Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Thành viên:Linh Comer/Nháp/7”
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Dòng 40:
[[Bắt nạt trên mạng]] là sử dụng công nghệ để quấy rối, đe dọa, gây xấu hổ hoặc nhắm vào người khác. Khi một người lớn có liên can, nó có thể trở thành định nghĩa của '''quấy rối trên mạng''' hay [[theo dõi trên mạng]], một tội hình sự có thể dẫn tới những hậu quả pháp lý và đi tù.<ref>{{Chú thích web|url=http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cyberbullying.html|title=Cyberbullying|website=kidshealth.org|access-date=2016-11-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201165708/http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/cyberbullying.html|archive-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> Những hình thức bắt nạt trên mạng có thể là sử dụng email, nhắn tin tức thời, các website mạng xã hội (như [[Facebook]]), nhắn tin văn bản gọi điện. Bắt nạt trên mạng được cho là phổ biến hơn là trường cấp hai hơn là trường tiểu học.<ref name=":0" />
===
Những thủ đoạn bắt nạt tập thể được nhiều cá nhân sử dụng để nhắm vào một hoặc nhiều đối tượng. Bắt nạt tập thể còn được biết tới là bắt nạt nhóm và có thể gồm bất kỳ loại bắt nạt cá nhân. [[Troll (Internet)|Hành vi troll]] trên mạng xã hội (mặc dù thường được độc giả xem là hành vi cá nhân) đôi khi được thực hiện bởi những người được tài trợ [[tài trợ ngầm|ngầm]].
Dòng 46:
{{Main|Bắt nạt nhóm}}
Bắt nhóm thường chỉ hành vi bắt bạt một cá nhân bởi một nhóm theo bất kì hoàn cảnh nào, như một [[gia đình]], [[nhóm bạn bè]], [[trường học]], [[công sở]], [[hàng xóm]], [[cộng đồng]] hoặc trực tuyến. Khi nó xảy ra dưới dạng [[ngược đãi]] [[cảm xúc]] tại nơi công sử (ví dụ như bị "bao vây" bởi những đồng nghiệp, [[cấp trên]] hoặc [[Sếp (cấp trên)|sếp]] để ép người ta ra khỏi nơi làm việc thông qua [[tin đồn]], [[nói bóng gió]], [[hăm dọa]], [[làm nhục]], [[chiến thuật làm mất thể diện|làm mất thể diện]] và [[cô lập để tạo điều kiện ngược đãi|cô lập]], nói chung đó là hành vi [[quấy rối]] ác ý, phi giới tính, phi chủng tộc/chủng tộc.<ref>Mobbing: Emotional Abuse in the American Workplace by Noa Davenport, Ruth D. Schwartz and Gail Pursell Elliott.</ref>
== Đặc điểm ==
=== Of bullies and accomplices ===
Studies have shown that [[envy]] and resentment may be motives for bullying.<ref name="Einarsen2003">{{cite book|author=Ståle Einarsen|title=Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQhz3uFOuaYC|access-date=2013-10-29|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-25359-8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102040519/http://books.google.com/books?id=dQhz3uFOuaYC|archive-date=2014-01-02}}</ref> Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Cardemil | first1 =Alisha R. | last2 =Cardemil | first2 =Esteban V. | last3 =O'Donnell | first3 =Ellen H. | title =Self-Esteem in Pure Bullies and Bully/Victims: A Longitudinal Analysis | journal =Journal of Interpersonal Violence | volume =25 | issue =8 | pages =1489–1502 | date =August 2010 | doi =10.1177/0886260509354579 | pmid =20040706 | s2cid =26698674 }}</ref><ref name=bkn>{{Cite journal |first1=George M. |last1=Batsche |first2=Howard M. |last2=Knoff |year=1994 |title=Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in the schools |journal=School Psychology Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=165–175 |doi=10.1080/02796015.1994.12085704 |url=http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/hennesda/BULLIES_AND_THEIR_VICTIMS.doc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302213726/http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/hennesda/BULLIES_AND_THEIR_VICTIMS.doc |archive-date=2012-03-02 }}</ref> While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,<ref>{{cite web | title =Those who can, do. Those who can't, bully. | work =Bully OnLine | publisher =Tim Field | url =http://www.bullyonline.org/workbully/faq.htm | access-date =2013-10-28 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130707153041/http://www.bullyonline.org/workbully/faq.htm | archive-date =2013-07-07 }}</ref> they can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered.<ref>{{cite web | author =Syiasha | title =Presentation Bullying | work =Scribd | publisher =Scribd Inc. | url =https://www.scribd.com/doc/7882659/Presentation-Bullying | access-date =2013-10-28 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029215602/http://www.scribd.com/doc/7882659/Presentation-Bullying | archive-date =2013-10-29 }}</ref> Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Levinson | first1 =Edward M. | title =Assessment of Bullying: A Review of Methods and Instruments | journal =Journal of Counseling & Development | volume =82 | issue =4 | pages =496–503 | year =2004 | doi =10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00338.x | first2 =Edward M. | last2 =Levinson }}</ref> Psychologist [[Roy Baumeister]] asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think too highly of themselves, they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people, and react to this disrespect with violence and insults.<ref>Roy Baumeister. ''Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=August 2015}}
Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patterson G |s2cid=34334649 |title=The bully as victim? |journal=Paediatric Nursing |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=27–30 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16372706|doi=10.7748/paed2005.12.17.10.27.c981}}</ref> and [[personality disorders]],<ref>{{cite journal | last =Kumpulainen | first =K. | title =Psychiatric conditions associated with bullying | journal =International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health | volume =20 | issue =2 | pages =121–132 | year =2008 | pmid= 18714551 | doi=10.1515/ijamh.2008.20.2.121| s2cid =32858078 }}</ref> as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving [[self-image]], and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.<ref name=vari2>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0143034397181001 |title=Areas of Expert Agreement on Identification of School Bullies and Victims |year=1997 |last1=Hazlerr |first1=R. J. |last2=Carney |first2=J. V. |last3=Green |first3=S. |last4=Powell |first4=R. |last5=Jolly |first5=L. S. |journal=School Psychology International |volume=18 |pages=5–14 |issue=1|s2cid=144789919 }}</ref> A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Craig|first1=W.M.|author-link=Wendy Craig (psychologist)|year=1998|title=The relationship among bullying, victimization, depression, anxiety, and aggression in elementary school children|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=24|issue=1|pages=123–130|doi=10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00145-1}}</ref> In one study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and [[Research on the effects of violence in mass media|television violence]] exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.<ref name="Ferguson, 2011">{{cite journal|last=Ferguson|first=Christopher J.|year=2011|title=Video Games and Youth Violence: A Prospective Analysis in Adolescents|journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence|volume=40|issue=4|url=http://www.tamiu.edu/~cferguson/Video%20Games%201%20Year.pdf|doi=10.1007/s10964-010-9610-x|pages=377–91|pmid=21161351|s2cid=207206722|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525061300/http://www.tamiu.edu/~cferguson/Video%20Games%201%20Year.pdf|archive-date=2012-05-25}}</ref>
Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Genetic and environmental influences on victims, bullies and bully-victims in childhood|last = Ball|first = H.A.|date = Jan 2008|journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01821.x|pmid = 18181884|volume=49|issue=1|pages=104–12}}</ref> While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings.<ref name=":0" /> Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says, "A typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers."<ref name="APS2010">{{cite journal | title = Predictors of Bullying and Victimization in Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-analytic Investigation | journal = School Psychology Quarterly | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 65–83 | year = 2010 | url = http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/spq-25-2-65.pdf | doi = 10.1037/a0020149 | access-date = 2013-10-28 | last1 = Cook | first1 = Clayton R. | last2 = Williams | first2 = Kirk R. | last3 = Guerra | first3 = Nancy G. | last4 = Kim | first4 = Tia E. | last5 = Sadek | first5 = Shelly | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140307231300/http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/spq-25-2-65.pdf | archive-date = 2014-03-07 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.617.7810 }}</ref>
Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized.<ref>Juvonen (2003) [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/6/1231.abstract ''Bullying Among Young Adolescents: The Strong, the Weak and the Troubled''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818110341/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/6/1231.abstract |date=2011-08-18 }} in ''Pediatrics'', December 2003, {{cite web
|year = 2004
|url = http://www.kimberlyswygert.com/archives/001765.html
|title = The benefits of bullying
|access-date = 2011-09-03
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928054438/http://www.kimberlyswygert.com/archives/001765.html
|archive-date = 2011-09-28
}}</ref> Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as a source of entertainment.<ref name=":0" /> Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick.<ref>{{cite news | title =Bullies are the healthiest pupils | newspaper =BBC News | department =Education | publisher =BBC | date =1999-12-14 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/564923.stm | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131030192122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/564923.stm | archive-date =2013-10-30 }}</ref>
Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.<ref name="Brodsky1976">{{cite book|author=Carroll M. Brodsky|title=The Harassed Worker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZEeAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2013-10-29|year=1976|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-669-01041-1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708002355/http://books.google.com/books?id=MZEeAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=2014-07-08}}</ref> It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Ashforth | first =Blake | title =Petty Tyranny in Organizations | journal =Human Relations | volume =47 | issue =7 | pages =755–778 | year =1994 | doi =10.1177/001872679404700701 | s2cid =145699243 }}</ref>
In a recent study, bullies showed lower school performance-related self-esteem than non-involved students. They also showed higher social self-esteem than victims of traditional bullying.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Burger, C. |author2= Bachmann, L.
| year = 2021
| title = Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment.
| journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health | volume = 18
| issue = 19
| doi = 10.3390/ijerph181910429
| pmid= 34639731
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508291/pdf/ijerph-18-10429.pdf
}}
</ref>
Brain studies have shown that the section of the brain associated with reward becomes active when bullies are shown a video of someone inflicting pain on another.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7714072.stm|title=Bullying tendency wired in brain|date=2008-11-07|access-date=2020-03-30|language=en-GB}}</ref>
=== Of typical bystanders ===
Often, bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion they have the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, [[Norm (social)|norm]] within the group.<ref name="bystander attitudes">{{cite web | title =Bullies, Victims, and Bystanders | work =athealth.com: Consumer: Issues | publisher =Athealth.com | url =http://www.athealth.com/Consumer/issues/BulliesVictimsBystanders3.html | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140305091427/http://www.athealth.com/Consumer/issues/BulliesVictimsBystanders3.html | archive-date =2014-03-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =New Tactics To Tackle Bystander's Role In Bullying | newspaper =Science Daily | department =Science News | publisher =Science Daily, LLC | date =2009-01-27 | url =https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090125193150.htm | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184804/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090125193150.htm | archive-date =2013-10-29 }}</ref>
Unless action is taken, a "[[Bullying culture|culture of bullying]]" is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer.<ref>{{cite web | title =419: Petty Tyrant | work =This American Life: Radio Archive | publisher =Chicago Public Media & Ira Glass | date =2010-11-12 | url =http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/419/petty-tyrant | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131010093611/http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/419/petty-tyrant | archive-date =2013-10-10 }}</ref>
Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not.<ref>{{cite news | title =Pasco students get 'hero' training to stop bullying | newspaper =[[The Tampa Tribune]] | department =Pasco County | publisher =Tampa Media Group, LLC | date =2010-10-12 | url =http://tbo.com/pasco-county/pasco-students-get-hero-training-to-stop-bullying-24060 | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001344/http://tbo.com/pasco-county/pasco-students-get-hero-training-to-stop-bullying-24060 | archive-date =2014-05-02 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title =Program Helps Students Combat Bullying - Students participate with enthusiasm | journal =Winning Harmony Counselling | date =2010-10-04 | url =http://www.winningharmony.com/News_and_Events.php | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130513031048/http://www.winningharmony.com/News_and_Events.php | archive-date =2013-05-13 }}</ref>
In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy, there is growing research to suggest interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Thornberg | first1 =Robert | last2 =Tenenbaum | first2 =Laura | last3 =Varjas | first3 =Kris | last4 =Meyers | first4 =Joel | last5 =Jungert | first5 =Tomas | last6 =Vanegas | first6 =Gina | title =Bystander Motivation in Bullying Incidents: To Intervene or Not to Intervene? | journal =Western Journal of Emergency Medicine | volume =13 | issue =3 | pages =247–252 | date =August 2012 | doi =10.5811/westjem.2012.3.11792| pmc =3415829 | pmid =22900122}}</ref>
Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 =Jensen | first1 =I. B. | title =The impact of bystanding to workplace bullying on symptoms of depression among women and men in industry in Sweden: an empirical and theoretical longitudinal study | journal =International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health | volume =86 | issue =6 | pages =709–716 | date =August 2013 | issn =1432-1246 | doi =10.1007/s00420-012-0813-1 | first2 =A. | last3 =Hagberg | first3 =J. | last4 =Jensen | first4 =I. B. | pmid =22940902 | pmc =3722445| last2 =Alipour }}</ref>
=== Of victims ===
Dr. Cook says, "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers."<ref name="APS2010"/> Victims often have characteristics such as being physically and mentally weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Paediatrics and Child Health|year= 2010 |volume=20 |issue=7|pages=315–320|last1=Vanderbilt |first1=Douglas |last2=Augustyn |first2=Marilyn |title=The effects of bullying |doi=10.1016/j.paed.2010.03.008}}</ref>
Low levels of self-esteem has been identified as a frequent antecedent of bullying victimization. Victims of traditional bullying tend to have lower global, social, body-related, and emotional self-esteem compared to uninvolved students.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Burger, C. |author2= Bachmann, L.
| year = 2021
| title = Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment.
| journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health | volume = 18
| issue = 19
| doi = 10.3390/ijerph181910429
| pmid= 34639731
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508291/pdf/ijerph-18-10429.pdf
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Andreou E.
| year = 2000
| title = Bully/victim problems and their association with psychological constructs in 8-to 12-year-old Greek schoolchildren.
| journal = Aggressive Behavior
| volume = 26
| issue = 1
| pages = 49–56
| doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1%3C49::AID-AB4%3E3.0.CO;2-M
| url = https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<49::AID-AB4>3.0.CO;2-M
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Austin S. |author2= Joseph S.
| year = 1996
| title = Assessment of bully/victim problems in 8 to 11 year-olds.
| journal = British Journal of Educational Psychology
| volume = 66
| issue = 4
| doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01211.x
| pmid= 9008423
| url = https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2044-8279.1996.tb01211.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Callaghan S. |author2= Joseph S.
| year = 1995
| title = Self-concept and peer victimization among schoolchildren.
| journal = Personality and Individual Differences
| volume = 18
| issue = 1
| pages = 161–163
| doi = 10.1016/0191-8869(94)00127-E
| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/019188699400127E
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Neary A. |author2= Joseph S.
| year = 1994
| title = Peer victimization and its relationship to self-concept and depression among schoolgirls.
| journal = Personality and Individual Differences
| volume = 16
| issue = 1
| doi = 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90122-8
| url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0191886994901228
}}
</ref>
Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower self-esteem scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Burger, C. |author2= Bachmann, L.
| year = 2021
| title = Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment.
| journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health | volume = 18
| issue = 19
| doi = 10.3390/ijerph181910429
| pmid= 34639731
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508291/pdf/ijerph-18-10429.pdf
}}
</ref>
The results of a [[meta-analysis]] conducted by Cook and published by the [[American Psychological Association]] in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of [[social problem-solving]] skills.<ref name="APS2010"/>
Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities, spending time with friends or family, reluctance to go out in public for fear they may encounter their bullies in public places other than school, and having an overall sense of sadness.
== Tác động ==
Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to [[suicide]]"<ref>{{cite web | title =Anti-Bullying Centre | work =Trinity College Dublin | url =http://www.abc.tcd.ie/ | access-date =2013-10-28 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131125190018/http://www.abc.tcd.ie/ | archive-date =2013-11-25 }}</ref>
Those who have been the targets of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause [[loneliness]], [[Depression (mood)|depression]], [[anxiety]], lead to low [[self-esteem]] and increased susceptibility to illness.<ref name="WilliamsForgas2013">{{cite book|author1=Kipling D. Williams|author2=Joseph P. Forgas|author3=William Von Hippel|title=The Social Outcast: Ostracism, Social Exclusion, Rejection, and Bullying|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHWhtvCm5LAC&pg=PR2|access-date=2013-10-29|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-135-42338-4|pages=2–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103014229/http://books.google.com/books?id=FHWhtvCm5LAC&pg=PR2|archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Burger, C. |author2= Bachmann, L.
| year = 2021
| title = Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment.
| journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health | volume = 18
| issue = 19
| doi = 10.3390/ijerph181910429
| pmid= 34639731
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508291/pdf/ijerph-18-10429.pdf
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Arsenault|first=Louise PhD|author2=Walsh, Elizabeth |author3=Trzesniewski, Kali |s2cid=28961503|title=Bullying Victimization Uniquely Contributes to Adjustment Problems in Young Children: A Nationally Representative Cohort Study|journal=Pediatrics|date=July 2006|volume=118|issue=1|pages=130–138|doi=10.1542/peds.2005-2388|issn=0031-4005|pmid=16818558|display-authors=etal}}</ref> A mental health report also found that bullying was linked to eating disorders, anxiety, body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK Mental Health Study|url=https://www.brandwatch.com/reports/uk-mental-health-study/|website=Brandwatch|publisher=Brandwatch, Ditch the Label}}</ref> Both vicitms and perpetrators have been shown to exhibit higher levels of loneliness.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author1= Burger, C. |author2= Bachmann, L.
| year = 2021
| title = Perpetration and victimization in offline and cyber contexts: A variable- and person-oriented examination of associations and differences regarding domain-specific self-esteem and school adjustment.
| journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health | volume = 18
| issue = 19
| doi = 10.3390/ijerph181910429
| pmid= 34639731
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508291/pdf/ijerph-18-10429.pdf
}}
</ref>
=== Tự sát ===
{{Main|Bullying and suicide|List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying}}
Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. [[Depression (mood)|Depression]] is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied die by suicide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kim YS |author2=Leventhal B |title=Bullying and suicide. A review |journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=133–54 |year=2008 |pmid=18714552|doi=10.1515/IJAMH.2008.20.2.133 |s2cid=41651943 }}</ref> It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children die by suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied.<ref>[http://www.coastkid.org/si-sob.html Statistics on bullying] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217152258/http://www.coastkid.org/si-sob.html |date=February 17, 2005 }}</ref> Certain groups seem to incur a higher risk for suicide, such as [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s, [[Alaskan Native]]s, [[Asian American]]s, and [[LGBT]] people. When someone feels unsupported by family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim.<ref>[http://www.stopbullying.gov/at-risk/effects/#suicide Effects of Bullying | StopBullying.gov<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120072457/http://www.stopbullying.gov/at-risk/effects |date=2015-11-20 }}</ref>
In a self-report study completed in New York by 9th through 12th graders, victims of bullying reported more depressive symptoms and psychological distress than those who did not experience bullying.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=BRUNSTEIN KLOMEK|first1=ANAT | author-link1=Anat Brunstein Klomek |last2=MARROCCO|first2=FRANK|last3=KLEINMAN|first3=MARJORIE|last4=SCHONFELD|first4=IRVIN S.|last5=GOULD|first5=MADELYN S.|date=January 2007|title=Bullying, Depression, and Suicidality in Adolescents|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=46|issue=1|pages=40–49|doi=10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18|pmid=17195728|issn=0890-8567|url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_pubs/309}}</ref> All types of involvement in bullying among both boys and girls is associated with depression even a couple years later.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Kaltiala-Heino|first1=Riittakerttu|last2=Fröjd|first2=Sari|last3=Marttunen|first3=Mauri|date=2009-07-09|title=Involvement in bullying and depression in a 2-year follow-up in middle adolescence|journal=European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=19|issue=1|pages=45–55|doi=10.1007/s00787-009-0039-2|pmid=19588185|s2cid=23077909|issn=1018-8827|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/20289}}</ref> Another study that followed up with Finnish teens two years after the initial survey showed that depression and suicidal ideation is higher with teens who are bullied than those who did not report experiencing bullying.<ref name=":1" /> A Dutch longitudinal study on elementary students reported that boys who are bully-victims, who play both roles of a victim and a bully, were more likely to experience depression or serious suicidal ideation than the other roles, victims or bullies only, while girls who have any involvement in bullying have a higher level of risk for depression.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Fekkes|first1=M.|last2=Pijpers|first2=F. I. M.|last3=Verloove-Vanhorick|first3=S. P.|date=2005-02-01|title=Bullying: who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior|journal=Health Education Research|volume=20|issue=1|pages=81–91|doi=10.1093/her/cyg100|pmid=15253993|issn=0268-1153|doi-access=free}}</ref> In a study of high school students completed in Boston, students who self reported being victims of bullying were more likely to consider suicide when compared to youth who did not report being bullied.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Hepburn|first1=Lisa|last2=Azrael|first2=Deborah|last3=Molnar|first3=Beth|last4=Miller|first4=Matthew|date=July 2012|title=Bullying and Suicidal Behaviors Among Urban High School Youth|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|volume=51|issue=1|pages=93–95|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.014|pmid=22727083|issn=1054-139X}}</ref> The same study also showed a higher risk of suicidal consideration in youth who report being a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator. Victims and victim-bullies are associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts. The place where youth live also appears to differentiate their bullying experiences such that those living in more urban areas who reported both being bullied and bullying others appear to show higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.<ref name=":3" /> A national survey given to American 6th through 10th grade students found that cyberbullying victims experience a higher level of depression than victims experiencing other forms of bullying. This can be related to the anonymity behind social media.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Jing|last2=Nansel|first2=Tonja R.|last3=Iannotti|first3=Ronald J.|date=April 2011|title=Cyber and Traditional Bullying: Differential Association With Depression|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|volume=48|issue=4|pages=415–417|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.07.012|issn=1054-139X|pmc=3058261|pmid=21402273}}</ref> If a teen is being bullied and is displaying symptoms of depression it should be questioned and interventions should be implemented.<ref name=":1" /> The Danish study showed that kids who are bullied talked to their parents and teachers about it and some reported a decrease in bullying or a stop in the bullying after a teacher or parent intervened. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing program-collaborations in schools to have programs and anti-bullying interventions in place to prevent and properly intervene when it occurs.<ref name=":2" /> The study also shows the importance of having parents and teachers talk to the bullies about their bullying behavior in order to provide the necessary support for those experiencing bullying.<ref name=":2" />
While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of [[Suicide of Ryan Halligan|Ryan Halligan]], [[Suicide of Phoebe Prince|Phoebe Prince]], [[Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley|Dawn-Marie Wesley]], [[Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael|Nicola Ann Raphael]], [[Suicide of Megan Meier|Megan Meier]], [[Suicide of Audrie Pott|Audrie Pott]], [[Suicide of Tyler Clementi|Tyler Clementi]], [[Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer|Jamey Rodemeyer]], [[Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn|Kenneth Weishuhn]], [[Suicide of Jadin Bell|Jadin Bell]], [[Suicide of Kelly Yeomans|Kelly Yeomans]], [[Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons|Rehtaeh Parsons]], [[Suicide of Amanda Todd|Amanda Todd]], [[Brodie's Law (act)|Brodie Panlock]],<ref name="fine">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/men-who-tormented-suicide-waitress-brodie-panlock-fined/news-story/45a1de04af03cae09f0b6afc9ebd76c2 | title=Men who tormented suicide waitress Brodie Panlock fined |website=dailytelegraph.com.au | access-date=14 August 2017| date=2010-02-08 }}</ref> Jessica Haffer,<ref>{{cite web | title =Jessica Kassandra Haffer | publisher =Keith & Jeralyn Haffer | url =http://www.jessicahaffer.com/ | access-date =2013-10-28 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140104102027/http://jessicahaffer.com/ | archive-date =2014-01-04 }}</ref> [[Suicide of Hamed Nastoh|Hamed Nastoh]],<ref>{{cite web | title =Hamed Nastoh | url =http://www.angelfire.com/bc2/hamed/ | access-date =2013-10-28 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131029222924/http://www.angelfire.com/bc2/hamed/ | archive-date =2013-10-29 }}</ref> [[Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic|Sladjana Vidovic]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/08/23/family-of-sladjana-vidovic-16-year-old-who-committed-suicide-suing-mentor-schools|title=Family of Sladjana Vidovic, 16-Year-Old Who Committed Suicide, Suing Mentor Schools|last=Grzegorek|first=Vince|date=2010-08-23|access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> April Himes,<ref>{{cite web | last =Caruso | first =Kevin | title =April Himes Memorial | work =Suicide.org | publisher =Suicide.org | url =http://www.suicide.org/memorials/april-himes.html | access-date =2013-10-28 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121227145112/http://www.suicide.org/memorials/april-himes.html | archive-date =2012-12-27 }}</ref> Cherice Moralez<ref>{{cite news | last =McLaughlin | first =Elliot C. | title =Montana teen loved pit bulls, poetry before rape and suicide | work =CNN | department =U.S. | publisher =Cable News Network | date =2013-08-30 | url =http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/30/us/montana-teacher-rape-victim-profile/index.html | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131017010102/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/30/us/montana-teacher-rape-victim-profile/index.html | archive-date =2013-10-17 }}</ref> and [[Suicide of Rebecca Ann Sedwick|Rebecca Ann Sedwick]].<ref>{{cite news | last =Pearce | first =Matt | title =Florida girl, 12, found dead after bullies said 'kill yourself' | newspaper =Los Angeles Times | department =U.S.: Nation Now | date =2013-09-12 | url =https://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-florida-cyberbullying-20130912,0,1429218.story#axzz2j8q54wL8 | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131030125706/http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-florida-cyberbullying-20130912%2C0%2C1429218.story#axzz2j8q54wL8 | archive-date =2013-10-30 }}</ref> According to the suicide awareness voices for education, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old. Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide, 13 percent create a plan, and 8 percent have made a serious attempt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=bullying suicide statistics|url=http://nobullying.com/bullying-suicide-statistics/|access-date=2019-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315013632/https://nobullying.com/bullying-suicide-statistics/|archive-date=2018-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Positive development ===
Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves.<ref>{{cite news | author =Tanya | title =Child Development Academician Says Bullying Is Beneficial To Kids | work =Med India | department =News | publisher =Medindia | date =2009-02-02 | url =http://www.medindia.net/news/Child-Development-Academician-Says-Bullying-Is-Beneficial-To-Kids-46992-1.htm | access-date =2013-10-29 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131101060052/http://www.medindia.net/news/Child-Development-Academician-Says-Bullying-Is-Beneficial-To-Kids-46992-1.htm | archive-date =2013-11-01 }}</ref>
The teaching of such anti-bullying coping skills to "would-be-targets"{{Failed verification|date=May 2018}} and to others has been found to be an effective long term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill-set for individuals.<ref>[http://www.careforkids.com.au/childcarenews/2010/july/bullying.html Positive Anti-Bullying Strategies by Melissa Graham] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110160827/http://www.careforkids.com.au/childcarenews/2010/july/bullying.html |date=2013-11-10 }}</ref>
=== Hormonal ===
Statistically controlling for age and pubertal status, results indicated that on average verbally bullied girls produced less testosterone, and verbally bullied boys produced more testosterone than their nonbullied counterparts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vaillancourt |first1=T |title=Androgen dynamics in the context of children's peer relations: an examination of the links between testosterone and peer victimization |journal=Aggressive Behavior |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=103–13 |date=2009 |pmid=19021234 |doi=10.1002/ab.20288 }}</ref>
==Chú thích==
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