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Phiên bản lúc 06:18, ngày 17 tháng 9 năm 2021
Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, FRS, FBA (3 June 1853 – 28 July 1942), commonly known as Flinders Petrie, was an English Egyptologist and a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology and preservation of artefacts.[3] He held the first chair of Egyptology in the United Kingdom, and excavated many of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt in conjunction with his wife, Hilda Petrie.[4] Some consider his most famous discovery to be that of the Merneptah Stele,[5] an opinion with which Petrie himself concurred.[6]
Sir Flinders Petrie | |
|---|---|
 Flinders Petrie, 1903 | |
| Sinh | William Matthew Flinders Petrie 3 tháng 6 năm 1853 Charlton, England |
| Mất | 28 tháng 7 năm 1942 (89 tuổi) Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine |
| Quốc tịch | British |
| Nổi tiếng vì | Merneptah Stele, pottery seriation[1] |
| Phối ngẫu | Hilda Petrie |
| Giải thưởng | |
| Sự nghiệp khoa học | |
| Ngành | Egyptologist |
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Petrie developed the system of dating layers based on pottery and ceramic findings.[7]
Early life
Petrie was born on 3 June 1853 in Maryon Road, Charlton, Kent, England, the son of William Petrie (1821–1908) and Anne (née Flinders) (1812–1892). Anne was the daughter of British Captain Matthew Flinders, who led the first circumnavigation of Australia and whom Matthew was named after.[3] William Petrie was an electrical engineer who developed carbon arc lighting and later developed chemical processes for Johnson, Matthey & Co.[8]
Petrie was raised in a Christian household (his father being a member of the Plymouth Brethren), and was educated at home. He had no formal education. His father taught his son how to survey accurately, laying the foundation for his archaeological career. At the age of eight, he was tutored in French, Latin, and Greek, until he had a collapse and was taught at home. He also ventured his first archaeological opinion aged eight, when friends visiting the Petrie family were describing the unearthing of the Brading Roman Villa in the Isle of Wight. The boy was horrified to hear the rough shovelling out of the contents, and protested that the earth should be pared away, inch by inch, to see all that was in it and how it lay.[9] "All that I have done since," he wrote when he was in his late seventies, "was there to begin with, so true it is that we can only develop what is born in the mind. I was already in archaeology by nature."[10]
Academic career
The chair of Edwards Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology at University College London was set up and funded in 1892 following a bequest from Amelia Edwards, who died suddenly in that year. Petrie's supporter since 1880, Edwards had instructed that he should be its first incumbent. He continued to excavate in Egypt after taking up the professorship, training many of the best archaeologists of the day. In 1904 Petrie published Methods and Aims in Archaeology, the definitive work of his time, in which he lucidly defined the goals and methodology of his profession along with the more practical aspects of archaeology—such as details of excavation, including the use of cameras in the field. With uncommon insight, he noted that research results were dependent on the personality of the archaeologist, who, in addition to possessing broad knowledge, had to have insatiable curiosity. His own abundance of that characteristic was never questioned.[11]
In 1913 Petrie sold his large collection of Egyptian antiquities to University College, London, where it is now housed in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. One of his trainees, Howard Carter, went on to discover the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922.
Petrie's mental capacity
He does not usually visualise the whole rule, but only that part of it with which he is at the moment concerned.
I think this is one of the most striking cases of accurate visualising power it is possible to imagine.
Francis Galton, (1883).[12]
Sự nghiệp khảo cổ học
Ở Anh
In his teenage years, Petrie surveyed British prehistoric monuments,[13] commencing with the late Romano-British 'British Camp' that lay within yards of his family home in Charlton, in attempts to understand their geometry. At 19 he produced the most accurate survey of Stonehenge.[cần dẫn nguồn]
Hình ảnh
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Flinders Petrie 12 tuổi, khoảng 1865. -
Flinders Petrie khi còn trẻ. -
Flinders Petrie, khoảng 1886. -
Flinders Petrie, chụp bởi George Frederic Watts, 1900. -
Flinders Petrie và Hilda Petrie năm 1903. -
Flinders Petrie cùng Đảng Luncheon ở Hạ viện Anh năm 1908. -
Petrie ở Abydos, Ai Cập, 1922. -
Petrie Exhibiting Material from Tell Fara ở Luân Đôn. -
Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, ở Jerusalem, khoảng cuối thập niên 1930. -
Bức chân dung Flinders Petrie do Ludwig Blum vẽ ở Jerusalem năm 1937.
_Flinders_Petrie_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg)
Tham khảo
- ^ Hirst, K. Krist. “An Introduction to Seriation”. About.com Archaeology. About.com. Truy cập ngày 3 tháng 4 năm 2011.
- ^ Smith, Sidney (1945). “William Matthew Flinders Petrie. 1853–1942”. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 5 (14): 3–16. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1945.0001. S2CID 161308901.
- ^ a b “Sir Flinders Petrie | British archaeologist”. Encyclopedia Britannica (bằng tiếng Anh). Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 6 năm 2021.
- ^ Breaking Ground: Women in Old World Archaeology', Sharp, M. S. and Lesko, B. S. (eds)
- ^ The Biblical Archaeologist, American Schools of Oriental Research 1997, p.35
- ^ Margaret S. Drower, Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology, 1995, p.221
- ^ Nir Hasson (8 tháng 8 năm 2012). “Paying Homage to Pioneering Archaeologist Who Lost His Head”. Haaretz. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 1 năm 2019.
- ^ T. E. James (2004). “Petrie, William”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35495. (yêu cầu Đăng ký hoặc có quyền thành viên của thư viện công cộng Anh.)
- ^ William Matthew Flinders Petrie, Seventy Years in Archaeology, H. Holt and Company 1932. p. 10.
- ^ Petrie, Seventy Years, p. 10.
- ^ “Sir Flinders Petrie | British archaeologist”.
- ^ Inquiries into Human Facility and Its Development (1883), pp.66; Galton also noted (on p.66) that, in relation to the slide rule's markings, "the artist has not put in the divisions very correctly" (illustration at page 97, Plate II, Fig.34).] Galton had conducted research ("Statistics of Mental Imagery", Mind, Vol.5, No.19, (July 1880), pp.301-318.) into the extent to which eminent scientists used "mental imagery". On the basis that Galton, himself, had a great personal ability to create, manipulate and employ vivid mental imagery, he was shocked to discover that most eminent scientists not only did not habitually employ mental imagery, but were also, generally, quite incapable of generating "mental images" at will (Galton, 1880). In order to supply a contrast, Galton cited the extraordinary case of Flinders Petrie -- who could easily manipulate precise technical equipment in the spaces of his own imagination.
- ^ Stevenson, Alice. 2012. 'We seem to be working in the same line'. A.H.L.F. Pitt Rivers and W.M.F. Petrie. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 22(1): pp. 4–13.