Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Bộ Quốc phòng Nga”
Nội dung được xóa Nội dung được thêm vào
n Đã lùi lại sửa đổi của 125.214.51.89 (Thảo luận) quay về phiên bản cuối của MathXplore Thẻ: Thay thế nội dung Lùi tất cả |
Không có tóm lược sửa đổi |
||
Dòng 1:
{{Distinguish|Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation
| nativename_a = {{lang|ru|Министерство обороны Российской Федерации}}
| logo = Flag of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation.svg{{!}}border
| logo_width = 150 px
| logo_caption = Official flag
| seal = Medium emblem of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (21.07.2003-present).svg
| seal_caption = Ministry emblem
| picture = Moscow Frunzenskaya Embankment at Pushkinsky Bridge 08-2016.jpg
| picture_caption = [[Main Building of the Ministry of Defense (Russia)|The Main Building of the Ministry]] in [[Khamovniki District]]
| formed = 1717 as [[College of War]]
| headquarters = Znamenka 19, [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]<ref>RF MOS website www.mil.ru accessed 9 August 2012.</ref>
| coordinates = {{coord|55|44|56|N|37|36|8|E|type:landmark_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| preceding1 = Ministry of Defence of the Soviet Union (1946–1991)
| preceding2 = People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union (1934–1946)
| preceding3 = Ministry of War of the Russian Empire (1802–1917)
| preceding4 = [[College of War]] (1717–1802)
| minister1_name = [[Army general (Russia)|Gen.]] [[Sergey Shoygu]]
| minister1_pfo =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[President of Russia]]
| budget = US$ 69.3 billion (2014)
| employees =
| child1_agency = Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation<br />Federal Service for Technical and Export Control<br />[[Federal Service for Defence Contracts]]<br />Federal Agency for Special Construction<br />Federal Agency for the supply of arms, military and special equipment and material supplies
| website = {{URL|http://www.mil.ru/}}
}}
The '''Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation''' ({{lang-ru|Министерство обороны Российской Федерации, Минобороны России}}, informally abbreviated as МО, МО РФ or Minoboron) is the governing body of the [[Russian Armed Forces]].
The [[President of Russia]] is the [[Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|Commander-in-Chief]] of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and directs the activity of the Ministry. The [[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Defence Minister]] exercises day-to-day administrative and operational authority over the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/9446/page/3 Федеральный закон от 31 мая 1996 г. № 61-ФЗ «Об обороне»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010836/http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/9446/page/3 |date=2018-08-19 }} See Article 13, §§ 1, 2.</ref> The [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|General Staff]] executes the president's and the defence minister's instructions and orders.
The [[Main Building of the Ministry of Defense (Russia)|main building of the ministry]], built in the 1940s, is located on Arbatskaya Square, near [[Arbat Street]]. Other buildings of the ministry are located throughout the city of Moscow. The supreme body responsible for the Ministry's management and supervision of the Armed Forces is [[The National Defense Management Center]] (Национальный центр управления обороной РФ) located on Frunze Naberezhnaya and responsible for the centralization of the Armed Forces' command.
The current Russian Minister of Defence is [[Army general (Russia)|Army General]] [[Sergey Shoygu]].
==History==
{{Russian military}}
[[File:Official portrait of Sergey Shoigu.jpg|thumb|Defence minister ''Army general'' [[Sergey Shoygu]] with shoulder boards.]]
[[File:The building of the Ministry of War 1817-1820 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lobanov-Rostovsky Palace]], Former Defense Ministry building.]]
The authors of the U.S. [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]' volume for Russia said in July 1996 that:
{{quote|The structure of the Russian Defense Ministry does not imply military subordination to civilian authority in the Western sense.<ref>[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] Russia, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0194) Command Structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921144324/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+ru0194%29 |date=2017-09-21 }}</ref> The historical tradition of military command is considerably different in Russia. The [[tsar]]s were educated as officers, and they regularly wore military uniforms and held military rank. [[Joseph Stalin|Josef Stalin]] in his later years in power frequently wore a [[military uniform]], and he assumed the title [[Generalissimo of the Soviet Union]]. Likewise, Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] was named [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]. By tradition dating back to the tsars, the Minister of Defense was a uniformed officer,' with military background ([[Dmitry Milyutin]], [[Rodion Malinovsky]]) or without ([[Dmitriy Ustinov]]). The [[State Duma]] also seats a large number of [[member of parliament|deputies]] who are active-duty military officers—another tradition that began in the [[Imperial Russia|Russian imperial era]]. These combinations of military and civilian authority ensure that military concerns are considered at the highest levels of the Russian government.}}
===Russian Federation===
In May 1992, [[President of Russia]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] appointed [[Army General (Soviet Union)|General of the Army]] [[Pavel Grachev]] to the post of Minister of Defence. Grachev's decision to side with Yeltsin in the [[Russian constitutional crisis of 1993]], when the president called up tanks to shell the [[Russian White House]] to blast his opponents out of parliament, effectively deprived the [[Supreme Soviet of Russia]] of its nominal an opportunity to overturn the president's authority. At least partly for that reason, Yeltsin retained his defence minister despite intense criticism of Grachev's management of the [[First Chechen War]] and the Russian military establishment in general. Finally, Yeltsin's victory in the first round of the [[History of post-Soviet Russia#The 1996 presidential election|1996 Russian presidential election]] spurred Yeltsin to dismiss Grachev.
In March 2001, [[Sergei Ivanov]], previously secretary of the [[Security Council of Russia]] was appointed defence minister by President [[Vladimir Putin]], becoming Russia's first non-uniformed civilian defence minister.<ref>Peter Finn, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/15/AR2007021501526_pf.html Russian Leader Expands Powers of a Possible Successor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018114031/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/15/AR2007021501526_pf.html |date=2017-10-18 }}, [[Washington Post]], 16 February 2007.</ref>
Putin called the personnel changes in Russia's security structures coinciding with Ivanov's appointment as defence minister "a step toward demilitarizing public life." Putin also stressed Ivanov's responsibility for overseeing military reform as defence minister. What Putin did not emphasise was Ivanov's long service within the [[KGB]] and [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]] and his then rank of General-Lieutenant within the FSB. Such military and security agency associated men are known as [[siloviki]].
As of 2002 there were four living [[Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshals of the Soviet Union]]. Such men are automatically Advisors to the Defence Minister. The Marshals alive at that time were [[Viktor Kulikov]], [[Vasily Ivanovich Petrov|Vasily Petrov]], [[Sergei Sokolov (Marshal)|Sergei Sokolov]], a former Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union, and [[Dmitri Yazov]]. Yazov was listed by the American analysts Scott and Scott in 2002 as a consultant to the (former 10th) Directorate for International Military Cooperation<ref>Harriet F. Scott and William Scott, Russian Military Directory 2002, p. 341, citing DS2002-0802.</ref>
Perhaps the first 'real' non-uniformed Defence Minister was [[Anatoliy Serdyukov]], appointed in February 2007. Serdyukov was a former Tax Minister with little [[siloviki]] or military associations beyond his two years' military service.
==Structure==
The Ministry of Defence is managed by a collegium chaired by the Defence Minister and including the deputy Defence Ministers, heads of Main Defence Ministry and General Staff Directorates, and the commanders of the Joint Strategic Commands/Military Districts, the three Services, and three branches, who together form the principal staff and advisory board of the Minister of Defence.
The executive body of the Ministry of Defence is the [[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]. It is commanded by the [[Chief of the General Staff (Russia)|Chief of General Staff]]. U.S. expert [[William Odom]] said in 1998 that 'the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not.'<ref>[[William Eldridge Odom]], 'The Collapse of the Soviet Military,' Yale University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-300-08271-1}}, p. 27.</ref> Russian General Staff officers exercise command authority in their own right. In 1996 the General Staff included fifteen main directorates and an undetermined number of operating agencies. The staff is organized by functions, with each directorate and operating agency overseeing a functional area, generally indicated by the organization's title.
''Military Thought'' is the military-theoretical journal of the Ministry of Defence, and [[Krasnaya Zvezda]] its daily newspaper.
===Structure in 2019===
Senior staff in 2019 included:<ref name="RF MOD">RF MOD website www.mil.ru accessed 18 August 2019.</ref>
'''Minister of Defence:'''
* '''Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation''' – [[General of the Army (Russia)|General of the Army]] [[Sergei Shoigu]] (since 6 November 2012)
'''First Deputy Minister(s) of Defence:'''
* '''Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation – First Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation''' – General of the Army [[Valery Gerasimov]] (since 9 November 2012)
* '''First Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation''' – Active State Advisor of the Russian Federation, 1st Class [[Ruslan Tsalikov]] (since 24 December 2015)
'''Deputy Minister(s) of Defence:'''
* '''State Secretary – Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation''' – General of the Army (Retired) [[Nikolay Pankov]] (since 13 September 2005)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation (Responsible for Organising Material-Technical Support for the Armed Forces)''' – General of the Army [[Dmitry Bulgakov]] (since 27 July 2010)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation (Responsible for Organising Financial Support for the Armed Forces)''' – Active State Advisor of the Russian Federation, 1st Class [[Tatiana Shevtsova]] (since 4 August 2010)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation – Supervisor of the Apparatus of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation''' – [[Colonel General]] [[Yuriy Sadovenko]] (since 7 January 2013)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation (Responsible for the Development of the Technical Basis for the Management System and Information Technology)''' – General of the Army [[Pavel Popov]] (since 7 November 2013)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation (Responsible for Organising Property Management, Quartering of Troops (Forces), Housing, and Medical Support for the Armed Forces)''' – Active State Advisor of the Russian Federation, 2nd Class [[Timur Ivanov]] (since 23 May 2016)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation (Responsible for Organising International Military and Military-Technical Cooperation)''' – Colonel General [[Alexander Fomin]] (since 31 January 2017)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation (Responsible for Organising Military-Technical Support for the Armed Forces)''' – [[Aleksey Krivoruchko]] (since 13 June 2018)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation – Chief of the Main Directorate for Political-Military Affairs of the Russian Armed Forces''' – Colonel General [[Andrey Kartapolov]] (since 30 July 2018)
* '''Deputy Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation''' - Lieutenant General [[Yunus-Bek Yevkurov]] (since 8 July 2019)
<br />
Entities directly subordinated to the Minister of Defence in August 2012 included:<ref name="RF MOD"/>
{{col-begin}}
* MOD Press Service and Information Directorate
* MOD Physical Training Directorate
* MOD Financial Auditing Inspectorate
* MOD [[Main Military Medical Directorate]]
* MOD State Order Placement Department
* MOD Property Relations Department
* Expert Center of the MOD Staff
* MOD Administration Directorate
* MOD State Defence Order Facilitation Department
* MOD Department of the State Customer for Capital Construction
* MOD State Architectural-Construction Oversight Department
* MOD Sanatoria-resort Support Department
* MOD Housekeeping Directorate
* MOD State Review/Study Group
* MOD Educational Department
* MOD Legal Department
* MOD Organizational-inspection Department
* MOD Personnel Inspectorate
* MOD Military Inspectorate
* MOD State Technical Oversight Directorate
* MOD Aviation Flight Safety Service
* MOD Nuclear and Radiation Safety Oversight Directorate
* MOD Autotransport Directorate
* MOD Staff Protocol Department
* MOD Armed Force Weapons Turnover Oversight Service
* MOD [[Military Police (Russia)|Main Military Police Directorate]]
{{col-end}}
===Outline structure 2004===
An outline structure of the Ministry of Defence includes the groupings below, but this structure was in transition when it was recorded in 2004, with several deputy minister posts being abolished:<ref>H.F. Scott & William F. Scott, Russian Military Directory 2004, pp. 61–82, 97–116.</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation
*Federal Service for the Defence Order
*Federal Service for Technical and Export Control
*Federal Special Construction Agency of the MOD
*11th Directorate of the MOD (function unclear)
*[[12 Chief Directorate|12th Main Directorate of the MOD]] (nuclear weapons)
*16th Directorate of the MOD (function unclear)
*Hydrometrological Service of the Armed Forces
*Military Inspectorate
*Directorate of Information and Public Relations
*1st Separate Brigade of Protection of the MOD
*Archives of the Armed Forces (see also [[Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defence]])
*State Corporation for Air Traffic Control
*Central Theater of the Russian Army
*All-Russian Centre for Retraining Officers
*[[General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]
**directorates, departments, etc.
**[[Russian Ground Forces]]
**[[Russian Air Force]]
**[[Russian Navy]]
**[[Strategic Rocket Forces]]
**[[Russian Airborne Troops]]
**[[Russian Aerospace Defence Forces]]
*First Deputy Minister of Defence
**Main Directorate for Combat Training of the Armed Forces
**Directorate of Force Management and Security of Military Service
{{col-break}}
*Army General Nikolay Pankov, State Secretary – Deputy Min. of Defence<ref>[http://www.mil.ru/eng/12005/12062/12082/index.shtml State Secretary, Deputy Minister of Defence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411024408/http://mil.ru/eng/12005/12062/12082/index.shtml |date=2008-04-11 }}, Russian Ministry of Defence, accessed May 2008.</ref>
**Liaison with Political Power Institutions
**[Main] Directorate for Indoctrination [Political Work, Morale]
**[Main] Directorate for International Military Cooperation
**Directorate for Military Education of the Ministry of Defence
**Directorate of Foreign Relations
**Directorate of Force Management & Security of Military Service
**Directorate of Ecology & Special Means of Protection Min Def RF
**Press Service of the Ministry of Defence
**Flight Safety Service of Aviation of the Armed Forces RF
*Deputy Minister of Defence – [[Rear Services of the Armed Forces of Russia|Chief of Rear of the Armed Forces]]
**Military medical, trade, transportation, food, clothing, etc.
*Deputy Minister of Defence – Chief of Armaments of the Armed Forces
**Test ranges, study centres, [[Soviet military academies#Military research institutes|Military research institutes]] etc.
**[[GRAU]]
**[[Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union|Main Automotive-Armoured Tank Directorate of the MOD]] (GABTU)
**Autobase of Ministry of Defence
**Military Registry
**Federal State Unitary Enterprise [[Rosoboronexport]]
**Military Industrial Council
*Deputy Minister of Defence – Chief of Construction and Billeting Service
**Main Military Construction Directorate
**Main Quarters Exploitation Directorate
**other Directorates, departments etc.
*[[Lyubov Kudelina]], Deputy Minister of Defence for Financial-Economic Work
**Financial-Economic Section of the MOD
**Directorate of Military-Economic Analysis and Expertise
**Financial Inspectorate of the MOD
**Federation of Trade Unions for Civilian Workers of the Armed Forces
*Deputy Minister of Defence – Chief of the Main Department of Cadres [personnel]
**military schools, military academies, etc.
{{col-end}}
== List of Ministers of Defence ==
{{main|Minister of Defence (Russia)}}
==See also==
*[[Awards and Emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ministry of Defence of Russia}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|ru|en}}
{{Executive Authorities of Russia}}
{{Armed Forces of the Russian Federation}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry Of Defence (Russia)}}
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (Russia)| ]]
[[Category:Federal Ministries of Russia|Defence]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Russia|Defence Minister]]
[[Category:Defence ministries|Russia]]
[[Category:Military of Russia|Defence, Ministry of]]
[[Category:Russia-related lists|Defence, Ministry of]]
[[Category:Ministries established in 1717|Defence, Ministry of]]
[[Category:Russian and Soviet military-related lists]]
[[Category:1717 establishments in Russia]]
'''Bộ Quốc phòng Nga''', tên đầy đủ là Bộ Quốc phòng Liên bang Nga (tiếng Nga: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации, Минобороны России, viết tắt là МО hay МО РФ) là cơ quan lãnh đạo, điều hành, quản lý hoạt động của [[Lực lượng Vũ trang Liên bang Nga|lực lượng vũ trang Nga]].
| |||