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==Tại Trung Hoa Dân quốc==
[[File:Communist purge.jpg|thumb|280px|[[KMT]] troops rounding up Communist prisoners]]
The [[Shanghai massacre]] of 12 April 1927 was a violent suppression of [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) organizations in [[Shanghai]] by the military forces of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s conservative faction in the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT). Following the incident, the latter carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control and even more violent suppressions occurred in cities such as [[Guangzhou]] and [[Changsha]].<ref>Wilbur, Nationalist Revolution 114</ref> The purge led to an open split between the left- and right-wings of the KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing at [[Nanjing]] in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government led by [[Wang Jingwei]] in [[Wuhan]].
Before dawn on 12 April, gang members began to attack district offices controlled by the union workers, including [[Zhabei]], [[Nanshi District, Shanghai|Nanshi]] and [[Pudong]]. Under an emergency decree, Chiang ordered the 26th Army to disarm the workers' militias, which resulted in more than 300 people being killed and wounded. The union workers organized a [[mass meeting]] to denounce Chiang on 13 April and thousands of workers and students went to the headquarters of the 2nd Division of the 26th Army to protest. Soldiers opened fire, killing 100 and wounding many more. Chiang dissolved the provisional government of Shanghai, labor unions and all other organizations under Communist control and he reorganized a network of unions with allegiance to the Kuomintang under the control of Du Yuesheng. Over 1,000 communists were arrested, some 300 were executed and more than 5,000 went missing. Western news reports later nicknamed General Bai "The Hewer of Communist Heads".<ref>{{cite news |title=CHINA: Nationalist Notes|newspaper=TIME|date=25 June 1928|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786420,00.html|accessdate=11 April 2011}}</ref>
Some [[National Revolutionary Army]] commanders with communist backgrounds who were graduates of the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] kept their sympathies hidden and were not arrested and many of them switched their allegiance to the communists after the start of the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Jung Chang and Jon Halliday | title = Mao, The Unknown Story | publisher = Random House | year = 2005 | location = New York | url = | isbn = 0-224-07126-2}} (this book is controversial for its anti-Mao tone and references).</ref>
The twin rival KMT governments, known as the [[Nanjing–Wuhan split]] (Chinese: 宁汉分裂), did not last long because the [[Wuhan government|Wuhan Kuomintang]] also began to violently purge Communists as well after its leader Wang found out about [[Joseph Stalin]]'s secret order to [[Mikhail Borodin]] that the CPC's efforts were to be organized so it could overthrow the left-wing KMT and take over the Wuhan government. More than 10,000 communists in [[Guangzhou|Canton]], [[Xiamen]], [[Fuzhou]], [[Ningbo]], [[Nanjing]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Changsha]] were arrested and executed within 20 days. The Soviet Union officially terminated its cooperation with the KMT and Wang, fearing retribution as a communist sympathizer, fled to [[Europe]]. The Wuhan Nationalist government soon disintegrated, leaving Chiang as the sole legitimate leader of the Kuomintang. In a year, over 300,000 people were killed across China in the suppression campaigns carried out by the KMT.<ref name="Barnouin38">Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life.'' Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. {{ISBN|962-996-280-2}}. Retrieved at [https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=zhou+enlai&hl=en&ei=wBkuTdKyB4H_8AaJucigAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Google Books] on 12 March 2011. p.38</ref>
===Chính biến 228===
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