month= |day= |title= On the remains of Dinornis, an extinct gigantic struthious bird|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume= |series= |issue= |page= |pages=8–10, 144–146 |issn= |pmid= |pmc= |doi= |bibcode= |oclc= |id= |url= |language= |format= |accessdate= |laysummary= |laysource= |laydate= |quote=}}
 
:{{cite book | author = Wood, Gerald |url = | title =The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats| publisher = Sterling Publishing Company Inc.| edition = 3rd|year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-85112-235-9}}
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Portal|Paleontology}}
* [http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=710917 ''South Island Giant Moa. Dinornis robustus.''] by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book ''Extinct Birds of New Zealand'', by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q899705}}
 
[[Thể loại:Chim tuyệt chủng New Zealand]]
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