Wikipedia

Ngoquangduong

Tham gia ngày 29 tháng 2 năm 2012
Duyệt lịch sử tương tác
← Thay đổi trướcThay đổi sau →
Nội dung được xóa Nội dung được thêm vào
Trực quanMã wiki
Không có tóm lược sửa đổi
Không có tóm lược sửa đổi
Dòng 25:
{{Infobox family|name=Borgia|dissolution={{End date|1748}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.fundacionmedinaceli.org/casaducal/fichaindividuo.aspx?id=2529 |title=Mariana de Borja y Córdoba |publisher=Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation |access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>|estate=|motto_trans=|motto_lang=|motto=|distinctions={{ubl|[[Hoa hồng Vàng]] (Giáo hoàng)|[[Order of Saint Michael]]}}|members={{ubl|[[Pope Callixtus III]]|[[Pope Alexander VI]]|[[Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia|Giovanni Borgia]]|[[Cesare Borgia]]|[[Lucrezia Borgia]]|[[Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía|Francis Borgia]]}}|traditions=[[Công giáo La Mã]]|titles={{ubl|[[Pope]] (non-hereditary)|[[Duke of Gandía]]|{{Collapsible list|title=Gain and lost in 15-16th century|[[Prince of Piombino]] {{small|(1501{{ndash}}03)}}|[[Prince of Squillace]] {{small|(1494{{ndash}}1728)}}|[[Duke of Urbino]] {{small|(1501{{ndash}}03)}}|[[Duke of Romagna]] {{small|(1501{{ndash}}53)}}|[[Duke of Camerino]] {{small|(1501{{ndash}}48)}}|[[Duke of Valentinois]] {{small|(1498{{ndash}}53)}}|[[Count of Diois]] {{small|(1498{{ndash}}53)}}}}}}|final_ruler=María Ana, 12th Duchess of Gandía|current_head=R.N. Borja; took over 2020; direct line extinct {{cn|date=November 2020}}|native_name=Borja|founder=[[Giáo hoàng Calixtô III]] (''de facto'')|founded={{Start date|1455}}|etymology=Từ thị trấn [[Borja]] của Tây Ban Nha|country={{ubl|[[File:Royal Banner of Aragón.svg|25px]] [[Vương triều Aragon]]|{{flag|Kingdom of Spain|bourbon}}|{{flag|Vương quốc Pháp|valois}}|{{flag|Vương quốc Napoli}}|{{flag|Lãnh địa Giáo hoàng|old}}}}|coat_of_arms_caption=Huy hiệu gia đình Borgia{{pb}}(Một con bò tót đỏ đứng trên đồng cỏ, viền xung quanh là tám đốm lửa.)|coat_of_arms_size=150px|coat_of_arms=Escudo de la familia Borja.svg|type=[[giới quý tộc|Gia đình quý tộc]] của Giáo hoàng|native_name_lang=Catalan|website=}}'''Gia đình Borgia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔr|(|d|)|ʒ|ə
}} {{respell|BOR|zhə|,_|BOR|jə}},<ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Borgia,_Lucrezia "Borgia, Lucrezia"] (US) and {{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Borgia, Lucrezia|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Borgia|access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/borgias|title=Borgias, the|work=[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English]]|publisher=[[Longman]]|access-date=28 September 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-it|ˈbɔrdʒa|lang}}; [[tiếng Tây Ban Nha]] và {{lang-an|Borja}} {{IPA-es|ˈboɾxa|}};{{lang-ca-valencia|Borja}} {{IPA-ca|ˈbɔɾdʒa|}}) was a Spanish-[[Aragonese people|Aragonese]] noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Borgia-family|title=Borgia Family - Italian family|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> They were from [[Aragon]], the surname being a [[Toponymic surname|toponymic]] from the town of [[Borja, Zaragoza|Borja]], then in the [[Crown of Aragon]], in [[Spain]]. The Borgias became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 15th and 16th centuries, producing two popes: Alfons de Borja, who ruled as [[Pope Callixtus III]] during 1455&#x2013;1458, and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as [[Pope Alexander VI]], during 1492&#x2013;1503. Especially during the reign of Alexander VI, they were suspected of many crimes, including [[adultery]], [[incest]], [[simony]], [[theft]], [[bribery]], and [[murder]] (especially murder by [[arsenic poisoning]]).<ref>''Arsenic: A Murderous History''. Dartmouth Toxic Metals Research Program, 2009</ref> Because of their grasping for power, they made enemies of the [[House of Medici|Medici]], the [[House of Sforza|Sforza]], and the Dominican friar [[Girolamo Savonarola]], among others. They were also [[patrons of the arts]] who contributed to the development of [[Renaissance art]]. The Borgia family stands out in history as being infamously steeped in sin and immorality, yet there is evidence to suggest that this one-dimensional characterization is a result of undeserved contemporary critiques.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historytoday.com/history-matters/were-borgias-really-so-bad|title=Were the Borgias Really so Bad?|author=Alexander Lee|date=1 Oct 2013|website=History Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyrevealed.com/eras/medieval/in-a-nutshell-the-borgias/|title=In a nutshell: the Borgias|date=Oct 2015|website=History Revealed|language=en}}</ref>
 
là một gia đình quý tộc gốc Tây Ban Nha-Aragon đã vuơn tới đỉnh cao quyền lực ở nước Ý thời [[Phục Hưng]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Borgia-family|title=Borgia Family - Italian family|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|access-date=2020-02-09}}</ref> Gia đình này đến từ [[Aragon]], họ Borgia được lấy từ tên thị trấn [[Borja]], khi đó thuộc [[Vương triều Aragon]] (Crown of Aragon) ở Tây Ban Nha.
 
== Lịch sử ==
 
=== Thời kỳ đầu ===
The Borja waslà amột [[Listdòng ofhọ noblequý houses|nobletộc house]]xuất withphát origintừ inthị the town oftrấn [[Borja, Zaragoza|Borja]], (Zaragoza) inthuộc theVương then [[Crown oftriều Aragon]]. ThereCó werenhiều numerousquan unsubstantiatedđiểm claimsvô thatcăn thecứ familycho wasrằng ofdòng [[Spanishhọ andnày Portuguesecó Jews|Jewish]]nguồn origingốc Do Thái. TheseMột undergroundtrong rumoursnhững werengười propagatedcổ by,súy amongcho others,những tin đồn này là [[GiulianoGiáo hoàng dellaGiuliô RovereII]], andcác theđối familythủ waschính frequentlytrị describedcũng asthường [[marranos]]xuyên bymô politicaltả opponentsdòng họ này là <nowiki>''marrano''</nowiki> (những người Do Thái ở Tây Ban Nha và Bồ Đào Nha thời Trung Cổ bị bắt cải đạo sang Công giáo nhưng vẫn bí mật thờ phụng đạo Do Thái). TheNhững rumourstin haveđồn persistednày intồn populartại culturehàng forthế centurieskỷ trong văn hóa đại chúng, listedđược innhắc theđến trong ''Semi-Gotha'' ofnăm 1912.<ref>The Menorah journal, Volumes 20-23, Intercollegiate Menorah Association, 1932, page 163</ref><ref>''The Borgias: or, At the feet of Venus'', Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1930, pages 242, 313</ref><ref>''Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy'', by Sarah Bradford</ref> The family themselves propagated a spurious genealogical descent from a 12th-century claimant to the crown of the [[Kingdom of Aragon]], [[Pedro de Atarés]], LordLãnh ofchúa xứ Borja, whomột người thực tế đã chết mà không actuallycó diedcon childlesscái.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadal Cañellas|first=Juan|year=2006|title=La permanencia de Rodrigo de Borja (Alejandro VI) en el estudio de Bolonia, según documentos originales|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/ActaHistorica/article/view/188984/262408|journal=Acta Histórica et Archaeologica Mediaevalia|language=ES|location=Barcelona|publisher=[[Universidad de Barcelona]]. Departamento de Historia Medieval|pages=173–205|issn=0212-2960|number=27&ndash;28}}</ref>
 
=== Alfons ===
{{Main|PopeGiáo Callixtushoàng Calixtô III}}Alfons de Borja (1378–1458) waslà borncon tocủa Francina Llançol and [[Juanvà Domingo de Borja y Doncel|Domingo de Borja]] inở La Torreta, [[Canals, Valencia|Canals]], which was then situatedkhi inđó thethuộc [[KingdomVương ofquốc Valencia]].
 
Alfons de Borja was a professor of law at the [[University of Lleida]], then a diplomat for the [[List of Aragonese monarchs|Kings of Aragon]] before becoming a cardinal. At an advanced age, he was elected [[Pope Callixtus III]] in 1455 as a compromise candidate and reigned as Pope for just 3 years, until his death in 1458.
 
=== Rodrigo ===
{{Main|PopeGiáo Alexanderhoàng Alexanđê VI}}[[Pope Alexander VI|Rodrigo Borgia]] (1431–1503) was born in [[Xàtiva]], also in the Kingdom of Valencia, to Isabel de Borja i Cavanilles and [[Jofré Llançol i Escrivà]]. He studied law at Bologna and was [[Cardinal Nephew|appointed as cardinal by his uncle]], Alfons Borgia, Pope Callixtus III. He was elected Pope in 1492, taking the [[regnal name]] Alexander VI. While a cardinal, he maintained a long-term illicit relationship with [[Vannozza dei Cattanei]], with whom he had four children: [[Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia|Giovanni]]; [[Cesare Borgia|Cesare]]; [[Lucrezia Borgia|Lucrezia]]; and [[Gioffre Borgia|Gioffre]]. Rodrigo also had children by other women, including one daughter with his mistress, [[Giulia Farnese]].
 
As Alexander VI, Rodrigo was recognized as a skilled politician and diplomat. However, he was widely criticized during his reign for his over-spending, [[Simony|sale of Church offices]], lasciviousness, and [[nepotism]]. As Pope, he sought to acquire more personal and papal power and wealth, often ennobling and enriching the Borgia family directly. He appointed his son, Giovanni, as [[Gonfalonier of the Church|captain-general of the papal army]], his foremost military representative, and established another son, Cesare, as a cardinal. Alexander used the marriages of his children to build alliances with powerful families in Italy and Spain. At the time, the [[House of Sforza|Sforza family]], which comprised the Milanese faction, was one of the most powerful in Europe, so Alexander united the two families by marrying Lucrezia to [[Giovanni Sforza]]. He also married Gioffre, his youngest son from Vannozza, to [[Sancha of Aragon]] of the [[Crown of Aragon|Crown of Aragon and Naples]]. He established a second familial link to the Spanish royal house through Giovanni's marriage during what was a period of on-again/off-again [[Italian Wars|conflict between France and Spain over the Kingdom of Naples]].
Hàng 67 ⟶ 69:
-->Lucrezia was rumored to be a notorious poisoner and she became famous for her skill at political intrigue. However, some recent revisionists have looked at her in a more sympathetic light, claiming her to be a victim of her family's deceptions.<ref>Lucrezia Borgia: A Biography. Rachel Erlanger, 1978</ref>
 
=== FamilyCây treephả hệ ===
[[Tập_tin:Borgia-genealog.png|thế=The genealogical tree of Borgia Family.|giữa|800x800px|Borja or Borgia genealogy tree]]
 
=== Other notable members of the house of Borja ===
 
* [[Rodrigo de Borja (Spanish noble)|Rodrigo de Borja]] (b.sinh 1349), Headđứng ofđầu thedòng họ Borja family, great-grandfathercụ ofcủa Rodrigo (PopeGiáo hoàng Alexander VI).
* [[Rodrigo Gil de Borja y Fennolet]] (livedsống lateở 14thcuối centurythế kỷ 14), Rodrigo'scon sontrai của Rodrigo, juratthẩm phán ofxứ Xativa.
* [[Jofré Llançol i Escrivà]] (b.sinh circakhoảng 1390 – d.mất 1436 orhoặc 1437), con trai của Rodrigo Gil's son; fathercha ofcủa Rodrigo (PopeGiáo hoàng Alexander VI) andvà Pedro Luis.
* [[Pedro Luis de Borja]] (1432 – 1458), Duke of Spoleto and Marquess of Civitavecchia.
* [[Roderic de Borja i Escrivà]] (? – 1478)
* [[Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st duke of Gandía]] (1458 or 1460 – 1488 or 1491).
* [[Giovanni Borgia, 2nd Duke of Gandia]] (1474 or 1476 – 1497)
* [[Gioffre Borgia]] (1482 – 1516), son of Pope Alexander VI and younger brother of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia. He married Sancha of Aragon, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples, obtaining as her dowry both the [[Prince of Squillace|Principality of Squillace]] (1494) and the [[Duchy of Alvito]] (1497). He later married Maria de Mila y Aragón, with whom he had a son, [[Francesco Borgia]].
* [[Angela Borgia|Angela Borgia or Angela de Borja]] (c. 1486 – c. 1520–1522), lady of [[Sassuolo]].
Lấy từ “https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thành_viên:Ngoquangduong”