Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Chủ nghĩa vô thần”

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ý'''''Chủ nghĩa vô thần''''' (hay '''''thuyết vô thần''''', '''''vô thần luận'''''), theo nghĩa rộng nhất, là sự thiếu vắng [[niềm tin]] vào sự tồn tại của [[thần|thần linh]].<ref name=encyc-unbelief-def-issues>{{Chú thích sách |last=Harvey |first=Van A. |title=Agnosticism and Atheism |postscript=,}} trong {{harvnb|Flynn|2007|p=35}}: "The terms ''ATHEISM'' and ''AGNOSTICISM'' lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative ''a'' both before the Greek ''theos'' (divinity) and ''gnosis'' (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them&nbsp;... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."</ref><ref name="oxdicphil">{{Chú thích bách khoa toàn thư|editor=Simon Blackburn|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy|title=atheism|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001/acref-9780199541430-e-278?rskey=GC0Coc&result=279|accessdate=2013-11-21|edition=2008|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|quote=Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.}}<!--Same in 2005 edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=WHILCw0hDA4C&pg=PA27&dq=%22atheism%22#v=onepage&q=%22atheism%22&f=false --></ref><ref name=religioustolerance>{{Chú thích sách |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |first=Dagobert D. |last=Runes |authorlink=Dagobert D. Runes (editor)|year=1942 |publisher=Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library |location=New Jersey |isbn=0-06-463461-2 |quote=(a) niềm tin rằng không có Chúa; (b) Một số nhà triết học bị gọi là "vô thần" vì họ không giữ một niềm tin vào một vị Chúa cá thể. Vô thần ở đây mang nghĩa "không hữu thần". Nghĩa đầu là nghĩa trực tiếp. Nghĩa sau là cách dùng ít chặt chẽ hơn, nhưng lại được dùng rộng rãi trong lịch sử tư tưởng|accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234916/http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |archivedate=2011-05-13 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=no}} – entry by [[Vergilius Ferm]]</ref><ref>{{Chú thích bách khoa toàn thư |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/atheism |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries |title=Atheism |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref> Theo nghĩa hẹp hơn, chủ nghĩa vô thần là sự bác bỏ niềm tin rằng thần linh tồn tại.<ref name=eb2011-atheism>{{harvnb|Nielsen|2013}}: "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons&nbsp;...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God&nbsp;... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers&nbsp;... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or&nbsp;... a symbolic term for moral ideals."</ref><ref name=encyc-philosophy>{{harvnb|Edwards|2005}}: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion."</ref> Theo nghĩa hẹp hơn nữa, một cách cụ thể thì chủ nghĩa vô thần là quan điểm cho rằng không hề có thần linh.<ref name="encyc-unbelief-def-issues" /><ref name="oxdicphil" /><ref name="RoweRoutledge" /> Chủ nghĩa vô thần đối lập với [[chủ nghĩa hữu thần]],<ref name=reldef>{{Chú thích web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304224324/http://rel.as.ua.edu/aboutreldefinitions.html |title=Definitions: Atheism|publisher=Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama |accessdate=2012-12-01}}</ref><ref name="OED-theism" /> theo dạng chung nhất, là niềm tin rằng có ít nhất [[sự tồn tại của Thiên Chúa|một vị thần tồn tại]].<ref name="OED-theism">{{Chú thích sách |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |year=1989 |quote=Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism}}</ref><ref>{{Chú thích web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |quote=...belief in the existence of a god or gods... |accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |archivedate=2011-05-14 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{Chú thích web |last=Smart |first=J. J. C. |title=Atheism and Agnosticism |publisher=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition)|editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/atheism-agnosticism/ }}</ref>
'''''Chủ nghĩa vô thần''''' (hay '''''thuyết vô thần''''', '''''vô thần luận'''''), theo
ý nghĩa rộng nhất, là sự thiếu vắng [[niềm tin]] vào sự tồn tại của [[thần|thần linh]].<ref name=encyc-unbelief-def-issues>{{Chú thích sách |last=Harvey |first=Van A. |title=Agnosticism and Atheism |postscript=,}} trong {{harvnb|Flynn|2007|p=35}}: "The terms ''ATHEISM'' and ''AGNOSTICISM'' lend themselves to two different definitions. The first takes the privative ''a'' both before the Greek ''theos'' (divinity) and ''gnosis'' (to know) to mean that atheism is simply the absence of belief in the gods and agnosticism is simply lack of knowledge of some specified subject matter. The second definition takes atheism to mean the explicit denial of the existence of gods and agnosticism as the position of someone who, because the existence of gods is unknowable, suspends judgment regarding them&nbsp;... The first is the more inclusive and recognizes only two alternatives: Either one believes in the gods or one does not. Consequently, there is no third alternative, as those who call themselves agnostics sometimes claim. Insofar as they lack belief, they are really atheists. Moreover, since absence of belief is the cognitive position in which everyone is born, the burden of proof falls on those who advocate religious belief. The proponents of the second definition, by contrast, regard the first definition as too broad because it includes uninformed children along with aggressive and explicit atheists. Consequently, it is unlikely that the public will adopt it."</ref><ref name="oxdicphil">{{Chú thích bách khoa toàn thư|editor=Simon Blackburn|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy|title=atheism|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199541430.001.0001/acref-9780199541430-e-278?rskey=GC0Coc&result=279|accessdate=2013-11-21|edition=2008|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|quote=Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.}}<!--Same in 2005 edition: https://books.google.com/books?id=WHILCw0hDA4C&pg=PA27&dq=%22atheism%22#v=onepage&q=%22atheism%22&f=false --></ref><ref name=religioustolerance>{{Chú thích sách |url=http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |title=Dictionary of Philosophy |first=Dagobert D. |last=Runes |authorlink=Dagobert D. Runes (editor)|year=1942 |publisher=Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library |location=New Jersey |isbn=0-06-463461-2 |quote=(a) niềm tin rằng không có Chúa; (b) Một số nhà triết học bị gọi là "vô thần" vì họ không giữ một niềm tin vào một vị Chúa cá thể. Vô thần ở đây mang nghĩa "không hữu thần". Nghĩa đầu là nghĩa trực tiếp. Nghĩa sau là cách dùng ít chặt chẽ hơn, nhưng lại được dùng rộng rãi trong lịch sử tư tưởng|accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234916/http://www.ditext.com/runes/a.html |archivedate=2011-05-13 <!--DASHBot--> |deadurl=no}} – entry by [[Vergilius Ferm]]</ref><ref>{{Chú thích bách khoa toàn thư |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/atheism |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries |title=Atheism |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=2013-11-21}}</ref> Theo nghĩa hẹp hơn, chủ nghĩa vô thần là sự bác bỏ niềm tin rằng thần linh tồn tại.<ref name=eb2011-atheism>{{harvnb|Nielsen|2013}}: "Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons&nbsp;...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God&nbsp;... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers&nbsp;... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or&nbsp;... a symbolic term for moral ideals."</ref><ref name=encyc-philosophy>{{harvnb|Edwards|2005}}: "On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion."</ref> Theo nghĩa hẹp hơn nữa, một cách cụ thể thì chủ nghĩa vô thần là quan điểm cho rằng không hề có thần linh.<ref name="encyc-unbelief-def-issues" /><ref name="oxdicphil" /><ref name="RoweRoutledge" /> Chủ nghĩa vô thần đối lập với [[chủ nghĩa hữu thần]],<ref name=reldef>{{Chú thích web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304224324/http://rel.as.ua.edu/aboutreldefinitions.html |title=Definitions: Atheism|publisher=Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama |accessdate=2012-12-01}}</ref><ref name="OED-theism" /> theo dạng chung nhất, là niềm tin rằng có ít nhất [[sự tồn tại của Thiên Chúa|một vị thần tồn tại]].<ref name="OED-theism">{{Chú thích sách |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |year=1989 |quote=Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism}}</ref><ref>{{Chú thích web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |title=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |quote=...belief in the existence of a god or gods... |accessdate=2011-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194441/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theism |archivedate=2011-05-14 <!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{Chú thích web |last=Smart |first=J. J. C. |title=Atheism and Agnosticism |publisher=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition)|editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/atheism-agnosticism/ }}</ref>
 
Nhiều người tự nhận là vô thần có thái độ hoài nghi với những gì [[siêu nhiên]], với lý do là không có bằng chứng [[chủ nghĩa kinh nghiệm|thực nghiệm]] về sự tồn tại của thần linh. Những người khác lập luận ủng hộ chủ nghĩa vô thần trên cơ sở triết học, xã hội và lịch sử. Tuy trong số những người tự nhận là vô thần có nhiều người thiên về các học thuyết triết học [[chủ nghĩa thế tục|thế tục]] như [[chủ nghĩa nhân văn]]<ref>Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''. Oxford University Press. tr. 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.</ref> và [[chủ nghĩa tự nhiên (triết học)|chủ nghĩa tự nhiên]]<ref>Fales, Evan. ''Naturalism and Physicalism'', in {{harvnb |Martin |2007 |pp=122–131}}.</ref>, không có một hệ tư tưởng hay một bộ hành vi nào mà tất cả những người vô thần cùng chia sẻ<ref>{{harvnb |Baggini |2003 |pp=3–4}}.</ref>; và một số [[tôn giáo]], chẳng hạn [[Jaina giáo|Kì-na giáo]] và [[Phật giáo]], không đòi hỏi đức tin vào một vị [[thần cá thể|thần có vị cách]].