Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Thành viên:Ngoquangduong/nháp”

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| name_etymology = Tiếng Bunwurrung (Một trong các ngôn ngữ bản địa Úc): ''Yarro-yarro'', "chảy mãi"<ref name=vicnames1>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=6338 |title=Yarra River: 30146: Historical Information |work=Vicnames |publisher=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] |date=2 May 1966 |access-date=8 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308132855/https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/historicalInformation.html?method=edit&id=6338 |archive-date= 8 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name=reed/>
| nickname = The Yarra
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image = File:Melbourne (AU), Yarra River -- 2019 -- 1431.jpg
| image_size = 260px
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| river_system = [[Port Phillip]] and [[Western Port]] catchment
| basin_size = {{convert|4078|km2|abbr=on}}50%
| tributaries_left = [[MaribyrnongSông RiverMaribyrnong]], [[thung lũng Moonee Ponds Creek]], [[thung lũng Merri Creek]], [[Darebinthung Creeklũng Darebin]], [[sông Plenty River]], [[Diamond Creek (Yarra River)|Diamond Creek]], Steeles Creek, [[sông Watts River]], [[thung lũng Badger Creek]], [[sông Don, Riverthung (Victoria)|Donlũng River]]Cement, Cementsông Creek, [[O'Shannassy River]]
| tributaries_right = [[Gardiners Creek]], [[Glass Creek]], [[Koonung Creek]], [[Mullum Mullum Creek]], Jumping Creek, [[Olinda Creek]], [[Woori Yallock Creek]], [[Hoddles Creek]], [[Little Yarra River]], Starvation Creek
| custom_label = [[Nationalvườn parkquốc gia]]
| custom_data = [[Yarra Ranges National Park|Yarra Ranges NP]], [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne|Royal Botanic Gardens]]
| extra = <ref name=vicnames>{{cite web|url=https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=30146 |title=Yarra River: 30146 |work=Vicnames |publisher=[[Government of Victoria (Australia)|Government of Victoria]] |date=2 May 1966 |access-date=8 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308115904/https://services.land.vic.gov.au/vicnames/place.html?method=edit&id=30146 |archive-date= 8 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name=bonzle>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=209424&cmd=sp|title=Map of Yarra River, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|access-date=8 March 2014}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Yarra Night Panorama, Melbourne - Feb 2005.jpg|250px|thumbnail|Yarra River Night Panorama.]]
The '''YarraSông RiverYarra''', orhoặc historically,gọi thetheo tên cũ là '''sông''' '''Yarra Yarra River''',<ref name=vicnames/> ([[Kulin languages]]: '''''Berrern''''', '''''Birr-arrung''''', '''''Bay-ray-rung''''', '''''Birarang''''',<ref name="Argus1939">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11265205 |title=BYGONE DAYS. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=15 July 1939 |access-date=25 January 2012 |page=13 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> '''''Birrarung''''',<ref name="Meyerp14-17">{{cite book |first=Meyer |last=Eidelson |title=The Melbourne Dreaming. A Guide to the Aboriginal Places of Melbourne |pages=14–17 |publisher=Aboriginal Studies Press |location=Canberra |year=1997 |edition=Reprint 2000 |isbn=0-85575-306-4}}</ref> and '''''Wongete'''''<ref name=vicnames1/>) is amột [[perennial stream|perennial river]]<ref name=vicnames/> inchảy south-centralqua miền trung và nam của bangl [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]].
 
The lower stretches of the Yarra are where Victoria's state capital [[Melbourne, Victoria|Melbourne]] was established in 1835, and today metropolitan [[Greater Melbourne]] dominates and influences the landscape of its lower reaches. From its source in the [[Yarra Ranges]], it flows {{convert|242|km}} west through the [[Yarra Valley]] which opens out into plains as it winds its way through Greater Melbourne before emptying into [[Hobsons Bay]] in northernmost [[Port Phillip Bay]].
 
The river has been a major food source and meeting place for [[Indigenous Australians]] for thousands of years. Shortly after the [[foundation of Melbourne|arrival of European settlers]], land clearing forced the remaining [[Wurundjeri]] people into neighbouring territories and away from the river. Originally called ''Birrarung'' by the Wurundjeri, the current name was mistranslated from another Wurundjeri term in the [[Boonwurrung language]]; ''Yarro-yarro'', meaning "ever-flowing".<ref name=vicnames1/><ref name="reed">{{cite book|title=Aboriginal Place Names|last=Reed|first=A. W.|publisher=Reed New Holland|year=1967|isbn=1-876334-00-2|pages=87–88|author-link=Alexander Wyclif Reed}}</ref>
 
The river was utilised primarily for agriculture by early European settlers. The landscape of the river has changed dramatically since 1835. The course has been progressively disrupted and the river widened in places. The first of many [[crossings of the Yarra River]] to facilitate [[transport]] was built in [[Princes Bridge (Melbourne)|Princes Bridge]]. Beginning with the [[Victorian gold rush]] it was extensively mined, creating the [[Pound Bend Tunnel]] in [[Warrandyte]], and the [[Big Peninsula Tunnel|Big]] and [[Little Peninsula Tunnel|Little]] Peninsula Tunnels above [[Warburton, Victoria|Warburton]]. Widening and dams, like the [[Upper Yarra Reservoir]] have helped protect Melbourne from major flooding. The catchment's upper reaches are also affected by [[logging]]. [[Industrialisation]] ultimately led to the destruction of the marshlands at the confluence of the Yarra and [[Maribyrnong River|Maribyrnong]] Rivers in the area around [[Coode Island]] in [[West Melbourne, Victoria|West Melbourne]].
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The annual [[Moomba|Moomba festival]] celebrates the Yarra River's increasing cultural significance to Melbourne.
 
==EtymologyLịch sử==
The river was called ''Birrarung'' by the Wurundjeri people who occupied the [[Yarra Valley]] and much of [[Central Victoria]] prior to European colonisation. It is thought that ''Birrarung'' is derived from Wurundjeri words meaning "ever flowing". Another common term was ''Birrarung Marr'', thought to mean "river of mist" or "river bank".{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}
 
Upon European arrival it was given the name 'Yarra Yarra' by [[John Helder Wedge]] of the [[Port Phillip Association]] in 1835,<ref name="dreaming">{{cite book |last=Eidelson |first=Meyer |title=The Melbourne Dreaming |page=6 }}</ref> in the mistaken belief that this was the name for the river in the Boonwurrung language. However it is believed that 'Yarra' means "waterfall", "flow", or refers to running or falling water,<ref name=vicnames1/><ref name=reed>{{cite book |last=Reed |first=A. W. |author-link=Alexander Wyclif Reed |title=Aboriginal Place Names |publisher=Reed New Holland |year=1967 | pages=87–88 |isbn=1-876334-00-2}}</ref><ref name="dreaming"/> descriptive of any river or creek in the area, not just the Yarra. The name Yarra Yarra is said to mean "ever flowing river",<ref name=reed/> but most likely refers to the [[Yarra Falls|Yarra Yarra falls]] which were later dynamited. Of their contact with local Wurunderi people in 1835, John Wedge wrote:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonwick |first=James |author-link=James Bonwick |title=John Batman the Founder of Victoria |edition=2nd |publisher= Fergusson and Moore | place = Melbourne | year = 1868 | page = 48 }}</ref>
 
{{quotation|On arriving in sight of the river, the two natives who were with me, pointing to the river, called out, 'Yarra Yarra', which at the time I imagined to be its name ; but I afterwards learnt that the words were what they used to designate a waterfall, as they afterwards gave the same designation to a small fall in the river Werribee, as we crossed it on our way back to [[Indented Head, Victoria|Indented Head]].|[[John Helder Wedge]], published in Bonwick (1868).}}
 
==Geology and formation==
[[File:Port Phillip 10,000.PNG|thumb|The course of the Yarra River around 10,000 years ago, after the end of the last [[Ice Age]], prior to the creation of [[Port Phillip]].]]
{{Main|Geology of Victoria}}
Sometime before 6000 BC, (after the end of the most recent [[Ice Age]] about 8000 BC) the Yarra river was probably joined with other tributaries such as rivers now called the [[Patterson River|Patterson]], Kororoit, [[Werribee River|Werribee]], Little, and drained directly into Bass Strait through what is now called [[the Rip]]. Between 8000 BC and 6000 BC, the basin flooded forming [[Port Phillip Bay]] and moving the "mouth" of the Yarra over 50&nbsp;km inland.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowler|first=J.M.|title=Port Phillip Survey 1957-1963: The Geology & Geomorphology|url=http://portphillipmarinelife.net.au/publications/485437.pdf|work=MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA MELBOURNE, No. 27 Issued, 1966|publisher=NATIONAL MUSEUM OF VICTORIA|access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>
 
A dry period combined with sand bar formation may have dried the bay out as recently as between 800 BC and 1000 AD extending the Yarra to [[Bass Strait]] during this period.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gary|first=Stuart|title=Port Phillip Bay once high and dry|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/04/14/3191726.htm|work=news in Science|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission|access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>
 
==History==
[[File:Before 1880.PNG|left|thumb|The confluence of the Yarra and Maribyrnong rivers before 1880.]]
[[File:Wool washing on the Yarra. C. Nettleton.jpg|thumb|Photograph of wool washing sheds in and on banks of Yarra River in late 19th century]]
 
TheKhu areavực surroundingbao thequanh sông Yarra River wasnhững firstngười inhabitedđịnh by theđầu [[Boontiên là người wurrung|Boonwurrung]] andvà người [[Wurundjeri]] peoplescủa ofđất thenước [[Kulin nation]]. The area has been occupied by various indigenous clans for at least 30,000 years. The river, known to the Wurundjeri people as Birrarung, was an important resource for the Wurundjeri people and several sites along the river and its tributaries were important meeting places where ''[[corroboree]]s'' were held between Indigenous communities. The river's resources were utilised [[sustainability|sustainably]] by the Wurundjeri until the arrival of European colonists in the early-mid-19th century.
 
===Người châu Âu khám phá và thuộc địa hóa===
===European discovery and colonisation===
[[File:Landing at melbourne 1840.jpg|thumb|Melbourne Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)]]
[[File:Dights mill in 1863.jpg|thumb|right|Dights Mill Abbostford (built 1839) pictured in 1863]]