Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Lịch sử Mãn Châu”

 

== Tiền sử ==

 

{{refimprove-section|date=May 2011}}

 

 

From 698 to 926, the kingdom of [[Balhae]] occupied northern [[Korea]] and parts of [[Manchuria]] and [[Primorsky Krai]], consisting of the [[Nani people|Nanai]], the [[Udege people|Udege]], and the [[Evenks]] and descendants of the [[Tungusic languages|Tungus]]-speaking people and the people of the recently fallen [[Goguryeo]] kingdom of Korea. Primorsky Krai settled at this moment by Northern [[Mohe people|Mohe]] tribes were incorporated to Balhae Kingdom under King [[Seon of Balhae|Seon]]'s reign (818-830) and put Balhae territory at its height.

After subduing the Yulou Mohe ([[Hangul]] : 우루말갈 [[Hanja]]/[[Hanzi]] : 虞婁靺鞨 [[pinyin]] : Yúlóu Mòhé) first and the Yuexi Mohe ([[Hangul]] : 월희말갈 [[Hanja]]/[[Hanzi]] : 越喜靺鞨 [[pinyin]] : Yuèxǐ Mòhé) thereafter, King Seon administrated their territories by creating four prefectures : Solbin Prefecture, Jeongli Prefecture, Anbyeon Prefecture and Anwon Prefecture. Balhae was an early feudal medieval state of Eastern Asia, which developed its industry, agriculture, animal husbandry, and had its own cultural traditions and art. People of Balhae maintained political, economic and cultural contacts with the southern [[China|Chinese]] [[Tang Dynasty]], as well as Japan.

 

With the Song Dynasty to the south, the [[Khitan people]] of Western Manchuria, who probably spoke [[Khitan language|a language]] related to the [[Mongolic languages]], created the [[Khitan Dynasty|Liao Empire]] in the region, which went on to control adjacent parts of [[North China|Northern China]] as well.

 

In 1234, the Jin Dynasty fell to the [[Mongols]].

 

In 1211, after the conquest of [[Western Xia]], [[Genghis Khan]] mobilized an army to conquer the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]]. His general [[Jebe]] and brother [[Qasar]] were ordered to reduce the Jurchen cities in Manchuria.<ref>Tom Shanley- Dominion: Dawn of the Mongol Empire, p.144</ref> They successfully destroyed the Jin [[fort]]s there. The Khitans under Yelü Liuge declared their allegiance to Genghis Khan and established nominally [[autonomous]] state in Manchuria in 1213. However, the Jin forces dispatched a [[punitive expedition]] against them. Jebe went there again and the Mongols pushed out the Jins.

 

After the expulsion of the Mongols from [[China]], the Jurchen clans remained loyal to [[Toghan Temur]], the last Yuan emperor. In 1375, Nahacu, a Mongol official of the [[Northern Yuan]] in [[Liaoyang]] province invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring the Mongols to power. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria, Nahacu finally surrendered to the [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1387. In order to protect the northern border areas the Ming decided to "pacify" the Jurchens in order to deal with its problems with Yuan remnants along its northern border. The Ming solidified control only under [[Yongle Emperor]] (1402–1424).

 

[[File:A Tartar Huntsmen on His Horse.jpg|thumb|250px|A Jurchen man hunting from his horse, from a 15th century ink and color painting on silk.]]

The [[Ming Dynasty|Ming Empire]] took control of Liaoning in 1371, just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. During the reign of the [[Yongle Emperor]] in the early 15th century, efforts were made to expand Chinese control throughout entire Manchuria. Mighty river fleets were built in [[Jilin City]], and sailed several times between 1409 and ca. 1432, commanded by the [[Eunuch (court official)#China|eunuch]] [[Yishiha]] down the [[Sungari River|Sungari]] and the [[Amur River|Amur]] all the way to the [[Tyr, Russia|mouth of the Amur]], getting the chieftains of the local tribes to swear allegiance to the Ming rulers.<ref name=eu>Shih-shan Henry Tsai, ''The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty''. SUNY Press, 1996. ISBN 0791426874. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC Partial text] on Google Books. P. 129-130</ref>

Starting in the 1580s, a [[Jianzhou Jurchens]] chieftain [[Nurhaci]] (1558–1626), originally based in the [[Mudanjiang River|Hurha River]] valley northeast of the Ming Liaodong Wall, started to unify Jurchen tribes of the region. Over the next several decades, the Jurchen (later to be called Manchu), took control over most of Manchuria, the cities of the Ming Liaodong falling to the Jurchen one after another. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself a [[Khan (title)|khan]], and founded the Later Jin Dynasty (which his successors renamed in 1636 to [[Qing Dynasty]]).

 

{{see also|Russian–Manchu border conflicts}}

[[File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-NE-2571.jpg|thumb|Northeastern part of the map of ''China and Chinese Tartary'' (1735; based on the French Jesuit expedition of 1709)]]

As a result, Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as “[[Outer Manchuria]]”, and a remaining Chinese half known as “Inner Manchuria”. In modern literature, “Manchuria” usually refers to Inner (Chinese) Manchuria. (cf. Inner and Outer [[Mongolia]]). As a result of the Treaties of Aigun and Peking, China lost access to the [[Sea of Japan]].

 

{{main|History of the Russian Far East|Northeast China}}

 

By the 19th century, Manchu rule had become increasingly [[sinicized]] and, along with other borderlands of the Qing Empire such as [[Mongolia]] and [[Tibet]], came under the influence of European powers such as [[United Kingdom|Britain]] which nibbled at Tibet, [[France]] at [[Hainan]] and [[Germany]] at [[Shandong]]. Meanwhile the [[Russian Empire]] encroached upon [[Turkestan]] and [[Outer Mongolia]], having annexed Outer Manchuria.

 

{{see also|Chinese Eastern Railway|South Manchurian Railway}}

 

Manchuria was (and still is) an important region for its rich mineral and coal reserves, and its soil is perfect for [[soy]] and [[barley]] production. For pre–World War II Japan, Manchuria was an essential source of raw materials. Without occupying Manchuria, the Japanese probably could not have carried out their plan for conquest over [[Southeast Asia]] or taken the risk to [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attack Pearl Harbor]] on the 7th of December, 1941.<ref>Edward Behr, ''The Last Emperor'', 1987, p. 202</ref>

 

{{Main|Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Manchukuo}}

[[File:Manchukuo map 1939.svg|thumb|Map of the Manchukuo state in 1939]]

[[File:Red Army in Harbin.png|thumb|Soviet soldiers in Harbin]]

 

After the [[atomic bomb]]ing of [[Hiroshima]], [[Japan]] in 1945, the [[Soviet Union]] [[Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation|invaded from Soviet Outer Manchuria]] as part of its [[declaration of war]] against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Inner Manchuria was a base area for the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, Manchuria was used as a [[staging area|staging ground]] during the Chinese Civil War for the [[Communist Party of China]], which emerged victorious in 1949.

 

With the end of the [[Cold War]], this boundary issue was discussed through negotiations. In 2004, Russia agreed to transfer [[Yinlong Island]] and one half of [[Heixiazi Island]] to [[China]], ending an enduring border dispute. Both islands are found at the confluence of the [[Amur River|Amur]] and [[Ussuri]] Rivers, and were until then administered by Russia and claimed by China. The event was meant to foster feelings of reconciliation and cooperation between the two countries by their leaders, but it has also provoked different degrees of dissent on both sides. Russians, especially [[Cossack]] farmers of [[Khabarovsk]], who would lose their [[ploughland]]s on the islands, were unhappy about the apparent loss of territory. Meanwhile, some Chinese have criticised the treaty as an official acknowledgement of the legitimacy of Russian rule over [[Outer Manchuria]], which was ceded by the Qing Dynasty to [[Imperial Russia]] under a series of ''[[Unequal Treaties]]'', which included the [[Treaty of Aigun]] in 1858 and the [[Convention of Peking]] in 1860, in order to exchange exclusive usage of Russia's rich oil resources. The transfer was carried out on October 14, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20081014/117720719.html |title=Handover of Russian islands to China seen as effective diplomacy &#124; Top Russian news and analysis online &#124; 'RIA Novosti' newswire |publisher=En.rian.ru |date=2008-10-14 |accessdate=2010-05-18}}</ref>

 

 

{{Reflist}}

 

 

[[en:History of Manchuria]]