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n clean up, replaced: the Netherlands → Hà Lan (7) using AWB
Dòng 105:
Subsequently, Philip II sent [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|the Duke of Alba]] to the Provinces to repress the revolt. Alba recaptured the southern part of the Provinces, who signed the Union of Atrecht, which meant that they would accept the Spanish government on condition of more freedom. But the northern part of the provinces signed the Union of Utrecht and settled in 1581 the [[Republic of the Seven United Netherlands]]. Spanish troops quickly started fighting the rebels, but before the revolt could be completely defeated, a war between [[Anh]] and [[Spain]] had broken out, forcing Philip's Spanish troops to halt their advance. Meanwhile, the Spanish armies had already conquered the important trading cities of Bruges and Ghent. Antwerp, which was then arguably the most important port in the world, also had to be conquered. On August 17, 1585, Antwerp fell. This ended the Eighty Years' War for the (from now on) [[Southern Netherlands]]. The [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] (the Northern Netherlands) fought on until 1648 – the [[Peace of Westphalia]].
 
While Spain was at war with England, the rebels from the north, strengthened by refugees from the south, started a campaign to reclaim areas lost to [[Philips II]]'s Spanish troops. They managed to conquer a considerable part of Brabant (the later [[Noord-Brabant]] of the[[Hà NetherlandsLan]]), and the south bank of the Scheldt estuary ([[Zeeuws-Vlaanderen]]), before being stopped by Spanish troops. The front line at the end of this war stabilized and became the current border between present-day Belgium and the[[Hà NetherlandsLan]]. The Dutch (as they later became known) had managed to reclaim enough of Spanish-controlled Flanders to close off the river [[Scheldt]], effectively cutting Antwerp off from its trade routes.
 
First the fall of Antwerp to the Spanish and later also the closing of the [[Scheldt]] were causes of a considerable emigration of Antverpians.<ref>Footnote: An ''Antverpian'', derived from ''Antverpia'', the Latin name of [[Antwerp]], is an inhabitant of this city; the term is also the [[adjective]] expressing that its substantive is from or in that city or belongs to it.</ref> Many of the Calvinist merchants of Antwerp and also of other Flemish cities left Flanders and emigrated to the north. A large number of them settled in [[Amsterdam]], which was at the time a smaller port, only of significance in the [[Baltic trade]]. In the following years Amsterdam was rapidly transformed into one of the world's most important ports. Because of the contribution of the Flemish exiles to this transformation, the exodus is sometimes described as "''creating a new Antwerp''".
Dòng 125:
In 1794 the [[History of France#The Revolution|French Republican Army]] started using Antwerp as the northernmost naval port of [[France]],<ref name=FiifAntwHist /> which country officially annexed Flanders the following year as the ''[[The 130 départements|départements]]'' of [[Lys (département)|Lys]], [[Escaut (département)|Escaut]], [[Deux-Nèthes]], [[Meuse-Inférieure]] and [[Dyle (département)|Dyle]]. Obligatory (French) army service for all men aged 16–25 was one of the main reasons for the people's uprising against the French in 1798, known as the ''Boerenkrijg'' (''Peasants' War''), with the heaviest fighting in the [[Campine]] area.
 
; United Kingdom of the[[Hà NetherlandsLan]] (1815–1830)
After the defeat of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] at the 1815 [[Battle of Waterloo]] in [[Waterloo, Belgium|Waterloo]], [[Province of Brabant|Brabant]], sovereignty over the [[Austrian Netherlands]] – Belgium minus the [[East Cantons]] and [[Luxembourg]] – was given by the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1815) to the [[United Netherlands]] (Dutch: ''Verenigde Nederlanden''), the state that briefly existed under Sovereign Prince William I of Orange Nassau, the latter King [[William I of the Netherlands|William I of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], after the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] was driven out of the Dutch territories. The [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] was born. The Protestant King of the[[Hà NetherlandsLan]], William I rapidly started the industrialisation of the southern parts of the Kingdom. The political system that was set up however, slowly but surely failed to forge a true union between the northern and the southern parts of the Kingdom. The southern [[bourgeoisie]] mainly was [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], in contrast to the mainly Protestant north; large parts of the southern bourgeoisie also primarily spoke French rather than Dutch.
 
In 1815 the Dutch Senate was reinstated (Dutch: ''Eerste Kamer der Staaten Generaal''). The nobility, mainly coming from the south, became more and more estranged from their northern colleagues. Resentment grew both among the Roman Catholics from the south and the Protestants from the north and among the powerful liberal bourgeoisie from the south and their more moderate colleagues from the north. On August 25, 1830 (after the showing of the opera '[[La Muette de Portici]]' of [[Daniel Auber]] in [[Brussels]]) the [[Belgian Revolution]] sparked off and became a fact. On October 4, 1830, the [[Provisional Government of Belgium|Provisional Government]] (Dutch: ''Voorlopig Bewind'') proclaimed the independence which was later confirmed by the [[National Congress of Belgium|National Congress]] that issued a new Liberal Constitution and declared the new state a [[Constitutional Monarchy]], under the House of [[Saxe-Coburg]]. Flanders now became part of the [[Kingdom of Belgium]], which was recognized by the major European Powers on January 20, 1831. The de facto dissidence was only finally recognized by the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] on April 19, 1839.
Dòng 143:
In 1838, another co-founder, senator Alexandre Gendebien, even declared that the Flemish were "one of the more inferior races on the Earth, just like the negroes".
 
In 1834, all people even remotely suspected of being "Flemish minded" or calling for the reunification of the[[Hà NetherlandsLan]] were prosecuted and their houses looted and burnt. Flanders, until then a very prosperous European region, was not considered worthwhile for investment and scholarship. A study in 1918 demonstrated that in the first 88 years of its existence, 80% of the Belgian GNP was invested in Wallonia. This led to a widespread poverty in Flanders, forcing roughly 300.000 [[Flemish immigration to Wallonia|Flemish to emigrate to Wallonia]] to start working there in the heavy industry.
 
All of these events led to a silent uprising in Flanders against the French-speaking domination. But it was not until 1878 that Dutch was allowed to be used for official purposes in Flanders, although French remained the only official language in Belgium.
Dòng 236:
|title=Kingdom of Belgium map (politically outdated)
|url=http://www.planetware.com/map/belgium-kingdom-of-belgium-map-b-belg.htm
|accessdate=15 May 2007}}</ref> Near its southern edges close to [[Wallonia]] one can find slightly rougher land richer of [[calcium]] with low hills reaching up to 150&nbsp;m (492&nbsp;[[Foot (length)|ft]]) and small valleys, and at the eastern border with the[[Hà NetherlandsLan]], in the [[Meuse]] basin, there are [[marl]] caves (''mergelgrotten''). Its [[exclave]] around [[Voeren]] between the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] border and the [[Wallonia|Walloon]] [[Liège (province)|province of Liège]] attains a maximum altitude of 288&nbsp;m (945&nbsp;[[Foot (length)|ft]]) above sea level.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Flood management in Flanders with special focus on navigable waterways
Dòng 266:
Flanders has developed an excellent transportation infrastructure of ports, canals, railways and highways.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} The [[Port of Antwerp]] is the second-largest in Europe, after [[Port of Rotterdam|Rotterdam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portofantwerp.com/portal/page/portal/POA_EN/Focus%20op%20de%20haven/Een%20wereldhaven|title=Focus on the port|publisher=Port of Antwerp|accessdate=September 27, 2009}}</ref>
 
In 1999, the [[euro]], the single European currency, was introduced in Flanders. It replaced the [[Belgian franc]] in 2002. The Flemish economy is strongly export oriented, in particular of high value-added goods.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} The main imports are food products, machinery, rough diamonds, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, clothing and accessories, and textiles. The main exports are automobiles, food and food products, iron and steel, finished diamonds, textiles, plastics, petroleum products, and nonferrous metals. Since 1922, Belgium and [[Luxembourg]] have been a single trade market within a [[customs union|customs]] and [[currency union]]—the [[Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union]]. Its main trading partners are Germany, the[[Hà NetherlandsLan]], France, the United Kingdom, Italy, the United States, and Spain.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
 
== Demographics ==
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