Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Đông Di”

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[[File:Dawenkou Gui Dazhucun.jpg|thumb|right|''Gui'' (鬹) from [[Dawenkou culture]]]]
'''Dongyi''' ([[tiếng Trung Quốc]]: 東夷) là một danh từ chỉ các nhóm người sinh sống ở miền Đông Bắc [[Trung Quốc]].
Hàng 37 ⟶ 31:
# to lớn
# một họ người Hoa<ref>[[Liang Shiqiu]] and Zhang Fangjie, eds. ''Far East Chinese-English Dictionary''. Taipei: Far East Book Co. 1971, p. 283. ISBN 957-612-463-8</ref>
Hai nghĩa đầu của từ "di" phản ánh quan niệm coi người Hán là trung tâm, xem người Di là người ngoài, thậm chí khinh họ là mọi rợ. For instance, ''hu'' [[Wikt:胡|胡]] "barbarian; foreign; non-Han" (e.g., [[erhu]]) originally meant ''hu'' [[Wikt:鬍|鬍]] "beard; whiskers", and was chosen to name the Hu 胡 or [[Donghu people|Donghu]] 東胡 "eastern barbarians: an ancient [[Tungusic people]] northeast of China".
 
The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' mentions this derogatory denotation of ''Yi''. The ''barbarian'' definition "3.c Applied by the Chinese contemptuously to foreigners" cites the 1858 [[Treaty of Tientsin]] as the earliest recorded usage.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2009, 2nd ed., v. 4.0, Oxford University Press.</ref> "It is agreed, that henceforward the character "I" 夷 ('barbarian') shall not be applied to the Government or subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, in any Chinese official document."<ref>[[s:Treaty of Tien-Tsin between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China|Article LI]], Wikisource.</ref>
 
=== Ký tự ===
Hàng 45 ⟶ 37:
Cách viết hiện đại của chữ "di" là sự kết hợp giữa chữ "đại"- 大 nghĩa là "lớn" và chữ "cung"- 弓 chỉ cung tên. Tuy nhiên, dạng tượng hình nguyên thủy của nó thể hiện một người cong lưng đứng trên hai chân.
 
== Cước chú ==
Trong sách "Thuyết Văn Giải Tự" (121 CE), which defines ''yi'' 夷 as 平 "level; peaceful" or 東方之人 "people of eastern regions", first records that this [[Han Dynasty]] (206 BCE-220 CE) [[regular script]] 夷 and the [[Qin Dynasty]] (221-207 BCE) [[seal script]] for ''shi'' incorporate the 大 "big" and 弓 "bow" [[Radical (Chinese character)|radicals]] (recurring character elements). The Dongyi are associated with [[archery]], and legends say their leader [[Houyi]] 后羿 invented the bow.<ref>[http://www.infobase.gov.cn/history/preqin/200707/article_108.html 东夷及其文化发展]</ref><ref>[http://www.qi86.com/display.asp?id=3139 东夷人的军事之最]</ref>
 
[[Bernhard Karlgren]] says that in the earlier [[bronze script]] for ''yi'' inscribed on [[Zhou Dynasty]] (ca. 1045 BCE-ca. 256 BCE) [[Chinese bronze inscriptions]], "The graph has 'man' and 'arrow', or 'arrow' with something wound around the shaft."<ref>Karlgren 1957:147</ref>
 
The earliest records of ''yi'' were inscribed on [[oracle bones]] dating from the late [[Shang Dynasty]] (ca. 1600–ca. 1046 BCE). This [[oracle bone script]] was used interchangeably for ''yi'' 夷, for ''ren'' 人 "human", and for ''shi'' 尸 "corpse; [[Shi (personator)|personator of the dead]]; inactive; lay out". The historical linguist Xu Zhongshu explains this oracle character depicts either a "corpse"' with two bent legs or a "barbarian" custom of sitting with one's legs stretched out instead of the Chinese norm of squatting on one's heels.<ref>Xu 1988:942.</ref>
 
=== Etymology ===
Historical linguists have tentatively reconstructed ''yi'' 夷's ancient pronunciations and [[etymology]]. The [[Modern Standard Chinese]] pronunciation ''yi'' descends from (ca. 6th-9th centuries CE) [[Middle Chinese]] and (ca. 6th-3rd centuries BCE) [[Old Chinese]]. Middle and Old Chinese reconstructions of ''yi'' 夷 "barbarian; spread out" include ''i'' < *''djər'',<ref>Karlgren 1957:148.</ref> ''yij'' < *''ljɨj'',<ref>Baxter 1992:279.</ref> and ''ji'' < *''ləi''.<ref>Schuessler 2009:279.</ref>
 
Axel Schuessler hypothesizes an Old Chinese etymological development from *''li'' 夷 "extend; expose; display; set out; spread out" to *''lhi'' 尸 "to spread out; lie down flat (in order to sleep); motionless; to set forth (sacrificial dishes)", to "personator of a dead ancestor", and to "corpse".<ref>Schuessler 2007:565.</ref>
 
=== Usages ===
==== Pre-Qin usages ====
It is not easy to determine the times of people that a [[Classical Chinese]] document reflects.
 
Literature describing a pre-[[Xia Dynasty]] period does not use the [[Chinese character|character]] ''yi''. As for the Xia Dynasty, some groups of people are referred to as the Yi. For example, "Yu Gong" (禹貢) of the ''[[Classic of History]]'' calls people in Qingzhou and Xuzhou as Laiyi (萊夷), Yuyi (嵎夷) and Huaiyi (淮夷). Another yi-related term is Jiu-yi (九夷), literally ''Nine Yi'', which could have also had the connotation ''The Numerous Yi'' or ''The Many Different Kinds of Yi'', and which appears in a passage in The Analects that reads, "The Master (i.e., [[Confucius]]) desired to live among the Nine Yi." The term "Dongyi" is not used for this period.
 
[[Shang Dynasty]] oracle shell and bone writings record ''yi'' but not ''Dongyi''. Shima Kunio's [[Concordance (publishing)|concordance]] of oracle inscriptions lists twenty occurrences of the script for 夷 or 尸, most frequently (6 times) in the [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] ''zhishi'' 祉尸 "bless the personator; blessed personator".<ref>Shima 1971:5.</ref> Michael Carr notes some contexts are ambiguous, but suggests, "Three compounds refer to 'barbarians' (in modern characters, ''fayi'' 伐夷 'attack barbarians,' ''zhengyi'' 征夷 'punish barbarians,' and ''yifang'' 夷方 'barbarian regions')."<ref>Carr 2007:381-382</ref> Oracle inscriptions record that Shang King [[Wu Ding]] (r. ca. 1250-1192 BCE) made military expeditions on the Yi, and King [[Di Xin]] (r. ca. 1075-1046 BCE) waged a massive campaign against the Yifang 夷方 "barbarian regions".
 
It appears that the Yifang were the same people as Huaiyi ([[Huai River]] Yi), Nanhuaiyi (Southern Huai Yi), Nanyi (Southern Yi) and Dongyi in bronzeware inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The [[Zhou Dynasty]] attempted to keep the Yi under its control. The most notable is the successful campaign against the Huaiyi and the Dongyi by the [[Duke of Zhou]].
 
During the [[Spring and Autumn Period]], [[Jin (Chinese state)|Jin]], [[Zheng (state)|Zheng]], [[Qi (state)|Qi]] and [[Song (state)|Song]] tried to seize control of the Huai River basin, which was occupied by the Huaiyi. But the region finally fell under the influence of [[Chu (state)|Chu]] in the south. At the same time, people in the east and south ceased to be called Dongyi as they founded their own states. These Yifang states include the states of [[Xu (state)|Xu]], Zhongli, [[Ju (state)|Ju]] and Jiang. The state Xu occupied large areas of Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui between the Huai and Yangzi Rivers. Eventually, after warring with Chu and Wu, it was conquered by the State of Wu in 512 BC. Chu annexed the State of Jiang, destroyed the State of Ju whose territory was annexed by the State of Qi. Recent archaeological excavations reveal that the State of Xu's presence extended to western Jiangxi in modern Jing'an County. This includes bronzeware inscriptions about the State of Xu and also a tomb with many [[nanmu]] coffins containing sacrificial female victims. Dongyi customs include burials with many sacrificial victims and veneration of the sun.
 
References to Dongyi became ideological during the [[Warring States period]] probably because selves and others had subtle cultural differences among Chinese. The ''[[Classic of Rites]]'' (early 4th BC) made the first reference to the combination of "Dongyi" (east), "[[Rong people|Xirong]]" (west), "Nanman" (south) and "Beidi" (north) in fixed four directions. At the same time "Dongyi" acquired a clearly pejorative nuance.
 
==== Post-Qin usages ====
[[File:Tianxia en-zh-hans.svg|thumb|The ''Siyi'' 四夷 "four barbarian/foreign tribes" on the Chinese borders: Dongyi (東夷) in the east, [[Nanman]] (南蠻) in the south, [[Xirong (tribe)|Xirong]] (西戎) in the west, and [[Beidi]] (北狄) in the north.]]
The more "[[China]]" expanded, the further east the term "Dongyi" was applied to. The ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' by [[Sima Qian]] uses the term "Manyi" (蠻夷), but not "Dongyi". It puts the section of "Xinanyi (southwestern Yi) liezhuan (biographies)", but not "Dongyi liezhuan". The ''[[Book of Han]]'' does not put this section either but calls a [[Dongye]] (濊) chief in the Korean Peninsula as Dongyi. The ''[[Book of Later Han]]'' puts the section of "Dongyi liezhuan (東夷列傳)" and covers [[Buyeo kingdom|Buyeo]], [[Sushen|Yilou]], [[Goguryeo]], [[Okjeo|Eastern Okjeo]], Hui, [[Samhan]] and [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]], in other words, eastern [[Manchuria]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]] and some other islands. The ''[[Book of Jin]]'' positioned Dongyi inside the section of "Siyi" (barbarians in four directions) along with "Xirong", "Nanman" and "Beidi". The ''Book of Sui'', the ''Book of Tang'' and the ''New Book of Tang'' adopt the section of "Dongyi" and covers eastern Manchuria, Korea, Japan and optionally Sakhalin and Taiwan. During the Song Dynasty, the official history books replaced Dongyi with Waiguo (外國) and Waiyi (外夷).
 
==== Other usage of Dongyi in Chinese history books ====
* [[Records of the Grand Historian]] and [[Book of Han]]
: These two history books do not assign many chapters to describe the history of Dongyi. However, it includes the simple description [[Wiman Joseon]]. Wiman fled from the [[state of Yan]] to [[Gojoseon]], and he disguised as if he was [[Gojoseon]] people. [[Book of Han]] uses the same term as Records of the Grand Historian.
* [[Book of the Later Han]]
: This book was written by [[Fan Ye (historian)]]. This book contains the chapter of 'Dongyi', which describes the history of [[Manchuria]] and [[Korea]] including [[Buyeo kingdom|Buyeo]], [[Goguryeo]], [[Okjeo]], [[Dongye]], and [[Samhan]], and [[Japan]] including [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]].<ref>Book of the Later Han (後漢書); 欽定四庫全書, 後漢書卷一百十五, 東夷傳, 第七十五</ref>
* [[Records of Three Kingdoms]]
: This book was written by Chen Shou, and also contains the chapter about 'Dongyi'. The chapter of "Wuwan Xianbei Dongyi" describes the Wuwan tribes, Xianbei tribes, and Dongyi tribes respectively. In the section of Dongyi, this book explains the [[Manchuria]]n, [[Korea]]n and [[Japan]]ese ancient kingdoms. Korean and [[Manchuria]]n kingdoms include [[Buyeo kingdom|Buyeo]], [[Goguryeo]], [[Okjeo]], [[Dongye]], and [[Samhan]]. Japanese kingdom includes [[Wa (Japan)]].<ref>Records of Three Kingdoms (欽定四庫全書, 魏志卷三十, 烏丸鮮卑東夷 (夫餘 髙句麗 東沃沮 挹婁 濊 馬韓 辰韓 弁辰 倭人)</ref>
* [[Book of Jin]]
: This book was written by Fang Xuanling at Tang dynasty. It has the chapter of 'Four Yi', and describes the [[Manchuria]]n, Korean, and Japanese history. Machurian, Korean and Japanese include [[Buyeo kingdom|Buyeo]], [[Mahan confederacy]], [[Jinhan confederacy]], [[Sushen]], and [[Wa (Japan)]].<ref>欽定四庫全書, 晉書卷九十七, 列傳第六十七, 四夷</ref>
* [[Book of Song]]
: This history book describes the history of [[Liu Song Dynasty]], but also contains the simple explanation the neighbor states. The Chapter of Dongyi of this book describes the ancient history of [[Manchuria]], [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] such as [[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]] and [[Wa (Japan)]].<ref>欽定四庫全書, 宋書卷九十七, 列傳第五十七, 東夷</ref>
* [[Book of Qi]]
: The Book of Qi is the history book of [[Southern Qi]]. In the 58th volume, the history of Dongyi's history is described, which includes the ancient Manchurian, Korean and Japanese history such as [[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], [[Gaya confederacy|Gaya]] and [[Wa (Japan)]].<ref>欽定四庫全書, 南齊書卷五十八, 蠻, 東南夷, 東夷</ref>
* [[History of Southern Dynasties]]
: This book is about the history of Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang Dynasty, and Chen Dynasty, but also includes the history of Dongyi. In the chapter of Dongyi, this book describes the Manchurian, Korean and Japanese history such as [[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], [[Silla]], [[Wa (Japan)]], and so on.<ref>欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷</ref> Interestingly, this book says that Dongyi's state was [[Gojoseon]] while Sima Qian says that Gojoseon people is Manyi.<ref>欽定四庫全書, 南史卷七十九, 列傳第六十九, 夷貊下, 東夷. "東夷之國朝鮮". This sentence is interpreted into "The state of Dongyi is [[Gojoseon]]"</ref>
* [[Book of Sui]]
: The [[Book of Sui]] describes the history about the [[Sui Dynasty]], and was compiled at [[Tang dynasty]]. The chapter of Dongyi's history describes the history of Korean, Manchurian and Japanese such as [[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], [[Silla]], [[Mohe people|Mohe]], [[Liuqiu]], and [[Wa (Japan)]].<ref>欽定四庫全書, 隋書卷八十一, 列傳第四十六, 東夷</ref>
 
==== Modern usages ====
Some Chinese scholars extend the historical use of Dongyi to [[prehistoric]] times. They consider Dongyi as one of the origins of [[Chinese people]], based on the hypothesis of the pluralistic origins of [[Chinese culture]] that became popular in 1980s.
 
People called Dongyi in this sense lived in Haidai (海岱) region, the lower reaches of the [[Yellow River|Yellow]] and Huai Rivers, from the Neolithic period.
 
The cultural evolution in the Haidai region is considered as follows (the dates differ among scholars):
* [[Houli culture]] (6400 BC - 5700 BC)
* [[Beixin culture]] (5300 BC - 4100 BC)
* [[Dawenkou culture]] (4100 BC - 2600 BC)
* [[Longshan culture]] (3200 BC - 1900 BC)
* [[Yueshi culture]] (2000 BC - 1600 BC)
 
The Shandong Longshan culture was characterized by large-scale hierarchical groups of walled settlements. The Yueshi culture which replaced the Longshan culture around 2000 B.C. saw a decline of civilization. Groups of settlements were dissolved and the highly-developed pottery technology of the Shandong Longshan culture was lost.
 
It should be noted that the Longshan Culture was not just Dongyi and did not just exist in Shandong and other eastern coastal areas of China. Areas further west, including much of the middle and lower Yellow River Valley region, was also a part of the Longshan Culture area. Historians such as Jacques Gernet believe that the Longshan Culture was also culturally ancestral to the Erlitou Culture and the later Shang dynasty in the middle Yellow River Valley region. There are some good evidence for this claim, for both the Longshan and Shang cultures shared the following basic elements:
 
* A similar technical of divination based on heating animal bones and shells until they crack.
* Similar construction techniques for city-walls, fortifications and building platforms using rammed earth.
* Similar artistic styles.
 
The Shang Dynasty technology of bronze metallurgy seems to be the descendant of high temperature ceramic-making techniques used by the late Neolithic Longshan Culture.
 
The Longshan Culture might have been replaced by the Yueshi Culture in Shandong but further to the west it continued and developed into the Erlitou Culture around 1900 - 1800 BC).
 
During the Yueshi culture in Shandong, the [[Erlitou culture]] and the subsequent [[Erligang culture]] gradually stretched from the Yellow River valley in the west. Since sites of the Yueshi culture are coterminous with those of the Erligang culture, the traditional theory that the Shang Dynasty originated in the east was shattered. Shang civilization extended to central Shandong at the end of the Shang Dynasty and it was during the middle Western Zhou Dynasty that the central civilization covered the entire Haidai region.
 
[[File:Eleven characters found at Dinggong in Shandong.svg|thumb|Eleven characters found at Dinggong in Shandong, China on a pottery sherd, Longshan culture]]
 
It is notable that Longshan people seemingly had their own writing system. A pottery inscription of the Longshan culture discovered in Dinggong Village, Zouping County, Shandong Province contains eleven characters and they do not look like the direct ancestor of [[Chinese characters]]. Chinese scholar Feng Shi (馮時) argued in 1994 that this inscription can be interpreted as written by the Longshan people.<ref>Feng Shi, "Shandong Dinggong Longshan shidai wenzi jiedu" in ''Kaogu 1:37-54</ref> Other scholars, like Ming Ru, are doubtful about attributing a Neolithic date to the inscription. Some other scholars also claim a connection between ancient Dongyi and the modern [[Yi people]] in southwestern China.<ref>[Cai 2003]</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Huawaizhidi]]
* [[Hua-Yi Distinction]]
* [[Shun (Chinese leader)|Shùn]]
* [[Sinocentrism]]
 
== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}
 
==ReferencesChú thích==
* Baxter, William H. 1992. ''A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology''. Mouton de Gruyter.
* Cai Fengshu 蔡鳳書, ''Kodai Santō bunka to kōryū'' 古代山東文化と交流, Higashi Ajia to hantō kūkan 東アジアと『半島空間』, pp.&nbsp;45–58, 2003.
Hàng 149 ⟶ 58:
* {{cite web|url=http://www.hmn.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/asorder/meetings10-02.html |title=Chūgoku Sengoku jidai ni okeru "Shii" kannen no seiritsu 中国戦国時代における「四夷」観念の成立 | author=Yoshimoto Michimasa 吉本道雅 |accessdate=2006-03-04}}
 
== FurtherĐọc readingthêm ==
* Cohen, David Joel. 2001. ''The Yueshi culture, the Dong Yi, and the archaeology of ethnicity in early Bronze Age China''. Ph.D. dissertation. Dept. of Anthropology, Harvard University.
 
== ExternalĐọc linksthêm ==
{{Wiktionary|夷}}
* [http://www.eastculture.com.cn/ 东夷文化网]