Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Think tank”

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Nhiều think tank là các [[tổ chức phi lợi nhuận]], như ở [[Hoa Kỳ]] và [[Canađa]]. Các think tank khác được thành lập hoặc tài trợ bởi các chính phủ hoặc các cá nhân.
 
== Lịch sử ==
Tăng duy, phiên âm của think tank(s), có nghĩa là (những) chiếc thùng của tư duy. Từ think tank được đề cập đến khoảng những năm 1950. Đến nay vẫn còn sự tranh luận về tăng duy đầu tiên. Một trong số các tăng duy đầu tiên là the Institute for Defence and Security Studies ([[RUSI]]), thành lập vào năm 1831 theo sáng kiến của [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]].
 
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Tuy nhiên thuật ngữ think tank, được sử dụng ban đầu khi đề cập đến tổ chức [[RAND Corporation]], được thành lập năm 1946, có nhiệm vụ đưa ra các tư vấn quân sự.
 
== Các loại hình think tank ==
Think tank đại diện cho rất nhiều quan điểm và ý thức hệ khác nhau. Một vài think tank, như [[Heritage Foundation]], có xu hướng bảo thủ. Trong khi số khác, nhất là các think tank hoạt động trong lĩnh vực cải thiện môi trường và xã hội như [[Tellus Institute]], thường có tư tưởng khá thoáng. Số khác nữa, chẳng hạn think tank [[Cato Institute]], hoạt động với tôn chỉ thúc đẩy cải cách xã hội và kinh tế theo hướng tự do.
 
Hiện nay, do hệ quả của [[toàn cầu hóa]] bắt đầu xuất hiện hình thức hợp tác của nhiều think tank ở các nước khác nhau .
 
== Criticism ==
 
In some cases, corporate interests have found it useful to create "think tanks." For example, [[The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition]] was formed in the mid 1990s to dispute research finding a link between second-hand smoke and cancer.<ref>http://www.tobaccoscam.ucsf.edu/pdf/9.6-Ong%26Glantz-JunkScience.pdf</ref> According to an internal memo from Philip Morris, "the credibility of the EPA [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|[Environmental Protection Agency]]] is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS (environmental tobacco smoke) alone. It must be part of a larger mosaic that concentrates all the EPA's enemies against it at one time."<ref>[http://www.prwatch.org/prwissues/2000Q3/junkman.html How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman" | Center for Media and Democracy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
 
According to [[NGO]] Fair.org, right-wing think tanks are often quoted, and rarely labeled. The result is that sometimes think tank "experts" are depicted as neutral sources without any ideological predispositions when in fact they represent a particular perspective. <ref> http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1425, http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3322 </ref>
 
[[SourceWatch]] states that given that think tanks can obtain funding from the private sector, it is expected that in general right-wing think tanks may receive more funding than left-wing think tanks. <ref> http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Think_tanks </ref>
 
== Các tăng duy trong lịch sử Việt Nam ==
 
== Tăng duy ở các nước ==
=== Hoa Kì ===
 
Think tanks in the [[United States]] form both foreign and domestic policy. Think tanks in the United States generally receive funding from private donors, and members of private organizations. Think tanks may feel more free to propose and debate controversial ideas than people within government. The media watchgroup [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] (FAIR) has identified the top 25 think tanks by media citations, noting that from 2006 to 2007 the number of citations declined 17%.<ref>FAIR. [http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3322 The Incredible Shrinking Think Tank].</ref> The FAIR report reveals the ideological breakdown of the citations: 37% conservative, 47% centrist, and 16% liberal. Their data show that the most-cited think tank was the [[Brookings Institution]], followed by the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], the [[American Enterprise Institute]], the [[Heritage Foundation]], and the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]].
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Similar to the above quasi-governmental organizations are [[Federal Advisory Committee Act|Federal Advisory Committees]]. These groups, sometimes referred to as commissions, are a form of think tank dedicated to advising the US Presidents or the Executive branch of government. They typically focus on a specific issue and as such, might be considered similar to special interest groups. However, unlike special interest groups these committees have come under some oversight regulation and are required to make formal records available to the public. Approximately 1,000 these advisory committees are described in the FACA [http://fido.gov/facadatabase/search.asp searchable database].
 
=== Trung Quốc ===
In the [[People's Republic of China]] a number of think tanks are sponsored by governmental agencies but still retain sufficient non-official status to be able to propose and debate ideas more freely. Indeed, most of the actual [[diplomacy]] between [[China]] and the [[United States]] has taken the form of academic exchanges between members of think tanks. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
 
=== Nhật Bản ===
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== Tham khảo ==
* [[Collective intelligence]]
* [[Futurists]]
* [[List of think tanks]]
* [[Overton window]]
* [[Mind map]]
* [[Freemind]]
* [[Opencourseware]]
* [[TED (conference)]]
 
== Đọc thêm ==
* Abelson, Donald E. ''Do Think Tanks Matter? Assessing the Impact of Public Policy Institutes.'' Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.
* Boucher, Stephen, et al., ''Europe and its think tanks; a promise to be fulfilled. An analysis of think tanks specialised in European policy issues in the enlarged European Union'', Studies and Research No 35, October, Paris, Notre Europe, 2004 [http://www.notre-europe.eu/uploads/tx_publication/Etud35-en.pdf]
* Cockett, Richard, ''Thinking the unthinkable: think tanks and the economic counter revolution; 1931 - 1983'', London: Fontana, 1995
* Dickson, Paul. "Think Tanks". New York: Ballantine Books, 1972. 397 pages.
* Goodman, John C. "What is a Think Tank?" National Center for Policy Analysis, 2005.[http://www.ncpa.org/pub/special/20051220-sp.html]
* Fan, Maureen. "Capital Brain Trust Puts Stamp on the World", ''Washington Post'' (16 May 2005): B01.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/15/AR2005051501035.html]
* [[Patrick Dixon]]. ''[[Futurewise]] - Six Faces of Global Change'' - issues covered by Think Tanks and methodology for reviewing trends, impact on policy [[2003]]): Profile Books
* Hellebust, Lynn and Kristen Hellebust, editors. ''[[Think Tank Directory]]: A Guide to Independent Nonprofit Public Policy Research Organizations.'' Topeka, Kansas: Government Research Service, 2006 (2nd edition).
* [[George Lakoff|Lakoff, George]]. ''[[Moral Politics]]: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don't.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
* Ladi, Stella. ''Globalisation, Policy Transfer And Policy Research Institutes'', Edward Elgar, 2005.
* Mendizabal, Enrique and Kristen Sample (2009) "[http://www.idea.int/publications/thinking_politics/index.cfm?renderforprint=1 Dime a quien escuchas... Think Tanks y Partidos Politicos en America Latina]", ODI/IDEA: Lima
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* Stone, Diane. ''Capturing the Political Imagination: Think Tanks and the Policy Process'', London: Frank Cass, 1996
* Stone, Diane. 'Garbage Cans, Recycling Bins or Think Tanks? Three Myths about Policy Institutes', ''Public Administration'', 85(2) 2007: 259-278
* Stone, Diane, and Andrew Denham, eds. ''Think Tank Traditions: Policy Research and the Politics of Ideas.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
* Struyk, Raymond J. ''Managing Think Tanks: Practical Guidance for Maturing Organizations'', Budapest, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative Washington DC., Urban Institute 2002
* UNDP – United Nations Development Program. ''Thinking the Unthinkable'', Bratislava, UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2003
 
== Liên kết ngoài ==
* [http://tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn/2010-10-19-xay-dung-luc-luong-think-tanks-de-phat-trien/ Xây dựng lực lượng think tanks để phát triển]
* [http://tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn/vn-co-quy-trinh-lam-chinh-sach-co-mot-khong-hai/ Việt Nam có qui trình làm chính sách có một không hai]
* [http://tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn/2010-10-21-gioi-lam-chinh-sach-viet-quen-chien-luoc-lo-du-an/ Giới làm chính sách Việt quên chiến lược, lo dự án]
* [http://www.fetp.edu.vn/inthenews/vietnamnet_23nov06_1.htm/ Để Việt Nam bay lên - Góc nhìn từ một chuyên gia quốc tế]
* {{en}}[http://marketplace.publicradio.org/features/under_the_influence/ The Economist Magazine and NPR's Marketplace report: "Under the Influence: Think Tanks and The Money That Fuels Them"]
* {{en}}[http://fpri.org/research/thinktanks/ Foreign Policy Research Institute, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program] directory of over 5000 think tanks and research on the role and impact of think tanks.
* {{en}}[http://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript1209.html PBS: ''Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg'': "Thinking About Think Tanks"] - interview with Christopher DeMuth, President of AEI, October 13, 2005
 
=Chú thích==
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