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{{Infobox musical artist
|
| image = Madonna by David Shankbone.jpg
| caption = Madonna at the premiere of ''[[I Am Because We Are]]'' in 2008
| alt = Upper body of a middle-aged blond woman. Her hair is parted in the middle and falls in waves to her shoulder. She is wearing a loose dress with black and brown prints on it. A locket is hung around her neck, coming up to her breasts. She is looking to the right and smiling.
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Madonna Louise Ciccone
| alias = Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone (Catholic [[Confirmation name]]), Esther ([[Kabbalah]] name)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1958|8|16}}<br />[[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], Michigan, U.S.
| origin = [[New York City|New York]], New York, U.S.
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[Electronic dance music|dance]]
| instrument = Vocals, guitar, percussion, drums
| occupation = Singer-songwriter, record producer, dancer, actress, film producer, film director, fashion designer, author, entrepreneur, philanthropist
| years_active = 1979–present
| label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]], [[Live Nation]], [[Maverick Records|Maverick]], [[Sire Records|Sire]], [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
| associated_acts = [[Breakfast Club (band)|Breakfast Club]]
| website = {{URL|www.madonna.com}}
}}
'''Madonna''' (born '''Madonna Louise Ciccone''' ({{IPA-it|tʃik̚ˈkoːne}} {{respell|chee-CO-nay}}); August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. Born in [[Bay City, Michigan]], she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups [[Breakfast Club (band)|Breakfast Club]] and Emmy, she released her debut album in 1983. She followed it with a series of albums that attained immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Throughout her career, many of her songs have hit number one on the record charts, including "[[Like a Virgin (song)|Like a Virgin]]", "[[Papa Don't Preach]]", "[[Like a Prayer (song)|Like a Prayer]]", "[[Vogue (Madonna song)|Vogue]]", "[[Frozen (song)|Frozen]]", "[[Music (Madonna song)|Music]]", "[[Hung Up]]", and "[[4 Minutes (Madonna song)|4 Minutes]]". Critics have praised Madonna for her diverse musical productions while at the same time serving as a lightning rod for religious controversy.
Her career was further enhanced by film appearances that began in 1985, despite mixed commentary. She received critical acclaim and a [[Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] for her role in ''[[Evita (film)|Evita]]'' (1996), but has received harsh feedback for other film roles. Madonna's other ventures include being a fashion designer, children's book author, film director and producer. Madonna has been acclaimed as a businesswoman. In 1992, she founded entertainment company [[Maverick (entertainment company)|Maverick]] as a joint venture with [[Time Warner]]. In 2007, she signed an unprecedented US $120 million contract with [[Live Nation]].
Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide and is recognized as the [[List of best-selling music artists|world's top-selling female recording artist of all time]] by the ''[[Guinness World Records]]''. According to the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second [[List of best-selling music artists in the United States|top-selling female artist in the United States]], behind [[Barbra Streisand]], with 64 million [[RIAA certification|certified]] albums. In 2008, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine ranked Madonna at number two, behind only [[The Beatles]], on the [[Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts|''Billboard'' Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists]], making her the most successful solo artist in the history of the Billboard chart. She was also inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in the same year. Considered to be one of the "25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' for being an influential figure in contemporary music, Madonna is known for continuously reinventing both her music and image, and for retaining a standard of autonomy within the recording industry.
==Life and career==
===1958–81: Early life and career beginnings===
Madonna was born in [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], Michigan, on August 16, 1958. Her father, Silvio Anthony Ciccone, is a first-generation [[Italian American]] (with roots in [[Pacentro]], Italy), while her mother, Madonna Louise (née Fortin), was of [[French Canadian]] descent.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=10}}</ref> Her father later worked as a design engineer for [[Chrysler]] and [[General Motors]]. Madonna was nicknamed "Little Nonni" to distinguish her from her mother.<ref name="nowmadonna">{{cite news|first=Denise|last=Worrell|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957025,00.html |title=Now: Madonna on Madonna|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1985-05-27|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref><ref name="thechild">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1400097/The-child-who-became-a-star.html|title=The Child Who Became a Star: Madonna Timeline|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2006-07-26|accessdate=2008-06-09| location=London}}</ref> The third of six children from the same two parents, her full-blood siblings are: Martin, Anthony, Paula, [[Christopher Ciccone|Christopher]], and Melanie.<ref name="foxbio">{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,193740,00.html?sPage=fnc.entertainment/madonna |title=Madonna Biography, Discography, Filmography|publisher=[[Fox News Channel]]|accessdate=2008-06-05|date=2008-01-03}}</ref> Madonna was raised [[Roman Catholic]]. Upon receiving confirmation, she adopted [[Saint Veronica|Veronica]] as an additional [[Confirmation#Confirmation_name|confirmation name]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guilbert|2002|p=92}}</ref> She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of [[Pontiac, Michigan|Pontiac]] and Avon Township (now part of [[Rochester Hills, Michigan|Rochester Hills]]).
Her mother died of [[breast cancer]] at the age of 30 in 1963.<ref name="foxbio"/> Months before her mother's death, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality from the attentive homemaker she was, although she did not understand the reason.<ref name="mom"/> Mrs. Ciccone, at a loss to explain her dire medical condition, would often begin to cry when questioned by Madonna, at which point Madonna would respond by wrapping her arms around her mother tenderly. "I remember feeling stronger than she was," Madonna recalled, "I was so little and yet I felt like she was the child."<ref name="mom"/> Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying. "There was so much left unsaid, so many untangled and unresolved emotions, of remorse, guilt, loss, anger, confusion. [...] I saw my mother, looking very beautiful and lying as if she were asleep in an open casket. Then I noticed that my mother's mouth looked funny. It took me some time to realize that it had been sewn up. In that awful moment, I began to understand what I had lost forever. The final image of my mother, at once peaceful yet grotesque, haunts me today also."<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=47}}</ref>
Madonna eventually learned to take care of herself and her siblings, and she turned to her grandmother<!-- paternal or maternal? --> in the hope of finding some solace and some form of her mother in her. The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and invariably rebelled against anyone brought into their home ostensibly to take the place of their beloved mother.<ref name="mom"/> In an interview with ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', Madonna commented that she saw herself in her youth as a "lonely girl who was searching for something. I wasn't rebellious in a certain way. I cared about being good at something. I didn't shave my underarms and I didn't wear make-up like normal girls do. But I studied and I got good grades.... I wanted to be somebody."<ref name="mom"/> Terrified that her father could be taken from her as well, Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him.<ref name="mom"/> Her father married the family's housekeeper Joan Gustafson,<!-- when? are they still married? --> and they had two children: Jennifer and Mario Ciccone.<ref name="peoplebio">{{cite news|title=Madonna Biography: Part 1| work = [[People (magazine)|People]]|url=http://www.people.com/people/madonna/biography|accessdate =2008-05-28|date=2003-09-02}}</ref> At this point, Madonna began to express unresolved feelings of anger towards her father that lasted for decades, and developed a rebellious attitude.<ref name="mom"/> She attended St. Frederick's and St. Andrew's Catholic Elementary Schools, and then West Middle School. She was known for her high [[Grade (education)|grade point average]], and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior: she would perform cartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes, dangle by her knees from the [[jungle gym|monkey bars]] during recess, and pull up her skirt during class—all so that the boys could see her underwear.<ref name="tarabio">{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=23}}</ref>
[[File:AdamsFront.JPG|thumb|[[Rochester Adams High School]], where Madonna studied]]
Madonna later attended [[Rochester Adams High School]], and was a straight-A student and a member of the cheerleading squad.<ref name="foxbio"/> After graduating, she received a dance scholarship to the [[University of Michigan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Tilden |first=Imogen |title =Madonna <nowiki>| News</nowiki>|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2001-07-04|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2001/jul/04/netnotes.imogentilden|accessdate=2008-05-29| location=London}}</ref> She convinced her father to allow her to take ballet lessons<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=12}}</ref> and was persuaded by Christopher Flynn, her ballet teacher, to pursue a career in dance.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|pp=26–29}}</ref> At the end of 1977 she dropped out of college and relocated to New York City.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode| title = A Star with Staying Power| url=http://edition.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/madonna/profile.html|airdate =Saturday 11 a.m. and Sunday 7 p.m|series= People in the News| network= [[CNN]]|credits =Hosted by Paula Zahn}}</ref> She had little money and worked as a waitress at [[Dunkin' Donuts]] and with [[modern dance]] troupes.<ref>{{cite episode|title = Madonna: Queen of Pop|series= Biography| network = [[History (TV channel)|The History Channel]]|minutes=5|credits=Hosted by Jim Wallasky}}</ref> Madonna said of her move to New York, "It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I'd ever done."<ref>{{harvnb|Rettenmund|1995|p=45}}</ref> She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. During a late night, Madonna was returning from a rehearsal, when she was dragged up an alleyway by a pair of men and forced to perform [[fellatio]] at knifepoint. Madonna had later commented that "the episode was a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it."<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2007|p=56}}</ref> While performing as a dancer for the French disco artist [[Patrick Hernandez]] on his 1979 world tour,<ref name="tarabio"/> Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. They formed her first rock band, the [[Breakfast Club (band)|Breakfast Club]],<ref name="peoplebio"/><ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=23}}</ref> for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend [[Stephen Bray]] as drummer, formed the band Emmy. Their music impressed DJ and record producer [[Mark Kamins]] who arranged a meeting between Madonna and [[Sire Records]] founder [[Seymour Stein]].<ref name=tara1>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=43}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Biography">{{cite web|title=Biography – Madonna |work=[[Rolling Stone]]|year=2004|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/madonna/biography|accessdate=2008-04-29|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|first=Caryn|last=Ganz}}</ref>
===1982–85: ''Madonna'', ''Like a Virgin'' and marriage to Sean Penn===
Madonna signed a [[single (music)|singles]] deal with Sire, a label belonging to [[Warner Bros. Records]].<ref>{{cite news|title =Madonna, Beastie Boys Nominated For Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame |publisher=MTV|date=2007-09-23|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1570747/20070927/beastie_boys.jhtml|accessdate=2008-05-29|last=Orzeck|first=Kurt}}</ref> Her debut single, "[[Everybody (Madonna song)|Everybody]]", was released on October 6, 1982, and became a dance hit.<ref name="NYT - $60 million">{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Holden |authorlink=Stephen Holden|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/20/arts/madonna-makes-a-60-million-deal.html |work=[[The New York Times]]| title=Madonna Makes a $60 Million Deal| accessdate=2008-05-27|date=1992-04-20}}</ref> She started developing her debut album ''[[Madonna (album)|Madonna]]'', which was primarily produced by [[Reggie Lucas]], a Warner Bros. producer. However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help. Madonna moved in with boyfriend [[John Benitez|John "Jellybean" Benitez]], asking his help for finishing the album's production. Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced "[[Holiday (Madonna song)|Holiday]]", which was her third single. The overall sound of ''Madonna'' is dissonant, and is in the form of upbeat synthetic disco, utilizing some of the new technology of the time, like the usage of [[LinnDrum|Linn drum machine]], [[Moog Taurus|Moog bass]] and the [[synthesizer|OB-X synthesizer]].<ref name=tara1/><ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=11}}</ref> The album peaked at number eight on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], and yielded the hit singles "Holiday", "[[Borderline (song)|Borderline]]" and "[[Lucky Star (song)|Lucky Star]]".<ref name="bbalbums">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=madonna-p64565/charts-awards/billboard-albums|pure_url=yes}}|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=2010-02-24|title=Madonna – Charts & Awards – Billboard Albums}}</ref><ref name="bbsingles">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=madonna-p64565/charts-awards/billboard-singles|pure_url=yes}}|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=2010-02-24|title = Madonna – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=220px|align=left|quote="I was surprised by how people reacted to "Like a Virgin" because when I did that song, to me, I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way—brand-new and fresh—and everyone interpreted it as 'I don't want to be a virgin anymore. Fuck my brains out!' That's not what I sang at all. 'Like a Virgin' was always absolutely ambiguous."|source=—Madonna on the backlash for "Like a Virgin"<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=56}}</ref>
}}
Gradually, Madonna's look and manner of dressing, her performances and her music videos started influencing young girls and women. Her style became a female fashion trend of the 1980s. It was created by stylist and jewelry designer [[Maripol]] and the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over [[capri pants]], [[fishnet|fishnet stockings]], jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair.<ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=20}}</ref> She achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album: ''[[Like a Virgin]]'' in 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="bbalbums"/><ref>{{harvnb|Rettenmund|1995|p=67}}</ref> The title track, "[[Like a Virgin (song)|Like a Virgin]]", topped the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart for six consecutive weeks.<ref name="bbsingles"/> It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values,<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=31}}</ref> and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=18}}</ref> Madonna further came under fire when she performed the song at the first [[1984 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Awards]] where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and bridal veil, adorned with her characteristic "Boy Toy" belt buckle. The performance is noted by scholars and by MTV as an iconic performance in MTV history.<ref name="Vena">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618580/20090812/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Can Lady Gaga Top These Iconic MTV VMA Performances?|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=2009-08-12|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-01-12}}</ref> In later years, Madonna commented that she was actually terrified of the performance. She recalled, "I remember my manager Freddy shouting to me, 'Oh my God! What were you doing? You were wearing a wedding dress. Oh my God! You were rolling around on the floor!' It was the bravest, most blatant sexual thing I had ever done on television."<ref name="Vena"/><ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=89}}</ref> ''Like a Virgin'' was certified [[RIAA certification|diamond]] by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 21 million copies worldwide.<ref name="diamond">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblDiamond |title=Diamond Awards – Certified Albums – RIAA |publisher=Recording Industry Association of America|accessdate=2010-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/people/contrasting-fortunes-as-madonna-and-jacko-turn-50-20090403-9ruh.html|title=Contrasting fortunes as Madonna and Jacko turn 50|date=2008-08-15|work=[[The Age]]|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]|accessdate=2009-08-24|location=Melbourne}}</ref> The [[National Association of Recording Merchandisers]] and [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] listed the album as one of the "Definitive 200 Albums of All Time" in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.besteveralbums.com/yearstats.php?y=198| title=Definitive 200 of All-time|accessdate=2010-04-19|publisher=[[National Association of Recording Merchandisers]]}}</ref>
[[File:Sean Penn Cannes.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=|Madonna married actor [[Sean Penn]] (''above'') on her birthday in 1985.]]
Madonna entered mainstream films in 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in ''[[Vision Quest]]'', a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained her U.S. number one single, "[[Crazy for You (song)|Crazy for You]]".<ref name="ach">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/madonna/chart-history/50294|title=Artist Chart History – Madonna|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> She also appeared in the comedy ''[[Desperately Seeking Susan]]'' (1985), a film which introduced the song "[[Into the Groove]]", her first number one single in the United Kingdom.<ref name = BBC>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4753366.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-02-26|title=Madonna Scores 12th Chart Topper in the UK|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> Although not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became seen (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle.<ref name="AmericanF">{{cite journal|journal=[[Film Journal International]]|publisher=[[Arthur M. Sackler|Arthur M. Sackler Foundation]], [[University of Michigan]]|author=American Film Institute|page=20|volume=10|year=1984|issn=1536-3155|title=Desperately Seeking Madonna|ref=harv}}</ref> The film received a nomination for a [[César Award for Best Foreign Film]] and ''The New York Times'' film critic [[Vincent Canby]] named it one of the ten best films of 1985.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ebert|first= Roger|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=answerman|title=Movie Answer Man|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|authorlink=Roger Ebert|date= 2007-08-16|accessdate=2009-08-02}}</ref> While filming the music video for the second single from ''Like a Virgin''—"[[Material Girl]]"—Madonna started dating actor [[Sean Penn]] and married him on her birthday in 1985.<ref name=secretlife>{{cite news|last = Greig|first = Geordie|authorlink = Geordie Greig|title=Geordie Greig Meets Madonna: Secret Life of a Contented Wife
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article586950.ece|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=2005-11-06|accessdate=2008-06-09|location=London}}</ref>
Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, [[The Virgin Tour]], with the [[Beastie Boys]] as her opening act.<ref>{{harvnb|Warren|George|Bashe|Pareles|2001|pp=23–25}}</ref> Madonna commented: "That whole tour was crazy, because I went from playing [[CBGB]] and the [[Mudd Club]] to playing sporting arenas. I played a small theater in Seattle, and the girls had flap skirts on and the tights cut off below their knees and lace gloves and rosaries and bows in their hair and big hoop earrings. [...] After Seattle, all of the shows were moved to arenas."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scaggs|first=Austin|date=2009-10-29|title=Madonna Looks Back: The Rolling Stone Interview|journal=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|location=San Francisco|issue=1090|page=51|issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> In July, ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' and ''[[Playboy]]'' magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session.<ref name="Morton134-135">{{harvnb|Morton|2002|pp=134–135}}</ref> The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained defiant and unapologetic. The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000.<ref name="Morton134-135"/> She referred to the whole experience at the 1985 outdoor [[Live Aid]] charity concert saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lycos.com/info/madonna.html?page=2|title=Madonna Years|work=[[Lycos]]|accessdate=2008-06-10|publisher=[[Daum Communications]]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=67}}</ref>
===1986–91: ''True Blue'', ''Like a Prayer'' and the Blond Ambition Tour===
[[File:Madonna 1990 cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=The image of a young blond woman. She is wearing a black coat. Her hair is short, straight and parted from the left to the right. She has bright red lips and appears to be speaking to someone on her left while looking down.|Madonna during the [[Blond Ambition World Tour]]]]
In June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album, ''[[True Blue (Madonna album)|True Blue]]'', which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn.<ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=77}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine was generally impressed with the effort, writing that the album "sound[s] as if it comes from the heart".<ref>{{cite web|title=Madonna: True Blue: Review|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner |last=Sigerson|first=David|date=1986-07-07|accessdate=2008-05-28|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/7076/36379}}</ref> It spawned three number one singles on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100: "[[Live to Tell]]", "[[Papa Don't Preach]]" and "[[Open Your Heart (Madonna song)|Open Your Heart]]", and two more top-five singles: "[[True Blue (Madonna song)|True Blue]]" and "[[La Isla Bonita]]".<ref name="bbsingles"/><ref name="ach"/> The album topped the charts in over 28 countries worldwide, an unprecedented achievement at the time.<ref>{{harvnb|Bohem|1990|p=78}}</ref> She also starred in the critically panned film ''[[Shanghai Surprise]]'', and made her theatrical debut in a production of [[David Rabe]]'s ''Goose and Tom-Tom'', both co-starring Penn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribute.ca/people/madonna-/4085/|title=Madonna Biography|publisher=[[Tribune Entertainment]] Media Group|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> The next year, Madonna's second feature film ''[[Who's That Girl (1987 film)|Who's That Girl]]'' was released. She contributed four songs to its soundtrack, including the [[Who's That Girl (Madonna song)|title track]] and "[[Causing a Commotion]]".<ref name="bbsingles"/> In June 1987, she embarked on the [[Who's That Girl World Tour]] which continued until September. Regarding the tour, Madonna commented "I realised that I could go from being unmoulded clay, and over time and with the help of people, I could turn myself into something else. This tour is the reflection of that belief and it's as if saying to me 'Who are you girl?' Hence the name, its the new me."<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=29}}</ref><ref name="showstealer"/> Later that year, she released a remix album of past hits, entitled ''[[You Can Dance]]'', which reached 14 on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r12207|pure_url=yes}}|title=Madonna <nowiki>|</nowiki> You Can Dance |date=1987-12-02|accessdate=2010-05-18|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation}}</ref> Madonna and Penn filed for divorce in December 1987, citing irreconcilable differences, with Madonna's lawyer pointing to Penn's drinking problem and his abusive nature. The divorce was finalized in January 1989.<ref name="womenworld">{{harvnb|Horton|Simmons|2007|pp=196–198}}</ref> Of her marriage to Penn, Madonna later said, "I was completely obsessed with my career and not ready to be generous in any shape or form."<ref name=secretlife/>
{{Quote box|width=220px|align=right|quote="In ''Like a Prayer'' I've been dealing with more specific issues that mean a lot to me. They're about an assimilation of experiences I've had in my life and in relationships. They're about my mother, my father and my bonds with my family about the pain of dying, or growing up and letting go. [The album] was a real coming-of-age record for me emotionally. [...] I had to do a lot of soul-searching and I think it is a reflection of that."|source=—Madonna talking about the inspiration behind ''Like a Prayer''.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=89}}</ref><ref name="bookalbum">{{harvnb|Bronson|2002|p=329}}</ref>
}}
In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft drink manufacturer [[Pepsi]]. In one of her Pepsi commercials, she debuted her song "[[Like a Prayer (song)|Like a Prayer]]". The corresponding music video featured many Catholic [[Christian symbolism|symbols]] such as [[stigmata]] and burning crosses, and a dream about making love to a saint, leading the [[Holy See|Vatican]] to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract. However, she was allowed to retain her fee of five million dollars.<ref name = "foxbio"/> The song was included on Madonna's fourth studio album, ''[[Like a Prayer]]'', which was co-written and co-produced by [[Patrick Leonard]] and [[Stephen Bray]].<ref>{{cite video|date=1989|title=[[Like a Prayer]]|medium=Audio CD|accessdate=2007-12-16|people=Madonna|publisher=Sire Records}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' hailed it as "...as close to art as pop music gets".<ref name="laprsreview">{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/7480/37150|title=Madonna: Like A Prayer: Review|accessdate =2007-01-21|last=Considine|first=J.D.|authorlink=J.D. Considine|date=1989-04-06|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner}}</ref> ''Like a Prayer'' peaked at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 and sold 13 million copies worldwide, with 4 million copies sold in the U.S. alone.<ref name="bbalbums"/><ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=146}}</ref> Six singles were released from the album, including "Like a Prayer", which reached number-one, and "[[Express Yourself (Madonna song)|Express Yourself]]" and "[[Cherish (Madonna song)|Cherish]]", both peaking at number two.<ref name="bbsingles"/><ref name="ach"/> By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the "Artist of the Decade" by media such as MTV, ''Billboard'' and ''[[Musician (magazine)|Musician]]'' magazine.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=217}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Michael, Madonna Top 'Billboard' Poll|author=Press release|work=[[Dayton Daily News]]|publisher=[[Cox Enterprises]]|date=1990-05-25|issn=0897-0920|page=23|ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bego|2000|p=232}}</ref>
Madonna starred as "Breathless" Mahoney in the film [[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|''Dick Tracy'']] (1990), with [[Warren Beatty]] playing the title role.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=98}}</ref> To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album ''[[I'm Breathless]]'', which included songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It also featured the U.S. number one hit, "[[Vogue (Madonna song)|Vogue]]",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/poll-vogue-is-fave-madonna-chart-topper-876281.story |title=Poll: 'Vogue' Is Fave Madonna Chart-Topper|work=Billboard |date=2000-09-15|last=Herrera|first=Monica|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> and "[[Sooner or Later (Madonna song)|Sooner or Later]]", which earned songwriter [[Stephen Sondheim]] an [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 1991.<ref>{{harvnb|Pitts|2004|p=40}}</ref> While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty which dissolved by the end of 1990.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20118117,00.html |title=He Still Leaves 'Em Breathless |first=Elizabeth |last=Sporkin |date=1990-07-02|work=People|accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ciccone|first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Ciccone|title=Warren Beatty, Sean Penn ... and My Sister Madonna's Great Daddy Chair Dilemma |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1036516/Warren-Beatty-Sean-Penn---sister-Madonnas-great-Daddy-Chair-dilemma.html|date=2008-07-19|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=2009-05-23 | location=London}}</ref> In April 1990 she began her [[Blond Ambition World Tour]], which continued for nearly four months. Regarding the tour, Madonna commented "I know that I'm not the best singer and I know that I'm not the best dancer. But, I can fucking push people's buttons and be as provocative as I want. The tour's goal is to break useless taboos."<ref name="guily1">{{harvnb|Guilbert|2002|p=140}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' called it an "elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza" and proclaimed it "the best tour of 1990".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crucifixes, Leather and Hits|date=2006-06-01|last=Walters|first=Barry|work= Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|issn=0035-791X|volume=1067|issue=56|ref=harv}}</ref> The tour was met with strong reaction from religious groups for her performance of "Like a Virgin", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation.<ref name="showstealer">{{cite news|first=Neil |last=Smith|date=2004-05-24 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3704915.stm |publisher=BBC|title=Show Stealer Madonna on Tour |accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref> The Pope asked the general public and the Christian community not to attend the concert.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5006008.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-05-23|last=Grunt|first=Gary|title=Madonna's giant cross offensive|accessdate=2006-05-28}}</ref> A private association of Catholics calling themselves ''Famiglia Domani'' also boycotted the tour for its eroticism.<ref>{{harvnb|Sexton|1993|p=88}}</ref> In response, Madonna said, "I am Italian American and proud of it. [...] The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others"; she declared that the Church "completely frowns on sex ... except for procreation."<ref name="carrie">{{cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Carrie|authorlink=Carrie Fisher|work=Rolling Stone|date=August 1991|title=True Confessions: The Rolling Stone Interview With Madonna |issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> [[Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour 90|The Laserdisc release]] of the tour won Madonna a [[Grammy Award]] in 1992 for [[Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video|Best Long Form Music Video]].<ref name="grammy"/>
''[[The Immaculate Collection]]'', Madonna's first greatest-hits [[compilation album]], was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, "[[Justify My Love]]" and "[[Rescue Me (Madonna song)|Rescue Me]]".<ref name="cross28">{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=128}}</ref> The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the [[list of best-selling albums worldwide|best-selling]] compilation album by a solo artist in history.<ref name="diamond"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Arthington|first=Mirra|date=2007-10-07|title=Warner finds solace in farewell CD|work=[[Music Week]]|location=London|volume=32|issue=9|issn=0265-1548|pages=21|ref=harv}}</ref> "Justify My Love" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide.<ref name="ach"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Madonna&titel=Justify+My+Love&cat=s|title=Madonna – Justify My Love – Worldwide peaks|accessdate=2010-05-28|work=[[Ultratop 50]]|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> Its music video featured scenes of [[sadomasochism]], [[bondage (sexual)|bondage]], same-sex kissing and brief nudity.<ref name = rebel/><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web| last= Lippens| first = Nate| url=http://entertainment.msn.com/green/madonna10things/|work= [[MSN]]|title=Making Madonna: 10 Moments That Created an Icon|publisher= [[MSN Music]]|year= 2007|accessdate=2008-01-04}}</ref> The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network. Madonna responded to the banning: "Why is it that people are willing to go and watch a movie about someone getting blown to bits for no reason at all, and nobody wants to see two girls kissing and two men snuggling? [...] MTV has been good to me, and they know their audience. If it's too strong for them, I understand. Although, half of me thought I was going to get away with it."<ref name = rebel>{{cite news |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,285759,00.html|title=Madonna Banned|publisher= [[Time Inc.]]|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=2008-05-27|last=Rich|first=Joshua|date=1998-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bronson|2002|p=775}}</ref> The second single, "Rescue Me", became the highest-debuting single by a female artist in Hot 100 chart history at that time, entering at number 15 and peaking at number nine.<ref name = "cross28"/>
In December 1990, Madonna decided to leave [[Jennifer Lynch]]'s film ''[[Boxing Helena]]'', which she had previously agreed to star in, without any explanation to the producers.<ref>{{cite news|last= Birnbaum| first= Jane| title= Unarmed and Dangerous| url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310562,00.html| date= 1992-05-22| work= Entertainment Weekly| accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> From late 1990 to early 1991, Madonna dated [[Tony Ward (entertainer)|Tony Ward]], a model and pornography performer who appeared in her music videos for "Cherish" and "Justify My Love". She also had an eight-month relationship with rapper [[Vanilla Ice]].<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/madonnamen.htm |title=Crazy for Madonna's Men|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|work=[[USA Today]]|date=2000-12-19 |accessdate=2008-01-07| first=Staff Reporter}}</ref> Her first documentary film ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare|Truth or Dare]]'' (known as ''In Bed with Madonna'' outside North America) was released in mid-1991. The documentary chronicled her Blond Ambition World Tour and provided glimpses into her personal life.<ref name="Rolling Biography"/>
===1992–96: Maverick, ''Sex'', ''Erotica'', ''Bedtime Stories'' and ''Evita''===
[[File:EvaPerónVestidaLujosamente2.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A picture of a Evita, former first lady of Argentina. Her hair is drawn into a tight bun at the back. She is wearing a black, low-cut dress. Around her neck is a number of chains. The lady's hands are folded in her front and she has a white fur shawl around her.|Madonna's portrayal of [[Eva Perón]] (above) in the film'' [[Evita (film)|Evita]]'' garnered her critical acclaim.]]
In 1992, Madonna had a role in ''[[A League of Their Own]]'' as Mae Mordabito, a baseball player on an all-women's team. She recorded the film's theme song, "[[This Used to Be My Playground]]", which became a Hot 100 number one hit.<ref name="ach"/> The same year, she founded her own entertainment company, [[Maverick (entertainment company)|Maverick]], consisting of a record company ([[Maverick Records]]), a film production company ([[Maverick Films]]), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with [[Time Warner]] and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with [[Sony]].<ref name="NYT - $60 million"/> The first release from the venture was Madonna's book, entitled ''[[Sex (book)|Sex]]''. It consisted of sexually provocative and explicit images, photographed by [[Steven Meisel]]. The book caused strong negative reaction from the media and the general public, but sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=54}}</ref><ref name="SEX and Erotica">{{cite news |first= Gregory |last= Kirschling| url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,365681,00.html |work=Entertainment Weekly| title=The Naked Launch| accessdate=2008-05-27|date=2002-10-25}}</ref> At the same time she released her fifth studio album, ''[[Erotica (Madonna album)|Erotica]]'', which debuted at number two on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="bbalbums"/><ref name="SEX and Erotica"/> Its title track peaked at number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref name="ach"/> ''Erotica'' also produced five further singles: "[[Deeper and Deeper]]", "[[Bad Girl (Madonna song)|Bad Girl]]", "[[Fever (Little Willie John song)|Fever]]", "[[Rain (Madonna song)|Rain]]" and "[[Bye Bye Baby (Madonna song)|Bye Bye Baby]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madonna.com/discography/index/album/albumId/5/|title=Madonna.com > Discography > Erotica|work=Icon: The Official Madonna Website|publisher=Madonna.com|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref>
The provocative imagery that was her trademark continued in the 1990s with the erotic thriller ''[[Body of Evidence (1993 film)|Body of Evidence]]'', a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage. It was poorly received by critics.<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|pp=17–20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/body_of_evidence/|title=Body of Evidence|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> She also starred in the film ''[[Dangerous Game (1993 film)|Dangerous Game]]'', which was released straight to video in North America. ''The New York Times'' described the film as "angry and painful, and the pain feels real."<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Maslin|title=A Movie Within a Movie, With a Demure Madonna |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE5DF103AF93AA25752C1A965958260 |work=The New York Times |date=1993-11-19|accessdate=2008-06-10}}</ref> In October 1993, she embarked on [[The Girlie Show World Tour]], in which she dressed as a whip-cracking [[dominatrix]] surrounded by topless dancers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/editors-choice/tm_headline=25-years-of-madonna&method=full&objectid=18966107&siteid=66633-name_page.html|title=25 Years of Madonna|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|date=2007-04-26|first=Samantha|last=Booth|accessdate=2008-06-10|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]}}</ref> The show faced negative reaction, specifically in [[Puerto Rico]] where she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage.<ref name="showstealer"/> The same year, she appeared as a guest on the ''[[Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman|Late Show with David Letterman]]'', using profanity that was required to be censored on television and handing Letterman a pair of her underwear and asking him to smell it.<ref>{{harvnb|Tetzlaff|1993|p=143}}</ref> The releases of her sexually explicit films, albums and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. She faced strong negative publicity from critics and fans, who commented that "she had gone too far" and that her career was over.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|pp=232–235}}</ref>
According to biographer [[J. Randy Taraborrelli]], the ballad "[[I'll Remember]]" (1994), was an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for [[Alek Keshishian]]'s film ''[[With Honors (film)|With Honors]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=242}}</ref> She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'' after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity.<ref name="tara235"/> With her sixth studio album, ''[[Bedtime Stories (Madonna album)|Bedtime Stories]]'' (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to reconnect with the general public.<ref name="tara235">{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=235}}</ref> The album debuted at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200 and produced four singles, including "[[Secret (Madonna song)|Secret]]" and "[[Take a Bow (Madonna song)|Take a Bow]]", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks.<ref name="ach"/> At the same time, she became romantically involved with fitness trainer [[Carlos Leon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=221}}</ref> ''[[Something to Remember]]'', a collection of ballads, was released in May 1995. The album featured three new songs: "[[You'll See]]", "[[One More Chance (Madonna song)|One More Chance]]", and a cover of [[Marvin Gaye]]'s "[[I Want You (Marvin Gaye song)|I Want You]]".<ref name="ach"/><ref name="str">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r431248|pure_url=yes}}|title=Madonna <nowiki>|</nowiki> Something to Remember |last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine|date=1995-11-17|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation''|accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref> In later years, Madonna commented that she was very fond of the albums between ''Like a Prayer'' and ''Something to Remember'', "though I would agree that all of these albums were watershed moments for me".<ref>{{harvnb|Michael|2004|p=48}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=280px|align=left|quote="This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time. And it was the farthest I've ever had to push myself creatively. At every level, I had a great education. And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done."<!-- [...] What drew me to the role from the beginning was the story of this remarkable woman, where she came from, how she came up in the world, the incredible amount of influence she had over an entire country and the impact she had on the whole world—truth really is stranger than fiction." --> |source=—Madonna talking about ''Evita'' and her role as Eva Perón.<ref>{{harvnb|Michael|2004|p=67}}</ref>
}}
The following year saw the release of ''[[Evita (film)|Evita]]'' in which she played the title role of [[Eva Perón]].<ref name="msn">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,295501,00.html|title=Evita (1997)|work=Entertainment Weekly|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=1996-12-20|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref><ref name="evitany">{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B02E0D91E31F936A15751C1A960958260 |title=Madonna, Chic Pop Star, As Chic Political Leader|date=1996-12-06|work=The New York Times|last=Maslin|first=Janet|accessdate=2009-05-26}}</ref> For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Perón and even wrote to director [[Alan Parker]], explaining how she would be perfect for the part. After securing it, she underwent vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón. During shooting she fell sick many times, commenting that "The intensity of the scenes we have been shooting and the amount of emotional work and concentration needed to get through the day are so mentally and physically exhausting that I'm sure I will need to be institutionalized when its over." It was on the set of ''Evita'' Madonna found out that she was pregnant, which further complicated the shooting for her.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=276}}</ref> ''Evita'' was a period drama and almost 6,000 costumes were needed for the scenes. Madonna herself wore 370 different costumes, earning her a Guinness World Record for the most costume changes in a film.<ref name="evitany"/> After its release, the film garnered critical appreciation. Zach Conner from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine commented "It's a relief to say that ''Evita'' is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations. She plays Evita with a poignant weariness and has more than just a bit of star quality. Love or hate Madonna-Eva, she is a magnet for all eyes."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=285}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985711,00.html|title=Cinema: Madonna and Eva Peron: You Must Love Her|last=Corliss|first=Richard|date=1996-12-16|accessdate=2010-05-26|work=Time}}</ref> Madonna won a [[Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] for the role.<ref>{{cite news |first= Stephanie |last= Busari |title=Hey Madonna, Don't Give Up the Day Job!|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/18/madonna.movies/?iref=mpstoryview|publisher=CNN |date=2008-03-24|accessdate=2008-03-21}}</ref> She released three singles from the [[Evita (soundtrack)|''Evita'' soundtrack album]] including "[[You Must Love Me]]" (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1997) and "[[Don't Cry for Me Argentina#Madonna version|Don't Cry for Me Argentina]]".<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r248416|pure_url=yes}}|title=Madonna <nowiki>|</nowiki> Evita <nowiki>[Original Soundtrack]</nowiki> > Overview |last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=1997-09-23|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> On October 14, 1996, Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4829644.html|title=Girl for Madonna|last=Steward|first=Jason|date=1996-10-16|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref>
===1997–2002: ''Ray of Light'', ''Music'' and Drowned World Tour===
[[File:MadonnaDrownedWorld8 cropped.jpg|upright|thumb|Madonna performing on the [[Drowned World Tour]]|alt=A blond woman sitting on a block of hay. She is playing a guitar and singing in front of a standing microphone. She has short hair and wears grey colored cowboy clothes.]]
After Lourdes' birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and [[Kabbalah]]. She was introduced to the Jewish mysticism by actress [[Sandra Bernhard]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/kabbalah-is-madonna-losing-her-religion-407250.html|title=Kabbalah: is Madonna losing her religion?|last=Barnes|first=Anthony|date=2006-07-09|accessdate=2010-05-26|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref> Her seventh studio album, ''[[Ray of Light]]'', (1998) reflected this change in her perception and image.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=50}}</ref> She commented: "This record, more than any other records, covers all the areas of life. I had recently joined Kabbalah and I had left off partying—but I had just had a baby, so my mood was complete, and I was incredibly thoughtful, retrospective and intrigued by the mystical aspects of life."<ref>{{harvnb|Michael|2004|p=46}}</ref> The album garnered critical acclaim and [[Slant Magazine]] declared it as "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/oldurlredirect.php?type=music&ID=398|title=Madonna: Ray Of Light – Music Review|date=2003-03-09|accessdate=2009-07-17|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> ''Ray of Light'' was honored with four [[41st Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]], and listed as one of ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s "[[The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|500 Greatest Albums of All Time]]".<ref name="madonnasecret">{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/10/wb.madonna.album/index.html|title=Madonna's secret to making 'Music'|date=2000-11-10|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2008-02-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://archer2000.tripod.com/sbs/awardsrs500.html |work=Rolling Stone| publisher=Jann Wenner|title=The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time| accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> Topping the charts in Australia, Canada, UK and mainland Europe, the album debuted at number two on the ''Billboard'' 200—held off from the top spot by the soundtrack to the film ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''—and sold over 20 million copies worldwide.<ref name="bbalbums"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/150058.stm|title=Madonna: mad for fame at 40|last=Reporter|first=BBC|date=1998-08-15|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref> The album's first single, "[[Frozen (song)|Frozen]]", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number two single and set another record for Madonna as the artist with the [[List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones#Most number-two hits|most number two hits]].<ref name="ach"/><ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=167}}</ref> The song was banned in Belgium, however, adjudicated to be plagiarized from Belgian songwriter Salvatore Acquaviva's 1993 song "Ma Vie Fout L'camp".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4449580.stm|title=Madonna in plagiarism case defeat|publisher=BBC|date=2005-11-18|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref> The second single, "[[Ray of Light (song)|Ray of Light]]", debuted at number five on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref>{{cite news|first=Graham|last=Jones|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/ptech/10/25/xp.london.launch/|title=Gates 'opens' Windows XP in New York|publisher=CNN|date=2001-10-25|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> Madonna's relationship with Leon ended in December 1998; she declared that they were "better off as best friends."<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=134}}</ref> Following their break-up, Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film ''[[Music of the Heart]]'' but left the project, citing "creative differences" with director [[Wes Craven]].<ref name="CNNRev">{{cite news|last=Clinton|first=Paul|authorlink= Paul Clinton |title = Review: "Music of the Heart" Hits All the Right Notes|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Movies/9910/28/review.musicofheart/|date=1999-10-28|accessdate=2007-08-12|publisher=CNN}}</ref> She followed the success of ''Ray of Light'' with the single "[[Beautiful Stranger]]", recorded for the 1999 film ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]''. It reached number 19 on the Hot 100 solely on radio airplay and earned Madonna a Grammy Award for "[[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]]".<ref name="ach"/><ref name="grammy">{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Madonna&title=&year=All&genre=All|title=Grammy Award Winners – Madonna|publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=2008-05-27}}</ref>
In 2000, Madonna starred in the film ''[[The Next Best Thing]]'', and contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack: "Time Stood Still" and the international hit "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]", a cover version of [[Don McLean]]'s 1971 song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/americanpie.shtml|title=Top 100 47: American Pie|work=[[BBC Radio 2]]|last=Presenter|first=Radio 2|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> She released her eighth studio album, ''[[Music (Madonna album)|Music]]'', in September 2000. It featured elements from the [[electronic dance music|electronica]]-inspired ''Ray of Light'' era, and catered to her gay audience.<ref name="bronmusic"/> Collaborating with French producer [[Mirwais Ahmadzaï]], Madonna commented: "I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about—the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there. ''Music'' is the future of sound."<ref name="bronmusic">{{harvnb|Bronson|2002|p=989}}</ref> [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] from [[Allmusic]] felt that "''Music'' blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it's easily as self-aware and earnest as ''Ray of Light''.<ref>{{harvnb|Erlewine|Bogdanov|Woodstra|2002|p=245}}</ref> The album took the number one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days.<ref name="madonnasecret"/> In the U.S., ''Music'' debuted at the top, and became her first number one album in eleven years since ''Like a Prayer''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/after-11-year-absence-madonnas-back-876212.story|title=After 11 Year Absence, Madonna's Back At No. 1|date=2000-09-28|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number one "[[Music (Madonna song)|Music]]", "[[Don't Tell Me (Madonna song)|Don't Tell Me]]" and "[[What It Feels Like for a Girl]]".<ref name="ach"/> The music video of "What It Feels Like for a Girl" depicted Madonna committing murders and involved in car accidents, and was banned by MTV and [[VH1]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/internet/03/23/madonna.video.idg/|title=Controversial new Madonna video airs on the Web|publisher=CNN|date=2001-03-23|accessdate=2008-06-09|last=Lee|first=Hann C.}}</ref>
Around the same time of the ''Music'' album, Madonna became involved in a relationship with [[Guy Ritchie]], whom she had met in 1999 through mutual friends [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] and his wife, [[Trudie Styler]]. On August 11, 2000, she gave birth to their son, Rocco Ritchie.<ref>{{cite news|first=CNN Reporter|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/11/us.madonna/index.html|title=Madonna gives birth to boy|publisher=CNN|date=2000-08-11|accessdate=2006-05-05}}</ref> In December, Madonna and Ritchie were married in an exclusive ceremony in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/22/newsid_3290000/3290829.stm|title=Madonna Weds Her Guy|publisher=BBC|date=2000-12-22|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref>
Her fifth concert tour, entitled [[Drowned World Tour]], started in April 2001.<ref name="showstealer"/> The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2001-12-29|title=The Year in Touring|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York City|volume=113|issue=52|page=44|issn=0006-2510|ref=harv}}</ref> She also released her second greatest-hits collection, entitled ''[[GHV2]]'', to coincide with the [[Drowned World Tour 2001|home video release of the tour]]. ''GHV2'' debuted at number seven on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="allmusicghv2">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r559135|pure_url=yes}}|title=Madonna <nowiki>|</nowiki> GHV2 |last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2001-11-12|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=2009-05-26}}</ref> Madonna starred in the film ''[[Swept Away (2002 film)|Swept Away]]'', directed by Ritchie. Released [[direct-to-video]] in the UK, the film was a commercial and critical failure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2426783.stm |title=Madonna flop goes straight to video |publisher=BBC|date=2002-11-08|accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> Later that year, she released "[[Die Another Day (song)|Die Another Day]]", the title song of the [[James Bond (film series)|James Bond]] film ''[[Die Another Day]]'', in which she had a [[Cameo appearance|cameo role]]. The song reached number eight on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and was nominated both for a [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Original Song and a [[Golden Raspberry Award|Golden Raspberry]] for Worst Song.<ref name="ach"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-landing,0,3713019.htmlstory|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|title=Golden Raspberry Awards past winners database|accessdate=2008-06-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080613001734/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-landing,0,3713019.htmlstory <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = June 13, 2008}}</ref>
===2003–06: ''American Life'' and ''Confessions on a Dance Floor''===
[[File:Madonna Live 8 - 1.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=The front profile, from the waist up, of a middle-aged blond woman. She is wearing a white, sleeveless coat and white pants. Her hair is parted in the middle and is in locks around her face. She is holding a microphone in her right hand while her left hand is placed behind her head. She is smiling looking down. Behind her a video screen is red.| Madonna performing at the [[Live 8]] benefit concert]]
Following ''Die Another Day'', Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer [[Steven Klein]] in 2003 for an exhibition installation named ''[[Steven Klein|X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS]]''. It included photography from a photo shoot in ''[[W (magazine)|W]]'' magazine, and seven video segments. The installation ran from March to May in New York's [[Deitch Projects]] gallery. It then traveled the world in an edited form.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lieberman|first=Rhonda|title=Weighty Madonna: Rhonda Lieberman on "X-STaTIC PRo=CeSS"|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_9_41/ai_101779141|date=2003-05-09|publisher=[[BNET]]|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref> Madonna released her ninth studio album, ''[[American Life]]'', which was based on her observations of American society, and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/american-life| title=American Life by Madonna: Review |publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=2007-12-30}}</ref> She commented, "[''American Life''] was like a trip down memory lane, looking back at everything I've accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were important to me."<ref name="mtvamerican"/> Larry Flick from ''[[The Advocate]]'' felt that "''American Life'' is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent. [...] It is like the flip side to 2000's ''Music'', and turns out to be a lazy, half-arsed effort to sound and take her seriously."<ref name="mtvamerican">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/madonna/news_feature_042203/|title=Madonna: Her American Life|date=2003-04-09|accessdate=2010-05-26|last=Norris|first=John|publisher=MTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Flick|first=Larry|title=All-Americna Girl|work=[[The Advocate]]|issue=887|page=45|issn= 0001-8996|ref=harv}}</ref> The [[American Life (song)|title song]] peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100.<ref name="ach"/> Its original music video was canceled as Madonna thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,439329,00.html|title=Miss 'American'|date=2003-04-01|accessdate=2010-05-17|last=Susman|first=Gary|work=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> With only four million copies sold worldwide, ''American Life'' was the lowest selling album of her career.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1500733/Thank-you-for-the-music-How-Madonnas-new-single-will-give-Abba-their-greatest-ever-hit.html|title=Thank You For the Music! How Madonna's New Single Will Give Abba Their Greatest-Ever Hit|last=Hastings| first=Chris| work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2005-10-16| accessdate=2008-01-07|location=London}}</ref> She gave another provocative performance later that year at the [[2003 MTV Video Music Awards]], while singing "[[Hollywood (Madonna song)|Hollywood]]" with [[Britney Spears]], [[Christina Aguilera]] and [[Missy Elliott]]. Madonna mouthkissed Spears and Aguilera during the performance, triggering a tabloid frenzy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1477729/20030828/spears_britney.jhtml|title=Madonna Smooches With Britney And Christina|last=Moss|first=Corey|date=2003-08-28|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/mtvmusicawards/2003-08-28-mtv-vma_x.htm| title=Madonna, Spears, Aguilera shock at MTV Awards|work=USA Today|date=2003-08-28|last=Gardner|first=Elysa|publisher=Gannett Company|accessdate=2007-01-10}}</ref> In October 2003, Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears' single "[[Me Against the Music]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2003|p=233}}</ref> It was followed with the release of ''[[Remixed & Revisited]]''. The EP contained remixed versions of songs from ''American Life'' and included "Your Honesty", a previously unreleased track from the ''Bedtime Stories'' recording sessions.<ref>{{harvnb|Brackett||Hoard|2004|p=304}}</ref> Madonna also signed a contract with [[Callaway Arts & Entertainment]] to be the author of five children's books. The first of these books, entitled ''[[The English Roses]]'', was published in September 2003. The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=97}}</ref> Kate Kellway from ''[[The Guardian]]'' commented "[Madonna] is an actress playing at what she can never be – a [[J. K. Rowling|J.K. Rowling]], an English rose."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/sep/21/booksforchildrenandteenagers.madonna|title=Immaterial girl|last=Kellaway|first=Kate|date=2003-09-21|accessdate=2010-05-31|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> The book debuted at the top of [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]] and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.<ref name="womenworld"/>
The next year, Madonna and Maverick sued [[Warner Music Group]] and its former parent company [[Time Warner]] claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own.<ref name=labelsuit>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3570563.stm |title=Madonna's label sues record giant |publisher=BBC |date=2004-03-26|accessdate=2008-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nme.com/news/madonna/30546|title=Madonna sells record company|work=[[NME]]|publisher=[[IPC Media]]|accessdate=2008-06-09|date=2007-08-26|first=Jason|last=Shawhan}}</ref> The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.<ref name=labelsuit/> In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the [[Re-Invention World Tour]] in the U.S., Canada and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning $125 million.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,644310,00.html|work=People|last=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|date=2004-06-01| title=Madonna Boasts Top-Grossing Show of Year| accessdate=2008-05-23}}</ref> She made a documentary about the tour named ''[[I'm Going to Tell You a Secret]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=im-going-to-tell-you-a-secret-r834380|pure_url=yes}}|title=Madonna <nowiki>|</nowiki> I'm Going to Tell You a Secret|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2006-06-12|publisher=Allmusic. Rovi Corporation|accessdate=2009-10-30}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' ranked her at number 36 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/5702/31963/32197| title =Number 36: Madonna| work=Rolling Stone|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|accessdate=2008-01-03|date=2006-11-09| last=Spears|first=Britney|authorlink=Britney Spears}}</ref> In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the [[John Lennon]] song "[[Imagine (song)|Imagine]]" at [[Tsunami Aid]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-01-16/hollywood-music-stars-join-forces-in-tsunami/619556|title=Hollywood, music stars join forces in tsunami telethon|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Company]]|accessdate=2008-06-14|date=2005-01-16|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> She also performed at the [[Live 8]] benefit concert in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/thelive8event/|publisher=BBC|title=The Live 8 Event|accessdate=2008-06-14|first=BBC Reporter}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=240px|align=left|quote="I tried several different things when Stuart [producer Stuart Price] brought me music. And it was like divine inspiration. It just clicked, like: 'This is the direction of my record.' That's what we intended, to make a record that you can play at a party or in your car, where you don't have to skip past a ballad. It's nonstop."|source =—Madonna talking about ''Confessions on a Dance Floor''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/madonna/news_feature_051107/|title=Madonna: Dancing Queen|date=2005-10-24|accessdate=2010-05-36|publisher=MTV}}</ref>}}Her tenth studio album, ''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'', was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. The songs on the album started out light and happy, and as it progressed, it became intense, with the lyrics dealing more about personal feelings, hence "Confessions."<ref name="dq">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1514426/20051123/madonna.jhtml|title=Madonna's Confessions Floors Carrie And Carey For Billboard #1|last=Harris|first=Chris|date=2005-11-23|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref> Keith Caulfield from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' commented that the album was a "welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop."<ref name="bbalbum">{{cite journal|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2005-11-19|title=Albums: Confessions on a Dance Floor|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York|volume=117|issue=47|page=45|issn=0006-2510|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5RQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45|accessdate=2009-07-27|ref=harv}}</ref> The album won a [[49th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for "[[Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album|Best Electronic/Dance Album]]".<ref name="grammy"/> ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' and its lead single, "[[Hung Up]]", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]''.<ref name="guinness">{{harvnb|Glenday|2007|p=187}}</ref> "[[Sorry (Madonna song)|Sorry]]", the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number one single in the UK.<ref name=BBC/> She embarked on the [[Confessions Tour]] in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $194.7 million, becoming the highest grossing-tour to that date for a female artist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-confessions-tour-sets-record-1003154128.story|title=Madonna's 'Confessions' Tour Sets Record|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2006-09-04|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> Madonna used religious symbols, such as the [[crucifix]] and [[Crown of Thorns]], in the performance of "Live to Tell". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert.<ref>{{cite news|title=Boycott of Madonna Moscow concert urged|work=[[j.|Jewish News Weekly]] |date=2006-08-18|accessdate=2008-01-21|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/30080/boycott-of-madonna-moscow-concert-urged/|publisher= The Emanu-El |last=Khyam|first=Omar}}</ref> The Vatican protested the concert, as did bishops from [[Düsseldorf]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Madonna defies prosecution threat|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5269684.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-08-20|accessdate=2008-07-10}}</ref> Madonna responded: "My performance is neither anti-Christian, sacrilegious or blasphemous. Rather, it is my plea to the audience to encourage mankind to help one another and to see the world as a unified whole."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/gallery/0,,20218274_20218271_47,00.html|title=Madonna: 50 Looks We Can't Forget |last=Adams|first=Lubna|date=2008-08-14|work=People|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> In the same year, the [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] announced officially that Madonna has sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat_month_20060913.html|first=Press Release|title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards: July & August 2006|date=2006-09-13|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> In June of 2006, Madonna was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends online Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganrockandrolllegends.com/mrrl-hall-of-fame/86-madonna|title=Madonna: Inductee|publisher=Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame|accessdate=2011-12-06}}</ref>
While on tour, Madonna participated in the [[Raising Malawi]] initiative by partially funding an orphanage and traveling to that country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6039380.stm|title=Madonna 'adopts child in Africa' |date=2006-10-11|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=BBC|first=BBC Reporter}}</ref> On October 10, 2006, she filed adoption papers for a boy from the orphanage, David Banda Mwale. He was later renamed David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie.<ref>{{cite news|first=Simon |last= Perry| url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1546505,00.html|title=Boy Madonna Hopes to Adopt, Leaves Africa |work=People |date=2006-10-09 |accessdate=2006-10-16}}</ref> The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/05/04/madonna.adoption/index.html|agency=Associated Press|title=Madonna's adoption appeal begins in Malawi|publisher=CNN|date=2009-04-04|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> She addressed this on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from [[pneumonia]] after surviving [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]] when she first met him.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shia |last= Kapos|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1550254,00.html|title=Madonna: Boy's Father Has Been Manipulated|work=People|accessdate=2008-06-09|date=2006-09-09}}</ref> Banda's biological father, Yohane commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing. [...] They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/15429329/|title=Boy's Father Worries Madonna May Back Out|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|date=2006-10-26|accessdate=2008-06-14|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The adoption was finalized on May 28, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=Raphael|last=Tenthani|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20202798,00.html|title=Madonna 'Over the Moon' About Finalized Adoption |work=People|date=2006-10-28|accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref> A clothing line titled ''M by Madonna'', in collaboration with Swedish clothing retailer [[H&M]], was launched internationally in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20015890,00.html
|title=Madonna's H&M TV Commercial|work=People|first=Pete|last=Norman|accessdate =2007-03-07|date=2006-12-09}}</ref> The collection consisted of leather trench coats, sequined shift dresses, cream-colored calf-length pants and matching cropped jackets. H&M said the collection reflected Madonna's "timeless, unique and always glamorous style."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/17736618|title=Madonna’s clothing line goes on sale at H&M|date=2007-03-23|accessdate=2010-05-26|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]}}</ref>
===2007–09: Live Nation, ''Hard Candy'' and the Sticky & Sweet Tour===
[[File:Madonna-live earth-la isla bonita.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Madonna performing at the [[Live Earth]] concerts|alt=A blond woman in a black dress, holding a black hat atop her head with her riht hand, and a microphon in her left. She is pointing her tongue towards the camera. Beside her the smiling face of a man is visible.]]
Madonna released the song "[[Hey You (Madonna song)|Hey You]]" for the [[Live Earth]] series of concerts. The song was available as a free download during its first week of release. She also performed it at the [[Live Earth concert, London|London Live Earth concert]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/live-earth-london-wraps-with-madonna-spectacular-1003608603.story|title=Live Earth London Wraps With Madonna Spectacular|last=Herrera|first=Monica|date=2007-07-16|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> Madonna announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and a new $120 million, ten-year contract with [[Live Nation]]. She became the founding artist for the new music division, ''Live Nation Artists''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/update-madonna-confirms-deal-with-live-nation-1003658914.story|title=Update: Madonna Confirms Deal With Live Nation|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2007-10-16|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> She produced and wrote ''[[I Am Because We Are]]'', a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians. The documentary was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as Madonna's gardener.<ref name=iabwa>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/may/23/cannesfilmfestival.popandrock|work=The Guardian|date=2007-08-09 |title=I Am Because We Are review|last=Petridis|first=Alexis|authorlink=Alexis Petridis|accessdate=2008-06-14|location=London}}</ref> She also directed her first film ''[[Filth and Wisdom]]''. The story of the film was about three friends and their aspirations. Madonna commented that it was Ritchie who inspired her to develop the screenplay for the film. "The fact of the matter is that all the work I do is very autobiographical, directly or indirectly, because who do I know better than me?"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/26/entertainment/ca-madonna26/2|title=Directing what she knows|last=Lim|first=Dennis|date=2008-10-26|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2010-06-03}}</ref> ''The Times'' said she had "done herself proud" while ''The Daily Telegraph'' described the film as "not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Review: Madonna's Filth and Wisdom|work=[[The Times]]|last=Elan|first=Priya|date=2008-04-03|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/film_reviews/article3364108.ece|accessdate=2008-06-14|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Filth and Wisdom: Don't give up the day job, Madonna|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/3671154/Filth-and-Wisdom-Dont-give-up-the-day-job-Madonna.html|accessdate=2008-06-14|last=Johnston|first=Sheila|location=London|date=2008-02-14}}</ref> In December 2007, the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] announced Madonna as one of the five inductees of 2008.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/2007-12-13-rockfame_N.htm|title=Madonna, Others Named to Rock Hall of Fame|work=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company|date= 2007-12-13 |accessdate=2007-12-13|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> At the induction ceremony on March 10, 2008,<ref name="rsinducted">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-beasties-mellencamp-up-for-rock-1003648320.story|title=Madonna, Beasties, Mellencamp Up For Rock Hall |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-25|date=2008-03-11|last=Campbell|first=Jim}}</ref> Madonna did not sing but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives [[The Stooges]] to perform her songs "Burning Up" and "Ray of Light". She thanked Christopher Flynn, her dance teacher from 35 years earlier, for his encouragement to follow her dreams.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/10/entertainment/main3923437.shtml|title=Madonna Has Her Say At Rock Hall Ceremony|date=2008-03-18|work=CBS News|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=2010-05-18}}</ref>
Madonna released her eleventh studio album, ''[[Hard Candy (Madonna album)|Hard Candy]]'', in April 2008. Containing R&B and [[Contemporary R&B|urban pop]] influences, the songs on ''Hard Candy'' were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Timbaland]], [[Pharrell Williams]] and [[Danja (producer)|Nate "Danja" Hills]].<ref name="timbalandhot">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566579/20070807/timbaland.jhtml|title=Timbaland Talks About His And Justin Timberlake's 'Hot' Collabo With Madonna|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=2008-08-08|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' complimented it as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Madonna debuts Hard Candy|work=Rolling Stone|last=Shewey|first=Don|date=2008-05-01|publisher=Jann Wenner|issue=45|volume=1093|issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=240px|align=right|quote="Probably in many respects most of the songs [on ''Hard Candy''] are [autobiographical]. But in more of an unconscious way. I don't really think about telling personal stories when I'm writing music. It just comes. And then a lot of times, six months later, eight months later, I go, 'Oh, that's what I wrote that song about.' But that's when I play the song for lots of people and they all go, 'Oh, I can totally relate to that.'"|source=— Madonna talking about the inspiration behind ''Hard Candy''<ref>{{cite web|last=Sischy|first=Ingrid|title=Madonna: the one and only, on her life unchained|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|publisher=[[CNET Networks]]|date=2008-04-21|url=http://thebosh.com/archives/2008/03/madonna_interview_magazine_april_2008.php|accessdate=2008-08-21}}</ref>
}}
The album debuted at number one in 37 countries and on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/madonnas-hard-candy-debuts-at-1-in-37-countries|title=Madonna's Hard Candy Debuts At #1 in 37 countries|date=2008-04-30|accessdate=2008-12-23|work=Icon: Official Madonna website|publisher=Madonna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-leads-busy-billboard-200-with-7th-1-1003799874.story|title=Madonna Leads Busy Billboard 200 with 7th #1|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|last=Hasty|first= Katie|date=2008-05-07|accessdate=2008-05-07}}</ref> It received generally positive reviews worldwide though some critics panned it as "an attempt to harness the urban market".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/hard-candy|title=Hard Candy by Madonna: Review|work=Metacritic|accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Savage |first=Mark |authorlink= Mark Savage (American playwright)|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7336448.stm|title=Review: Madonna's Hard Candy|publisher=BBC|date=2008-04-08|accessdate=2008-05-26}}</ref> Its lead single, "[[4 Minutes (Madonna song)|4 Minutes]]", reached number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The song was Madonna's 37th Hot 100 top-ten hit—it pushed Madonna past [[Elvis Presley]] as the artist with the most top-ten hits.<ref name="mariahmadonna">{{ cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/mariah-madonna-male-billboard-chart-history-1003784083.story|title=Mariah, Madonna Make Billboard Chart History|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|work=Billboard| date=2008-04-02|last=Hasty|first=Katie|accessdate=2008-04-02}}</ref> In the UK, she retained her record for the most number one singles for a female artist; "4 Minutes" becoming her thirteenth.<ref>{{ cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3789058.ece|title=Madonna Goes to No. 1 For the 13th Time|work=The Times|last= Schmidt|first= Veronica|date=2008-04-21| accessdate=2008-04-21|location=London}}</ref> At the 23rd [[Japan Gold Disc Awards]], Madonna received her fifth "Artist of the Year" trophy from [[Recording Industry Association of Japan]], the most for any artist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wmg.jp/artist/madonna/news_23642.html|title=第２３回日本ゴールドディスク大賞で"アーティスト・オブ・ザ・イヤー"を受賞！|language=Japanese|date=2009-03-03|accessdate=2009-03-04|publisher=[[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Japan]]}}</ref> To further promote the album, Madonna embarked on the [[Sticky & Sweet Tour]]; her first major venture with Live Nation. With a gross of $280 million, it became the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist, surpassing the previous record Madonna set with the Confessions Tour.<ref name="sticky">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1620700/20090903/madonna.jhtml|title=Madonna Breaks Her Own Solo-Tour Record With Sticky & Sweet|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=2009-09-03|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> It was extended to the next year, adding new European dates, and after it ended, the total gross was $408 million.<ref name="sticky"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-resuming-sticky-sweet-tour-this-1003936340.story|title=Madonna Resuming Sticky & Sweet Tour This Summer |date=2009-01-30|accessdate=2009-05-24|last=Herrera|first=Monica|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref>
''Life with My Sister Madonna'', a book by Madonna's brother [[Christopher Ciccone]], debuted at number two on ''The New York Times'' Bestseller List.<ref name=nytb>{{cite news |title=Bestsellers: Hardcover Nonfiction |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/books/bestseller/0803besthardnonfiction.html |work=The New York Times|date=2008-08-03 |accessdate=2008-08-21}}</ref> It was not authorized by Madonna, and led to a rift between them.<ref>{{cite news| title=Madonna's brother's book explores Guy Ritchie marriage|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2279132/Madonna's-brother's-book-explores-Guy-Ritchie-marriage.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date= 2008-10-15|accessdate=2009-05-23|location=London}}</ref> Problems also arose between Madonna and Ritchie, with the media reporting that they were on the verge of separation. Ultimately, Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie, citing irreconcilable differences, which was finalized in December 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madonna and Ritchie Confirm Split|date=2008-10-16| publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7672083.stm|accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7784519.stm|title=Madonna gives Guy £50m in divorce |date=2008-12-15|accessdate=2009-05-23|publisher=BBC}}</ref> She decided to adopt again from Malawi. The country's High Court initially approved the adoption of Chifundo "Mercy" James;<ref name="mercydob">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/2009/04/03/madonna-s-bid-to-adopt-second-child-from-malawi-is-blocked-86908-21250403/|title=Madonna's bid to adopt second child from Malawi is blocked|date=2009-04-03|publisher=Trinity Mirror|work=Daily Record|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> however, the application was rejected because Madonna was not a resident of Malawi.<ref name="mercyjames">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/madonna-loses-adoption-bid-in-malawi-1003958768.story|title=Madonna Loses Adoption Bid In Malawi|last=Banda|first=Mabvuto|first2=Michael |last2=Georgy|date=2009-05-25|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-05-26}}</ref> Madonna appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted Madonna the right to adopt Mercy James.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/06/12/earlyshow/main5082589.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_5082589|title=Madonna Wins Adoption Battle|last=Tyre|first=Blan|date=2009-06-12|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive|CBS Interactive Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-06-19}}</ref> She also released ''[[Celebration (Madonna album)|Celebration]]'', her third greatest-hits album, and the closing release with Warner. It contained the new songs "[[Celebration (Madonna song)|Celebration]]" and "[[Revolver (song)|Revolver]]" along with 34 hits spanning her career.<ref name="celebraterelease">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-celebration-hits-collection-to-1003996769.story|title=Madonna's 'Celebration' Hits Collection To Feature Two New Songs|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2009-07-23|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref> ''Celebration'' reached number one in the UK, tying her with Elvis Presley as the solo act with most number one albums in the British chart history.<ref name="bbmadge">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-u-k-chart-celebration-1004016343.story|title=Madonna's U.K. Chart 'Celebration' |last=Sexton|first=Paul|date=2009-09-29|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-09-29}}</ref> She appeared at the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]] on September 13, 2009, to speak in tribute to deceased pop star [[Michael Jackson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621390/20090913/jackson_michael.jhtml|title=Madonna Pays Tearful Tribute To Michael Jackson At 2009 VMAs?|last=Crosley|first=Hillary|first2=Gil|last2=Kaufman|date=2009-09-13|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> Madonna ended the 2000s as the best-selling single artist of the decade in the U.S. and the most-played artist of the decade in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/decadeendcharts/2009/singles-sales-artists|title=Billboard Charts – Decade-end Artists – Singles Sales Artists|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8603409.stm|title=Madonna 'most played' artist of decade|publisher=BBC News|date=2010-04-05|accessdate=2010-11-13}}</ref> ''Billboard'' also announced her as the third top-touring artist of the decade—behind only [[The Rolling Stones]] and [[U2]]—with a gross of over $801 million, 6.3 million attendance and 244 sell-outs of 248 shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/features/top-touring-artists-of-the-decade-1004053065.story|title=Top Touring Artists of the Decade|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2011-09-21}}</ref>
===2010–present: ''W.E.'', ''M.D.N.A.'' and other ventures===
[[File:Madonna Toronto Film Festival.jpg|thumb|upright|Madonna at the premiere of ''[[W.E. (film)|W.E.]]'' at the [[Toronto Film Festival]].|alt=A blond woman in a black dress, smiling and looking down.]]
Madonna performed "Like a Prayer" at the [[Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief]] concert in January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630335/20100122/madonna.jhtml|title=Madonna Brings Classic 'Like A Prayer' To 'Hope For Haiti Now' Telethon|last=Johnston|first=Maura|date=2010-01-22|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> In April she released her third live album, ''[[Sticky & Sweet Tour (album)|Sticky & Sweet Tour]]''. It was her first release under Live Nation, but was distributed by Warner Bros.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/madonnas-sticky--sweet-concert-to-be-released-march-30th-on-dvd-bluray-and-cd|title=Madonna's 'Sticky & Sweet' Concert To Be Released March 30 On DVD, Blu-Ray And CD|work=Icon: Official Madonna website|publisher=Madonna.com|accessdate=2010-01-12|date=2010-01-12}}</ref> Following the completion of the shooting for ''W.E.'', Madonna released the "Material Girl" clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes.<ref name="mgclothing">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67J3YP20100820|title=Madonna sued over "Material Girl" clothing line|date=2010-08-20|accessdate=2010-11-11|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the [[Macy's]] label.<ref name="mgclothing"/> Soon after the clothing line went on sale, apparel manufacturer L.A. Triumph Inc. sued her saying that they have been using the name Material Girl and selling clothes under that name since 1997. They demanded that Madonna's clothing line be stopped from selling and the profits be returned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2010/08/madonna-sued-material-girl-clothing-line-macys.html|title=Madonna sued over Material Girl clothing line for Macy's|last=D'Zurilla|first=Christie|date=2010-08-20|accessdate=2010-11-11|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> The Material Girl clothing was first fronted by [[Taylor Momsen]] but she was later replaced by [[Kelly Osbourne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2011/01/25/kelly-osbourne-material-girl/|title=Kelly Osbourne, Material Girl?|date=2011-05-12|accessdate=2011-06-15|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|publisher=MTV}}</ref> In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called "Truth or Dare by Madonna" to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. The brand represents a second partnership between MG Icon and [[Macy's]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/madonna-and-mg-icon-announce-the-launch-of-the-truth-or-dare-by-madonna-brand-|title=Madonna And MG Icon Announce The Launch of The "Truth or Dare by Madonna" Brand|date=2011-11-03|publisher=Icon: Official Madonna website. Madonna.com|accessdate=2011-12-05}}</ref> The [[Truth or Dare (fragrance)|Truth or Dare fragrance]], the first release from the brand, appears in 2012.
Madonna granted American TV show ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' the rights to her entire catalogue of music, and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs exclusively.<ref name="EW">{{cite web |url= http://music-mix.ew.com/2009/10/21/glee-exlcusive-madonna-is-in-is-adam-lambert-next/ |title='Glee' Exclusive: Madonna is on board! Is Adam Lambert next? |last=Stack|first=Tim |date=2009-10-21|work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=2010-03-04}}</ref> Titled "[[The Power of Madonna]]", the episode was approved by her, telling ''[[Us Weekly]]'' that she found it "brilliant on every level", praising the scripting and the message of equality.<ref name="Us">{{cite web |url= http://www.usmagazine.com/moviestvmusic/news/madonna-rates-glees-all-madonna-episode-brilliant-2010164 |title=Exclusive: Madonna Rates Glee's All-Madonna Episode: "Brilliant" |work=[[Us Weekly]] |date=2010-04-16|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> The episode also received positive reviews from critics. Ken Tucker of ''Entertainment Weekly'' called it "one of the best hours of TV you’re likely to see all year"., writing that the episode pays Madonna "the highest compliment possible".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://watching-tv.ew.com/2010/04/20/glee-power-of-madonna/ |title='Glee' review: Tonight's 'Power of Madonna' episode is one of the best hours of TV you'll see all year |last=Tucker|first=Ken |date=2010-04-20 |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> ''[[Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna]]'', an EP containing eight cover versions of Madonna songs featured in the episode was released in May. The EP debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200 chart, with 98,000 copies sold in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/04/28/glee-tops-billboard-bieber/|title=Glee's Madonna tribute knocks Justin Bieber off No. 1 spot|first=Brad|last=Wete|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=2010-04-28|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-glee-tastic-celebration-continues-1004087053.story|title=Madonna's 'Glee'tastic 'Celebration' Continues on Hot 100, Digital Chart |date=2010-04-28|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2010-04-29}}</ref> In October 2010, Madonna opened a series of [[health club|fitness centers]] around the world. Named Hard Candy Fitness, the gyms are a partnership between Madonna, her manager Guy Oseary and Mark Mastrov, the founder and CEO of [[24 Hour Fitness]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20020751-10391698.html|title=Madonna to Open "Hard Candy" Gym Chain|date=2010-10-26|accessdate=2010-11-11|last=Lee|first=Joyce|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> The first of the gyms was opened at [[Mexico City]] in November 2010, as Madonna believed that Mexico City served as "a great test market before bringing the gyms to cities around the world." She added, "If any of you have seen my shows, you know that I don't skimp on them, and the same is true for the gym. We spend what it takes to make a globally first-class gym."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spinner.com/2010/11/29/madonna-gym-hard-candy-fitness/|title=Madonna Opens First 'Hard Candy Fitness' Gym in Mexico City|last=Eisen|first=Benjy|date=2010-11-29|accessdate=2010-11-30|publisher=[[Spinner (website)|Spinner]]}}</ref> The second gym under the brand was opened at Moscow in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/2011/12/26/4145936/madonnas-second-hard-candy-fitness.html|title=Madonna's Second Hard Candy Fitness Center Now Open for Workouts in Moscow|date=2011-12-25|accessdate=2011-12-26|work=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|publisher=The McClatchy Company}}</ref>
Following the ''Glee'' episode and the gyms, Madonna completed directing her second feature film, ''[[W.E. (film)|W.E.]]'', a biopic about the affair between [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VIII]] and [[Wallis, Duchess of Windsor|Wallis Simpson]]; it was co-written with [[Alek Keshishian]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118015190?refCatId=16|title=Madonna directing 'W.E.'|last=Jafaar|first=Ali|date=2010-02-13|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref> ''W.E.'' premiered out of the main competition at the 2011 [[Venice Film Festival]], and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/madonna-s-w-e-receives-mixed-reactions-at-1005337952.story|title=Madonna's 'W.E.' Receives Mixed Reactions at Venice Film Festival |date=2011-09-02|first=RJ|last=Cubarubbia|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2010-04-29}}</ref> In an interview with [[Extra (TV series)|Extra]], Madonna confirmed she had contributed a new song titled "[[Masterpiece (Madonna song)|Masterpiece]]" for the ''W.E.'' soundtrack, composed by herself, [[Julie Frost]] and [[Jimmy Harry]]. The song won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] at the January 15, 2012 [[69th Golden Globe Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1677336/golden-globes-2012-madonna-best-original-song-masterpiece.jhtml|title=Madonna's 'Masterpiece' Wins The Golden Globe: Song is featured in 'W.E.,' which Madge wrote and directed.|accessdate=2012-01-16|date=2012-01-15|publisher=[[Viacom International Inc.]]|work=[[MTV News]]|author=Vena, Jocelyn}}</ref> The song will play over the end credits of the film and will be included on her twelfth studio album, whose release was confirmed in June 2011 by Madonna's manager, Guy Oseary, on his [[Twitter]] page<ref>{{cite web|url=http://extratv.warnerbros.com/2011/12/madonna_to_perform_at_super_bowl.php|title=Madonna Breaks Super Bowl News: 'It's a Huge Deal'|date=2011-12-05|accessdate=2011-12-08|publisher=[[Extra (TV series)|Extra]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://idolator.com/6100542/madonna-unveils-her-masterpiece|title=Madonna Unveils Her 'Masterpiece'|author=Idolator Stuff|date=2011-12-03|accessdate=2011-12-05|publisher=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]. Gawker Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|title=Madonna Hits The Studio This Summer|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1665782/madonna-new-album.jhtml|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2011-06-16}}</ref> Later, Madonna clarified during the premiere of ''W.E.'' that the single will feature [[Nicki Minaj]] and [[MIA (artist)|M.I.A.]]; both would appear in the music video directed by Megaforce.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/fresh-news-from-the-madonna-team|title=Fresh News From The Madonna Team|date=2011-12-07|publisher=Icon: Official Madonna website. Madonna.com|accessdate=2011-12-08}}</ref> In December 2011, it was revealed that the singer had signed a three-album deal with [[Interscope Records]], who would act as the distributor.<ref name="InterscopeDeal">{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/madonna-interscope-live-nation-deal-273943 |title=Madonna's Interscope-Live Nation Deal Worth $40 Million; Album Due Out in March |author=Halperin, Shirley |date=2011-12-15 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |accessdate=2011-12-15|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/63wy2dqN9 |archivedate=2011-12-15}}</ref> It was also announced that the first single from the album, "[[Give Me All Your Luvin']]", is expected to be released in the last week of January, with the album following in March 2012.<ref name="InterscopeDeal"/> Preceding this, the [[National Football League]] (NFL) confirmed that Madonna will perform at the Bridgestone [[Super Bowl XLVI]] Halftime Show to be broadcast on [[NBC]] on February 5, 2012, from [[Lucas Oil Stadium]] in Indianapolis. The performance will be visualized by [[Cirque Du Soleil]] and [[Jamie King]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/madonna-fans-rejoice-new-album-due-in-spring-1005338582.story|title=Madonna Fans Rejoice: New Album Due in Spring 2012|date=2011-09-03|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2011-10-29}}</ref><ref name="nfl12">{{cite news|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d824bf8ea/article/super-bowl-xlvi-halftime-show-will-feature-madonna|title=Super Bowl XLVI Halftime show will feature Madonna|date=2011-12-04|publisher=[[National Football League]]|accessdate=2011-12-05}}</ref> Madonna confirmed the title of her twelfth studio album on January 2012, as ''[[M.D.N.A.]]''.<ref name="albumtitle">{{cite web|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/madonna-reveals-new-album-title|title=Madonna Reveals New Album Title|publisher=Icon: Official Madonna website (Madonna.com)|date=2012-01-11|accessdate=2012-01-11}}</ref>
==Artistry==
===Musical style===
{{listen
|title = "Papa Don't Preach" (1986)
|filename = Madonna - papa don't preach.ogg
|description = "Papa Don't Preach" had Madonna singing in a much fuller voice, and incorporated classical instrumentation.
|title2 = "Frozen" (1998)
|filename2 = FrozenSample.ogg
|description2= Composed with the darker electronic undertones, eastern [[string orchestra|strings]] and Middle Eastern percussion, "Frozen" features Madonna's previously unexplored vocal range.
}}
Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny of critics. [[Robert McQueen Grant|Robert M. Grant]], author of ''Contemporary Strategy Analysis'' (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is "certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, Madonna's talents seem modest."<ref name=CSA>{{harvnb|Grant|2005|p=6}}</ref> He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career.<ref name=CSA/> Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of "Find a winning formula and stick to it." Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that "having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re-inventing."<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|2005|p=3}}</ref> Conversely, ''Rolling Stone'' has named Madonna "an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics, and a better studio singer than her live spectacles attest."<ref name="Rolling Biography"/> [[Mark Bego]], author of ''Madonna: Blonde Ambition'', called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent."<ref>{{harvnb|Bego|2000|p=122}}</ref> Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as [[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] and [[Chaka Khan]].<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
Throughout her career, Madonna has written and co-written most of her own materials, as well as songs of other artists such as [[Nick Kamen]]'s "[[Each Time You Break My Heart]]" and [[Gary Barlow]]'s "[[Love Won't Wait]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascap.com/ace/search.cfm?requesttimeout=300&mode=results&searchstr=2947550&search_in=c&search_type=exact&search_det=t,s,w,p,b,v&results_pp=25&start=1|title=Works written by Madonna L. Ciccone|publisher=[[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers]]|accessdate=2011-08-07}}</ref> According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, Madonna's talent for developing "incredible" hooks for her songs allows the lyrics to capture the attention of the audience, even without the influence of the music. As an example, Jarman-Ivens cites the 1985 single "[[Into the Groove]]" and its line "Live out your fantasy here with me, just let the music set you free; Touch my body, and move in time, now I know you're mine."<ref name="fouz55">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=55–58}}</ref> From 1983 to 1986, Madonna's musical productions were often girlish and naïve in nature, focusing primarily on love, romance, passion and boy-meets-girl relationships.<ref name="fouz55"/> This changed with the album ''Like a Prayer'', when the lyrics became much more personal, such as in "Promise to Try", which references Madonna's lingering pain at the loss of her mother.<ref name="fouz55"/> Madonna's lyrics often suggest an identification with the gay community. Fouz believes that when Madonna sings "Come on girls, do you believe in love?" in "[[Express Yourself (Madonna song)|Express Yourself]]", she is addressing both the gay audience and the heterosexual female.<ref name="fouz55"/> Even in the ''Erotica'' era, with its often adult-oriented lyrics, the songs appear free-flowing and gullible ("So won't you go down, where it's warm inside" — "Where Life Begins" from ''Erotica''). Madonna's songwriting ability has been criticized, with ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s Maria Raha calling her lyrics "flighty and not sophisticated. Madonna can only bring a trunk full of trite lyrics on the long standing tradition of pop music, love; when she wasn't singing about love, she was singing about partying and dancing."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Raha|first=Maria|date=1987-09-21|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|title=Cinderella's big score: women of the punk and indie underground |volume=1078|issue=9|issn=0032-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> Her lyrics were considered banal, and her songwriting capability was largely ignored by critics until the release of ''Ray of Light'' and ''Music''. According to Jarman-Ivens, lyrics such as "You're frozen, when your heart's not open" ("[[Frozen (song)|Frozen]]", 1998) and "I can't remember, when I was young, I can't express if it was wrong" ("Paradise (Not for Me)", 2000) reflected an artistic palette, "encompassing diverse musical, textual and visual styles in its lyrics."<ref name="fouz55"/>
[[File:MadonnaVirginTour cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Madonna, seen here on [[The Virgin Tour]], had a bright, girlish vocal [[timbre]] that became passé in her later works.]]
She started her musical career with songs that she described as "soulful pop music". Madonna recalled in a 1983 interview with ''Island'' magazine that she had wanted to grow up as a black kid.<ref name="island">{{cite journal|title=Madonna: Virgin Pop|last=Simmons|first=Collin|date=October 1983|work=Island|publisher=Dolores Press Ltd|page=23|volume=9|ref=harv}}</ref> "First of all, all the black girls in my neighborhood had these dances in their yard where they had these little turntables with 45 records and they'd play all this Motown stuff and they would dance, just dance, all of them dancing together and none of the white kids I knew would ever do that. They were really boring and stiff. And I wanted to be part of the dancing. I didn’t like my friends. I had to be beaten up so many times by these little black girls before they would accept me and finally one day they whipped me with a rubber hose till I was like, lying on the ground crying. And then they just stopped doing it all of a sudden and let me be their friend, part of their group."<ref name="island"/> On her 1983 debut album, Madonna's vocal abilities and personal artistry were not fully formed. Her vocal style was similar to other pop stars of that period like [[Paula Abdul]], [[Debbie Gibson]] and [[Taylor Dayne]].<ref name="fouzvocal">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=59–61}}</ref> The songs on ''Madonna'' reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy [[hook (music)|hooks]], highly polished [[arrangement]]s and Madonna's own vocal style. In songs such as "Lucky Star" and "Borderline", Madonna introduced a style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to gay audiences. The bright, girlish vocal [[timbre]] of the early years became passé in Madonna's later works, the change being deliberate, since Madonna was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium", because of her early voice.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> Her second album, ''Like a Virgin'' (1984), foreshadowed several trends in Madonna's later works. It contained references to classical works ([[pizzicato]] synthesizer line that opens "[[Angel (Madonna song)|Angel]]"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("[[Dress You Up]]" was blacklisted by the [[Parents Music Resource Center]]); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to [[Motown]]).<ref name="fouzvocal"/> Madonna's early style, and the change that she ushered in it, is best evident in the song "Material Girl". It opens with Madonna using a little-girl voice, but following the first verse, she switches to a richer, more mature voice in the [[chorus effect|chorus]].<ref name="fouzvocal"/> This mature artistic statement was visible in ''True Blue'' (1986). The song "Papa Don't Preach" was a significant milestone in her artistic career. The classical introduction, fast tempo and the gravity in her voice was unprecedented in Madonna's œuvre at that time.<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
With ''Like a Prayer'' (1989), Madonna again entered a new phase, musically. The album introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance, [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] and gospel music.<ref name="bookalbum"/> Madonna continued to compose ballads and [[Glossary of musical terminology|uptempo]] dance songs for ''Erotica'' (1992) and ''Bedtime Stories'' (1994). She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] into her music. Her voice grew much deeper and fuller, evident in the tracks like "Rain" and "Take a Bow".<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=44}}</ref> During the filming of ''Evita'', Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for ''Evita'' and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lamsweerde|first=Inez van|coauthors=Matadin, Vinoodh|date=April 1998|title=Madonna Chooses Dare|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|publisher=SPIN Media LLC|volume=14|issue=4|pages=70–76|issn=0886-3032|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Jq-A2xEoAHIC&pg=PA70|accessdate=2010-02-26|ref=harv}}</ref> Continuing her musical evolution with ''Ray of Light'', the track "Frozen" displayed her fully formed vocal prowess and her allusions to classical music. Her vocals were restrained and she sang the songs in ''Ray of Light'' without vibrato. However, the intake of breath within the songs became more prominent.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> With the new millennium came her album ''Music'' in which Madonna sang in her normal voice in a medium range, and sometimes in a higher register for the chorus.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> A change was also noted in the content of the songs, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. As she explained, "I sing about shattering an image that you have of somebody, but I also sing about loving someone that wish you didn’t love. Because you know that you’re doomed, but you can’t stop yourself."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davies|first=Johny|date=August 2000|issn=0263-1210|work=[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]|publisher=[[EMAP]]|title=It's My Love-You-But-Fuck-You Record|volume=32|issue=8|page=23|ref=harv}}</ref> Such melancholics continued in her next record ''American Life'', which was infused with thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, acoustic choruses and a [[rapping|rap]] on the title track. The unconventional rock songs of the album were intermingled with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song "[[Nothing Fails]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rees|first=Paul|date=April 2003|work=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|title=Madonna Attacks|volume=67|issn=0955-4955|page=31|ref=harv}}</ref> Musically, things changed with ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'', which returned Madonna to pure dance songs, infusing club beats and retro music, but the lyrics continued to be about [[paradox]]ical metaphors and reference to her earlier works.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Todd|first=Matthew|authorlink=Matthew Todd|title=Madonna: Confessions of an Icon|date=November 2005|work=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]|publisher=Vitality Publishing|ref=harv}}</ref> Her most recent studio album, ''Hard Candy'', saw her mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. The album also had songs whose lyrics were autobiographical and expressed support for peace movements. The singing in higher register continued, with employment of [[double tracking]].<ref name=Interview>{{cite web|last=Sischy|first=Ingrid|title=Madonna: the one and only, on her life unchained|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|publisher=David Hamilton|date=2008-04-21|archiveurl=http://allaboutmadonna.com/madonna-interviews-articles/interview-magazine-april-2008|archivedate=2008-09-09|url=http://www.interview.com/april-2008/madonna|accessdate=2009-12-09}}</ref> Fouz-Hernández commented that "Throughout her career, Madonna's manipulation of her voice shows us that, by refusing to be defined in one way, she has in fact opened up a space for new kinds of musical analysis."<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
===Influences===
[[File:Marilyn Monroe in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes trailer.jpg|thumb|[[Marilyn Monroe]] (pictured) had a profound influence on Madonna.|alt=Bust of a blond woman in short curled hair and wearing a bright pink, sleeveless dress. Putting both her hands up, she looks to the right of the image.]]
According to Taraborrelli, "Almost certainly, the defining moment of Madonna's childhood—the one that would have the most influence in shaping her into the woman she would become—was the tragic and untimely death of her beloved mother."<ref name="mom">{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|pp=11–13}}</ref> Psychiatrist Keith Ablow suggests that her mother's death would have had an immeasurable impact on the young Madonna at a time when her personality was still forming. According to Ablow, the younger a child is at the time of a serious loss, the more profound the influence and the longer lasting the impact. He concludes that "some people never reconcile themselves to such a loss at an early age, Madonna is not different than them."<ref name="mom"/> Conversely, author [[Lucy O'Brien]] feels that the impact of the rape is, in fact, the motivating factor behind everything Madonna has done, more important even than the death of her mother: "It's not so much grief at her mother's death that drives her, as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected. She encountered her own worst possible scenario, becoming a victim of male violence, and thereafter turned that full-tilt into her work, reversing the equation at every opportunity."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/madonna-like-an-icon-by-lucy-obrien-463929.html|title=Madonna: Like an Icon, By Lucy O'Brien|last=Burston|first=Paul|date=2007-09-09|accessdate=2010-09-06|work=The Independent | location=London}}</ref>
As they grew older, Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting, farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet [[Anne Sexton]] and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry with [[Sylvia Plath]] being her favourite.<ref name="mom"/> Later, Madonna commented: "We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying—after I got over my heartache—I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself."<ref name="mom"/> Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. "Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness—particularly her own—and wanted to be the queen of her own castle."<ref name="mom"/>
In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was "[[These Boots Are Made for Walkin']]" by [[Nancy Sinatra]]; she said it summed up her own "take-charge attitude".<ref name="hot"/> As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was [[baroque music|baroque]], and loved [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] because she liked their "feminine quality".<ref>{{harvnb|St. Michael|2004|p=199}}</ref> Other musical influences included artists [[Karen Carpenter]], [[The Supremes]], [[Led Zeppelin]], and dancers such as [[Martha Graham]] and [[Rudolf Nureyev]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9901/19/madonna.lkl/|last=King|first=Larry|authorlink=Larry King|title=Interview: Madonna reviews life on Larry King Live| publisher=CNN| date=1999-01-19|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents were reflected in the album ''Like a Prayer''.<ref name="laprsreview"/> It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2007|pp=126–131}}</ref> Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a [[rosary]], and also prayed with it in the music video for "La Isla Bonita".<ref name="fouz">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=67–70}}</ref> The "Open Your Heart" video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language. On Who's That Girl World Tour, she dedicated the song "Papa Don't Preach" to the Pope.<ref name="fouz"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Online English-Italian Dictionary|url=http://www.wordreference.com/enit/pope|publisher=WorldReference.com| accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref>
During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, "I loved [[Carole Lombard]] and [[Judy Holliday]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]]. They were all incredibly funny ... and I saw myself in them ... my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence."<ref name="hot">{{cite journal|last=Worrell|first=Denise|title=Madonna, Why She's Hot|journal=Time|date=1985-05-27|issn= 0040-781X|ref=harv}}</ref> Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song "[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]", from the film ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]''. She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the film ''Who's That Girl''. The video for "Express Yourself" (1989) was inspired by [[Fritz Lang]]'s [[silent film]] ''[[Metropolis (film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927). The video for "Vogue" recreated the style of [[Glamour (presentation)|Hollywood glamour]] photographs, in particular those by [[Horst P. Horst]], and imitated the poses of [[Marlene Dietrich]], Carole Lombard and [[Rita Hayworth]], while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, including [[Bette Davis]], described by Madonna as an idol.<ref name="carrie"/><ref>{{harvnb|Victor|2001|p=78}}</ref> Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of artist [[Frida Kahlo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=170}}</ref> The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and [[Remedios Varo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guralnick|Wolk|2000|p=149}}</ref> Her 2003 video for "[[Hollywood (Madonna song)|Hollywood]]" was an homage to the work of photographer [[Guy Bourdin]]; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gary|last=Susman|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,491440,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|title=Strike a Pose|date=2003-09-30|accessdate=2008-06-14}}</ref> Pop artist [[Andy Warhol]]'s use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".<ref>{{harvnb|Guilbert|2002|p=69}}</ref> However, Madonna's film career has been largely received negatively by the film critic community. Stephanie Zacharek, critic for ''Time'' magazine, stated that, "[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest."<ref name="filmcareer">{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=293}}</ref> According to biographer [[Andrew Morton (writer)|Andrew Morton]], "Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt."<ref name="filmcareer"/> After the 2002 box-office bomb ''Swept Away'', Madonna vowed that she would never act in a film, hoping that her repertoire as a bad actress will never be discussed again.<ref name="filmcareer"/>
Madonna is dedicated to [[Kabbalah]] and in 2004, she adopted the name [[Esther (given name)|Esther]] which in [[Persian language|Persian]] means "star".<ref name="kab"/> She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject.<ref name="kab">{{harvnb|Friskics-Warren|2006|p=72}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rickross.com/reference/kabbalah/kabbalah88.html |title=Madonna opens her own school|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Ross|first=Rick|date= 2004-08-05|accessdate= 2006-02-20|publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> She faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity [[wikt:dilettantism|dilettantism]]. Madonna defended her studies, saying "It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party", and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is "not hurting anybody."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/music/4393642.stm |title=Madonna defends Kabbalah interest|publisher=BBC|date=2005-10-21|accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> The influence of the Kaballah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like ''Ray of Light'' and ''Music''.<ref name="kab"/> During the Re-Invention World Tour, at one point in the show, Madonna and her dancers wore t-shirts that read "Kabbalists Do It Better".<ref name="kab"/>
===Music videos and performances===
[[File:Madonna wembley 1.jpg|thumb|Madonna performing at the [[Confessions Tour]] in 2006|alt=A female blond performer wearing a red top. She is holding a microphone in her brown-gloved right hand.]]
In ''The Madonna Companion'', biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work.<ref name="metz2">{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=161}}</ref> According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer" or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the song and their impact, rather than the song itself.<ref name="metz2"/> Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=20}}</ref> Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor.<ref name="metz2"/> She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=163}}</ref> The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the ''True Blue'' era.<ref>{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=145}}</ref> Author [[Douglas Kellner]] noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences".<ref>{{harvnb|Kellner|1995|p=271}}</ref> Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".<ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=44}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rettenmund|1995|p=34}}</ref> Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex.<ref>{{harvnb|Welton|1998|p=234}}</ref> This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=70}}</ref> Madonna has been honored with 20 [[MTV Video Music Award]]s—the most for any artist—including the lifetime achievement "[[MTV Video Vanguard Award|Video Vanguard Award]]" in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Who has won the most MTV Video Music Awards?|date=March 2008|work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|publisher=Vibe Media Group|issn=1070-4701|volume=16|issue=2|page=58|ref=harv}}</ref> In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."<ref>{{harvnb|Landrum|2007|p=258}}</ref>
Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV, and, according to Chris Nelson from ''[[The New York Times]]'', "with its almost exclusively [[lip sync|lip-sync]]ed videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words."<ref name="sync">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/01/arts/music/01NELS.html?pagewanted=1|title=Lip-Synching Gets Real|last=Nelson|first=Chris|date=2004-02-01|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip-syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows. He added, "Artists like Madonna and [[Janet Jackson]] set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing."<ref name="sync"/> Thor Christensen of the ''[[The Dallas Morning News|Dallas Morning News]]'' commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."<ref name="lip-sync">{{Cite news| last1 = Christensen|first1 = Thor|title = Loose Lips: Pop Singers' Lip-Syncing In Concert Is An Open Secret| page = B.8|newspaper = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date = 2001-09-15| issn = 1068624X| ref = harv| postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, she was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://harada-sound.com/sound/handbook/rfmics.html|title=Kai Harada, sound designer and sound handbook author, writes about "The Feeding and Care of RF Microphones|last=Harada|first=Kai|date=2007-09-01|publisher=Harada-Sound.com|accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/wimbledons-no-1-seat-455502.html|title=Wimbledon's No 1 seat|last=Castle|first=Andrew|date=2007-07-02|work=The Independent|publisher=Independent News & Media|accessdate=2010-03-17|authorlink=Andrew Castle|location=London}}</ref> Metz noted that Madonna represents a [[paradox]] as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes.<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=290}}</ref> Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos. Thus her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized.<ref>{{harvnb|Diamond|1996|p=202}}</ref> Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are deemed as "extravagant show piece, a walking art show."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=90}}</ref>
==Legacy==
{{See also|List of awards and nominations received by Madonna|Madonna as gay icon|Madonna wannabe|Madonna Studies}}
[[File:Madonnaperformingstickyandsweettour2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A blond woman standing on a stage. She has curvy, flowing hair and is dressed in a black, translucent top with boots in her leg and a white hat. The woman is holding an electric guitar with her left hand and singing in to a microphone in her right. She is surrounded by audience members whose heads can be seen in the image. Behind the woman, tow back-up singers can be seen in the distance.|Madonna performing at her [[Sticky & Sweet Tour]], the highest-grossing tour of all time by a solo artist]]
Madonna has been considered to be one of the greatest figures in music and one of the most influential women in history.<ref name="century"/> She is featured in the book ''100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century'', published in 1998 by [[Ladies' Home Journal]].<ref name="century">{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/35762719.html?dids=35762719:35762719&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+08%2C+1998&author=Vicky+Edwards.+Compiled+by+Wendy+Navratil.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=WOMEN%27S+WORKS+GET+THEIR+WORDS%27+WORTH&pqatl=google|title=Women's Works Get Their Words' Worth|first=Vicky|last=Edwards|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|date=1998-11-08|accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included Madonna in the elite list of the "25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century", where she became one of the only two singers included, alongside [[Aretha Franklin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2029774_2029776_2031853,00.html|title=The 25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century: Madonna (1958–present)|last=Castillo|first=Michelle|date=2010-11-18|accessdate=2010-12-15|work=Time}}</ref> Madonna also topped the [[VH1]]'s list of "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/episode.jhtml?episodeID=66355|title=50 Greatest Women of the Video Era|publisher=[[VH1]]|accessdate=2011-02-28}}</ref> Academic authors Ros Horton and Sally Simmons documented Madonna on their 2007 book ''Women Who Changed the World'', which "pays homage to fifty of the most influential and admired women of all time."<ref name="womenworld"/> She was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] on March 10, 2008—her first year of eligibility—for "influence and significance on rock and roll music."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/madonna-still-manages-to-shock/story-e6frf9hf-1111115778132|title=Madonna shocks with confession at Hall of Fame acceptance speech|date=2008-03-12|work=[[Herald Sun]]|publisher=[[The Herald and Weekly Times]]|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref> Additionally, Madonna ranked seventh on VH1 and ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine's list of the "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All Time."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0307/21/se.15.html|last=Castro|first=Peter|title=Live From The Headlines| publisher=CNN| date=2003-07-21|accessdate=2010-02-29}}</ref> In 2006, a new [[Tardigrade|water bear]] species, ''Echiniscus madonnae'', was named after her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tardigrada.net/goodies_wallpapers.htm |title=Echiniscus madonnae|work=Tardigrada Newsletter|publisher=Michalczyk & Kaczmarek|year=2006|accessdate=2008-06-14|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080221101821/http://www.tardigrada.net/goodies_wallpapers.htm |archivedate = February 21, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The paper with the description of ''E. madonnae'' was published in the international journal of animal taxonomy ''[[Zootaxa]]'' in March 2006 (Vol. 1154, pages: 1–36). The Zoologists commented: "We take great pleasure in dedicating this species to one of the most significant artists of our times, Madonna Louise Veronica Ritchie."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=711164 |title=Echiniscus madonnae |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]] |accessdate=2008-06-03}}</ref> Aside from her critical acknowledgement, Madonna has also earned overwhelming commercial accomplishments. She has achieved multiple ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' citations, including world's top-selling female recording artist and most successful female recording artist of all time.<ref name="guinness"/> Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/u2-strike-a-chord-in-the-best-albums-from-2009-1997058.html|title=U2 strike a chord in the best albums from 2009|last=Egan|first=Barry|date=2010-01-03|work=[[The Independent]]|publisher=[[Independent News & Media]]|accessdate=2010-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-interviews/2011/09/09/madonna-society-is-obsessed-with-celebrity-it-s-easy-to-become-famous-now-86908-23407361/|title=Madonna: Society is obsessed with celebrity - it's easy to become famous now|first=Rick|last=Fulton|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]|date=2011-09-09|accessdate=2011-09-21}}</ref> According to the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second [[List of best-selling music artists in the United States|top-selling female artist in the United States]], behind [[Barbra Streisand]], with 64 million [[RIAA certification|certified]] albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |title=Top Selling Artists |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=1999&resultpage=2&id=3ABF3EC8-EF5B-58F9-E949-3B57F5E313DF|first=Press Release|title=The American Recording Industry Announces Its Artists of the Century| publisher=Recording Industry Association of America |date=1999-11-10|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> Madonna is also one of the top-touring artist in history and her [[Sticky & Sweet Tour]] remains the highest-grossing tour of all time by a solo artist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1600363/madonna-on-track-set-record-with-sticky-amp-sweet-tour.jhtml|title=Madonna On Track To Set Record With Sticky & Sweet Tour|first=Gil|last=Kaufman|publisher=MTV|date=2008-12-01|accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine ranked Madonna at number two, behind only [[The Beatles]], on the [[Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts|''Billboard'' Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists]], making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart.<ref name="rsinducted"/> She has also scored many hits on major international charts, including 13 number one singles in the [[List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]], 11 in [[List of artists who reached number one on the Australian singles chart|Australia]], and 23 in [[Canadian Singles Chart|Canada]]—all of which are more than any other female artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2008/01_january/05/one_superstars.shtml|title=The musical superstars|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=ARIA Singles Chart Book 1988–2008|edition=1st|year=2009|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, Victoria|pages=91–92}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=v2a76h62to0aart05gg0u3agj2&q1=Madonna|title=Madonna singles discography|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|publisher=RPM Library Archives|accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref>
Caryn Ganz from ''Rolling Stone'' wrote that "Madonna is the most media-savvy American pop star since [[Bob Dylan]] and, until she toned down her press-baiting behavior in the nineties, she was the most consistently controversial one since [[Elvis Presley]]." According to her, Madonna's self-celebrating dance music and outré videos provided feminism with a makeover. Throughout the eighties she broke down sexual boundaries, making eroticism a crucial pop-song element, and challenging social and religious mores. Ganz felt that one fact was rarely disputed: "At nearly every turn, Madonna has maintained firm control over her career and image."<ref name="Rolling Biography"/> Madonna became a leader in the [[Third-wave feminism|Third Wave Feminism]] movement. Third Wave Feminism seeks to challenge and expel the "[[essentialist]]" definition of femininity. For her part, Madonna was a leading figure in encouraging [[sex-positivity]]. Madonna's music and videos celebrated women's sexuality as an exhilarating aspect of life, rather than oppressing and male-dominated. According to [[Camille Paglia]], a ''New York Times'' journalist, Madonna's music and videos have shown women to be fully female and completely sexual, all the while maintaining complete control of their lives.<ref>{{cite news|last=Paglia|first=Camille|authorlink=Camille Paglia|title=Madonna -- Finally, A Real Feminist|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/14/opinion/madonna-finally-a-real-feminist.html|accessdate=2011-12-06|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1990-12-14}}</ref> For her part, Madonna has stated, "I may be dressing the typical bimbo, whatever, but I’m in charge. You know. I’m in charge of my fantasies. I put myself in these situations with men, you know, and people don’t think of me as a person who’s not in charge of my career or my life, okay. And isn’t that what feminism is all about, you know, equality for men and women? And aren’t I in charge of my life, doing the things I want to do? Making my own decisions?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Phillip|title=Madonna Turns 50 -- Wither Feminism?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-n-cohen/madonna-turns-50-wither-f_b_118248.html|accessdate=2011-12-06|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=2008-08-13}}</ref>
Throughout her career the singer has repeatedly reinvented herself through a series of visual and musical personas, earning her the nickname "Queen of Reinvention".<ref>{{harvnb|Gallo|2006|p=67}}</ref> In doing so, "she exploited her sexuality to fashion herself into a cultural and commercial icon who, for more than a decade, was unchallenged as the reigning Queen of Pop music."<ref>{{harvnb|Axelrod|2007|p=103}}</ref> Fouz-Hernández agrees that these reinventions are one of her key cultural achievements.<ref name="fouz3">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=168}}</ref> Madonna reinvented herself by working with upcoming talented producers and previously unknown artists, while remaining at the center of media attention. According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, "In doing so Madonna has provided an example of how to maintain one's career in the entertainment industry."<ref name="fouz3"/> Such reinvention was noted by scholars as the main tool in surviving the musical industry, for a female artist.<ref>{{harvnb|Tetzlaff|1993|p=259}}</ref> As Ian Youngs from [[BBC News]] commented, "Her ability to follow the latest trends and adapt her style has often been credited with preserving her appeal."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2953665.stm|title=Madonna fights to keep pop crown|publisher=BBC|date=2003-04-18|author=Ian Youngs|accessdate=2010-02-27}}</ref> Madonna's use of shocking sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism.<ref name="fouz3"/> ''The Times'' stated, "Madonna, whether you like her or not, started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice."<ref name="fouz2"/> Rodger Streitmatter, author of ''Sex Sells!'' (2004), commented that "from the moment Madonna burst onto the nation's radar screen in the mid-1980s, she did everything in her power to shock the public, and her efforts paid off."<ref name="sex sells">{{harvnb|Streitmatter|2004|p=34}}</ref> Shmuel Boteach, author of ''Hating women'' (2005), felt that Madonna was largely responsible for erasing the line between music and pornography. He stated: "Before Madonna, it was possible for women more famous for their voices than their cleavage, to emerge as music superstars. But in the post-Madonna universe, even highly original performers such as Janet Jackson now feel the pressure to expose their bodies on national television to sell albums."<ref>{{harvnb|Boteach|2005|p=110}}</ref>
{{quote box|align=right|width=30%|quote=Very few public figures are such wizards at manipulating the press and cultivating publicity as Madonna is. She has always been a great tease with journalists, brash and outspoken when the occasion demanded it, recalcitrant and taciturn when it came time to pull back and slow down the striptease. Madonna is a self-created woman, no question, but it was not a virgin birth: her adroit handling of the press played a major part in the consummation. Publicity is the name of the game.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kahn|first=Becky|title=Madonna: Changed Woman|date=May 1989|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|publisher=CNET Networks|issn=0149-8932|volume=24|issue=9|page=34|ref=harv}}</ref>|source=—Becky Johnson from ''[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]'' commenting on Madonna's popularity.
}}
Madonna has influenced numerous music artists throughout her career. Mary Cross, in her book ''Madonna: A Biography'', wrote: "Her influence on pop music is undeniable and far-reaching. New pop icons from [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Shakira]] to [[Gwen Stefani]] and [[Christina Aguilera]] (not to mention [[Britney Spears]]) owe Madonna, a debt of thanks for the template she forged, combining provocative sexiness and female power in her image, music, and lyrics."<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=107}}</ref> According to Fouz-Hernández, female pop performers such as Spears, the [[Spice Girls]], [[Destiny's Child]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Kylie Minogue]] and [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] were like "Madonna's daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna, and decided they wanted to be like her."<ref name="fouz4">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=161}}</ref> Among them, Madonna's influence was most notable in Spears, who has been called her protégé.<ref name="fouz2">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=162}}</ref> Madonna has also been credited with the introduction of European [[electronic dance music]] into mainstream American pop culture, and for bringing European producers such as [[Stuart Price]] and [[Mirwais Ahmadzaï]] into the spotlight.<ref name="fouz"/>
Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career.<ref name="Routledge">{{harvnb|Kramarae|Spender|2000|p=459}}</ref> As Taraborrelli noted, she already showed strong business sensibilities early in her career when she signed Freddie de Mann, Michael Jackson's former manager, to manage her career.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=99}}</ref> As she said to ''[[Smash Hits]]'' magazine, "I thought, who’s the most successful person in the music industry and who’s his manager? I want him." Since it was Jackson, Madonna wanted de Mann more than anything else, and chance came when she learned that they have parted ways recently. After signing de Mann, her Madonna's associates had expressed their apprehension as to whether that was a good business decision by her. Madonna was adamant that since de Mann was free he would be able to devote all his time into his career. True to her, Madonna's popularity increased significantly, being asked to do more promotional tours and media appearances.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ellen|first=Mark|authorlink=Mark Ellen|title=Madonna: Queen Kajagoogoo|date=1984-06-02|work=[[Smash Hits]]|publisher=[[EMAP|EMAP Metro]]|issn=0260-3004|volume=12|page=13|ref=harv}}</ref> Her seriousness towards her business was also portrayed in the ''Truth or Dare'' documentary, in a scene where Madonna throws out the cameraman as she was going to have a business meeting. This led Taraborrelli to comment that "she always knew the importance of the outcomes of these discussions with her associates. And she wanted the element of surprise."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=312}}</ref> After its establishment, Maverick Records became a major commercial success from her efforts, which was unusual at that time for an artist-established label.<ref name="susmanchaos">{{cite news|title=So-called Chaos|first=Gary|last=Susman|work=Entertainment Weekly|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,652432,00.html|date=2004-06-15|accessdate=2009-08-03}}</ref> Music journalist Robert Sandall said that while interviewing Madonna, it was clear that being "a cultural big hitter" was more important to her than pop music, a career she described as "an accident". He also saw a contrast between her anything-goes sexual public persona and a secretive and "paranoid" attitude toward her own finances; she fired her own brother when he charged her for an extra item.<ref name="sandall">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6015124.ece|last=Sandall|first=Robert|title=Why Madonna is still a Material Girl|work=The Times|date=2009-04-05|accessdate=2009-08-09| location=London}}</ref> Professor Colin Barrow of the [[Cranfield School of Management]] described Madonna as "America's smartest businesswoman... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself". He held up her "planning, personal discipline and constant attention to detail" as models for all aspiring entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/madonna/Get-a-head-for-business.2566459.jp|title=Get a head for business, tune into Madonna|last=Johnston|first=Ian|work=[[The Scotsman]]|publisher=[[Johnston Press]]|date=2004-09-23|accessdate=2010-07-24}}</ref> [[London Business School]] academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the key to her commercial success.<ref name=LBS>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/career_and_jobs/graduate_management/article1293585.ece|title=Case Study: Madonna|first=Jamie|last=Anderson|first2=Martin|last2=Kupp|work=The Times|date= 2007-01-18|accessdate=2009-08-03|location=London}}</ref> Morton commented that "Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless—somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants—and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her."<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=89}}</ref> Taraborrelli felt that this ruthlessness was visible during the shooting of the Pepsi commercial in 1989. "The fact that she didn't want to hold a Pepsi can in the commercial, clued the Pepsi executives that Madonna the pop star and Madonna the businesswoman were not going to be dictated by somebody else, she will do everything in her way—the only way."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=167}}</ref> Conversely, reporter Michael McWilliams commented: "The gripes about Madonna–she's cold, greedy, talentless–conceal both bigotry and the essence of her art, which is among the warmest, the most humane, the most profoundly satisfying in all pop culture."<ref>{{cite news|last=McWilliams|first=Michael|title=Why the rock world hates Madonna|work=[[The Detroit News|Detroit News]]|url=http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080224/ENT04/802240345/1031/POLITICS01|date=1990-04-21|accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref>
==Discography==
{{Main|Madonna albums discography|Madonna singles discography|Madonna videography}}
*''[[Madonna (album)|Madonna]]'' (1983)
*''[[Like a Virgin]]'' (1984)
*''[[True Blue (Madonna album)|True Blue]]'' (1986)
*''[[Like a Prayer]]'' (1989)
*''[[Erotica (Madonna album)|Erotica]]'' (1992)
*''[[Bedtime Stories (Madonna album)|Bedtime Stories]]'' (1994)
*''[[Ray of Light]]'' (1998)
*''[[Music (Madonna album)|Music]]'' (2000)
*''[[American Life]]'' (2003)
*''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'' (2005)
*''[[Hard Candy (Madonna album)|Hard Candy]]'' (2008)
*''[[M.D.N.A.]]'' (2012)
==Tours==
{{Main|List of Madonna concert tours}}
*[[The Virgin Tour]] (1985)
*[[Who's That Girl World Tour]] (1987)
*[[Blond Ambition World Tour]] (1990)
*[[The Girlie Show World Tour]] (1993)
*[[Drowned World Tour]] (2001)
*[[Re-Invention World Tour]] (2004)
*[[Confessions Tour]] (2006)
*[[Sticky & Sweet Tour]] (2008–09)
{{div col end}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Madonna}}
{{Wikipedia books|Madonna}}
*[[Honorific nicknames in popular music]]
*[[List of unreleased Madonna songs]]
*[[Madonna bibliography]]
*[[Madonna filmography]]
*[[Mononymous person]]s
==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
*{{Cite book
|first=Alan
|last= Axelrod
|title=One thousand one people who made America
|publisher=National Geographic Books
|year=2007
|isbn=978-1-4262-0052-6
|ref=harv
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Bego
|first = Mark
|authorlink = Mark Bego
|title = Madonna: Blonde Ambition
|publisher = Cooper Square Press
|year = 2000
|isbn = 978-0-8154-1051-5
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Bohem
|first = David A.
|title = Guinness Book of World Records 1990
|publisher = Sterling Publications
|year = 1990
|isbn = 0-8069-5791-3
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Boteach
|first = Shmuel
|title = Hating women: America's hostile campaign against the fairer sex
|publisher = HarperCollins
|year = 2005
|isbn = 978-0-06-078122-4
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last1 = Brackett
|first1 = Nathan
|authorlink1 = Nathan Brackett
|last2 = Hoard
|first2 = Christian
|title = The New Rolling Stone Album Guide
|year = 2004
|publisher = Simon & Schuster
|isbn = 0-7432-0169-8
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Clerk
|first = Carol
|title = Madonnastyle
|year = 2002
|publisher = [[Music Sales Group|Omnibus Press]]
|isbn = 0-7119-8874-9
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Cross
|first = Mary
|title = Madonna: A Biography
|year = 2007
|publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
|isbn = 0-313-33811-6
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book|last=Diamond|first=Elin|year=1996|title=Performance and Cultural Politics|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415127677|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Erlewine
|first = Stephen Thomas
|first2 = Vladimir
|last2 = Bogdanov
|first3 = Chris
|last3 = Woodstra
|authorlink = Stephen Thomas Erlewine
|title=All music guide to rock: the definitive guide to rock, pop, and soul
|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]]
|year=2002
|page=1399
|isbn=0-87930-653-X
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Fouz-Hernández
|first = Santiago
|first2 = Freya
|last2 = Jarman-Ivens
|title = Madonna's Drowned Worlds
|publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate Publishing, Ltd]]
|isbn = 0-7546-3372-1
|year = 2004
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Friskics-Warren
|first = Bill
|title = I'll Take You There: Pop Music and the Urge for Transcendence
|year = 2006
|publisher = [[Continuum International Publishing Group]]
|isbn = 0-8264-1921-6
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Gallo
|first=Carmine
|title=10 Simple Secrets of the World's Greatest Business Communicators
|publisher= Sourcebooks
|year= 2006
|isbn=978-1-4022-0696-2
|ref=harv
}}
*{{Cite book
|title = Madonna: The Rolling Stone Files
|isbn = 0-7868-8154-2
|publisher = [[Hyperion Books]]
|last = George-Warren
|first = Holly
|year = 1997 |DUPLICATE DATA: publisher = [[Jann Wenner]]
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|title = Guinness Book of World Records 2007
|first = Craig
|last = Glenday
|publisher = [[Bantam Books]]
|isbn = 0-553-58992-X
|year = 2007
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Grant
|first = Robert
|title = Contemporary Strategy Analysis
|publisher = Wiley-Blackwell
|year = 2005
|isbn=978-1-4051-1999-3
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Guilbert
|first=Georges-Claude
|title=Madonna as postmodern myth
|publisher=McFarland
|year=2002
|isbn=0-7864-1408-1
|ref=harv
|postscript=<!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Guralnick
|first = Peter
|first2 = Douglas
|last2 = Wolk
|title = Best Music Writing
|year = 2000
|publisher = Da Capo Press
|isbn = 0-306-80999-0
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Hoban
|first = Phoebe
|title = Basquiat: A Quick Killing in Art
|year = 2004
|publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
|isbn = 0-14-303512-6
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Horton
|first = Ros
|last2 = Simmons
|first2 = Sally
|title = Women Who Changed the World
|year = 2007
|publisher = Quercus
|isbn = 1-84724-026-7
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Kellner
|first = Douglas
|title = Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern
|publisher = [[Routledge]]
|year = 1995
|authorlink = Douglas Kellner
|isbn = 0-415-10570-6
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Kramarae
|first = Cheris
|first2 = Dale
|last2 = Spender
|title = Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge
|publisher = [[Routledge]]
|year = 2000
|isbn = 0-415-92091-4
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Landrum
|first = Gene N.
|title = Paranoia & Power: Fear & Fame of Entertainment Icons
|publisher = Morgan James Publishing
|year = 2007
|isbn = 1600372732
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Metz
|first = Allen
|first2 = Carol
|last2 = Benson
|title = The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary
|publisher = [[Music Sales Group]]
|year = 1999
|isbn = 0-8256-7194-9
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Morton
|first=Andrew
|title=[[Madonna (book)|Madonna]]
|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]
|year=2002
|isbn=0-312-98310-7
|authorlink=Andrew Morton (writer)
|ref=harv
|postscript=<!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = O'Brien
|first = Lucy
|title = Madonna: Like an Icon
|year = 2007
|publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
|isbn = 0-593-05547-0
|authorlink = Lucy O'Brien
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Orgill
|first = Roxanne
|title = Shout, Sister, Shout!: Ten Girl Singers who Shaped a Century
|publisher = [[Simon & Schuster|Simon and Schuster]]
|year = 2001
|isbn = 0-689-81991-9
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Pitts
|first = Michael
|title = Famous Movie Detectives
|year = 2004
|publisher = Scarecrow Press
|isbn = 0-8108-3690-4
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Rettenmund
|first = Matthew
|authorlink = Matthew Rettenmund
|title = Madonnica: The Woman & The Icon From A To Z
|isbn = 0-312-11782-5
|publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]
|year = 1995
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|title = Guilty Pleasures: Feminist Camp From Mae West to Madonna
|last = Robertson
|first = Pamela
|year = 1996
|publisher= [[Duke University Press]]
|isbn = 978-0-8223-1748-7
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Rooksby
|first = Rikky
|title = The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna
|year = 2004
|publisher = [[Music Sales Group|Omnibus Press]]
|isbn = 0-7119-9883-3
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last = Rust
|first = Paula C. Rodriguez
|authorlink = Paula Rodriguez Rust
|title = Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader
|year = 2000
|publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Sexton
|first = Adam
|title= Desperately Seeking Madonna: In Search of the Meaning of the World's Most Famous Woman
|publisher = Delta Publishing Inc.
|isbn = 0-385-30688-1
|year = 1993
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = St. Michael
|first = Mick
|title = Madonna talking: Madonna in Her Own Words
|year = 2004
|publisher = [[Music Sales Group|Omnibus Press]]
|isbn = 1-84449-418-7
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Streitmatter
|first = Rodger
|title = Sex Sells!
|publisher = Westview Press
|year = 2004
|isbn = 978-0-8133-4248-1
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Taraborrelli
|first = Randy J.
|authorlink = J. Randy Taraborrelli
|title = [[Madonna: An Intimate Biography]]
|publisher = [[Simon & Schuster|Simon and Schuster]]
|year = 2002
|isbn = 0-7432-2880-4
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Tetzlaff
|first = David
|title = Metatextual Girl
|publisher = [[Westview Press]]
|year = 1993
|isbn = 0-8133-1396-1
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Victor
|first = Barbara
|title = Goddess, Inside Madonna
|publisher = Cliff Street Books
|year = 2001
|isbn = 0-06-019930-X
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Voller
|first = Debbie
|title = Madonna: The Style Book
|publisher = [[Music Sales Group|Omnibus Press]]
|year = 1999
|isbn = 0-7119-7511-6
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Warren
|first = Holly
|last2 = George
|first2 = Patricia Romanowski
|first3 = Patricia Romanowski
|last3 = Bashe
|first4 = Jon
|last4 = Pareles
|authorlink4 = Jon Pareles
|year=2001
|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster|Fireside]]
|isbn=0-7432-0120-5
|title=The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Welton
|first = Donn
|title = Body and flesh: a philosophical reader
|publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell]]
|year = 1998
|isbn = 1-57718-126-3
|ref = harv
|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
|last = Bronson
|authorlink=Fred Bronson
|first = Fred
|title=The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits
|publisher=Billboard books
|year=2003
|isbn=0-8230-7677-6
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=McAleer
|first=Dave
|title=Hit Singles: Top 20 Charts from 1954 to the Present Day
|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]]
|year=2004
|isbn=0-87930-808-7
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Wesley
|first=Hyatt
|title=The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits
|publisher=Billboard books
|year=1999
|isbn=0-8230-7693-8
}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|q=Madonna (entertainer)|s=no|commons=Madonna (entertainer)|n=no|v=no|species=no}}
*{{Official website|1=http://www.madonna.com}}
*{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p64565|label=Madonna}}
*{{IMDb name|187|Madonna}}
*[http://www.genealogy.com/genealogy/famousfolks/madonna/index.htm#s1b Madonna ancestry] Genealogy.com
{{Madonna}}
{{Madonna songs}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestActressMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 2010s}}
{{UK best-selling albums (by year) 1970–1989}}
{{James Bond music}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}
{{Normdaten|PND=118829688|LCCN=n/84/156128|VIAF=59270244}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Persondata
|NAME=Madonna
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Ciccone, Madonna Louise
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American musician, singer, songwriter, actress, author
|DATE OF BIRTH=August 16, 1958
|PLACE OF BIRTH=Bay City, Michigan, United States
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madonna}}
[[Category:Madonna (entertainer)| ]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Michigan]]
[[Category:Actors from New York City]]
[[Category:American dance musicians]]
[[Category:American dancers]]
[[Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:American female singers]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American film directors]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:American musicians of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American people of French-Canadian descent]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:American pop singers]]
[[Category:American record producers]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:English-language singers]]
[[Category:Female film directors]]
[[Category:Female rock singers]]
[[Category:Feminist musicians]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Interscope Records artists]]
[[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners]]
[[Category:Juno Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maverick Records artists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Michigan]]
[[Category:Musicians from New York City]]
[[Category:People from Bay City, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Corona, Queens]]
[[Category:People from Pontiac, Michigan]]
[[Category:People from Staten Island]]
[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Sire Records artists]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Records artists]]
[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]
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[[kk:Мадонна (әнші)]]
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[[mk:Мадона (пејачка)]]
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[[ja:マドンナ (歌手)]]
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[[simple:Madonna (entertainer)]]
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