Số kí gạo một người lao động Sài Gòn mua được bằng tiền lương một ngày:
Real wages of Saigon workers, 1956-74
|
Rice wage[1] |
Overall real wage[2]
|
| Year |
Unskilled |
Skilled |
Unskilled |
Skilled
|
| 1956
|
8.4 |
14.8 |
52.4 |
92.2
|
| 1957
|
11.5 |
17.9 |
63.7 |
99.5
|
| 1958
|
13.4 |
18.8 |
80.2 |
112.5
|
| 1959
|
13.3 |
19.2 |
75.0 |
108.2
|
| 1960
|
14.5 |
20.5 |
79.3 |
112.4
|
| 1961
|
10.8 |
15.1 |
76.0 |
105.9
|
| 1962
|
11.5 |
16.3 |
74.7 |
106.1
|
| 1963
|
11.9 |
17.0 |
71.5 |
102.5
|
| 1964
|
10.4 |
14.9 |
72.5 |
103.6
|
| 1965
|
10.2 |
14.4 |
70.2 |
98.6
|
| 1966
|
9.9 |
14.2 |
63.6 |
91.4
|
| 1967
|
7.7 |
11.6 |
69.5 |
105.0
|
| 1968
|
12.3 |
13.2 |
67.1 |
97.9
|
| 1969
|
9.9 |
11.4 |
67.3 |
97.1
|
| 1970
|
10.4 |
11.1 |
65.7 |
93.5
|
| 1971
|
10.8 |
13.2 |
68.9 |
103.0
|
| 1972
|
9.0 |
9.7 |
69.5 |
92.7
|
| 1973
|
7.5 |
8.1 |
67.2 |
81.4
|
| 1974[3]
|
6.1 |
7.6 |
50.1 |
72.0
|
Giá cả vật chất bằng đồng
Selected wholesale prices, 1956-74 (annual average)
|
|
Price indexes (1962=100)
|
| Year |
Rice (d/kg) |
Fish (d/kg) |
Pigs (d/kg) |
Rice |
Fish |
Pigs |
Imported goods
|
| 1956
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1957
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1958
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1959
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1960
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1961
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1962
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1963
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1964
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1965
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1966
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1967
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1968
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1969
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1970
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1971
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1972
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1973
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1974
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tập tin:Dacy A5.1.jpg
Tiền lương mỗi ngày của người dân thành thị (bằng đồng)
Table A5.2 Vietnam urban workers' average daily wage, 1956-74 (piasters)
| Year |
Skilled male worker |
Male laborer |
Female laborer
|
| 1956
|
|
|
|
| 1957
|
|
|
|
| 1958
|
|
|
|
| 1959
|
|
|
|
| 1960
|
|
|
|
| 1961
|
|
|
|
| 1962
|
|
|
|
| 1963
|
|
|
|
| 1964
|
|
|
|
| 1965
|
|
|
|
| 1966
|
|
|
|
| 1967
|
|
|
|
| 1968
|
|
|
|
| 1969
|
|
|
|
| 1970
|
|
|
|
| 1971
|
|
|
|
| 1972
|
|
|
|
| 1973
|
|
|
|
| 1974
|
|
|
|
Tập tin:Dacy A5.2.jpg
International value of the piaster and other series, 1955-1974 (piasters per dollar)[4]
| Year |
(1) Official rate[5] |
(2) Black market rate[6] |
(3) Market clearing rate[7] |
(4) NDP data rate[7] |
(5) International value of pisaster[8]
|
| 1955
|
35 |
|
|
|
|
| 1956
|
35 |
|
|
|
|
| 1957
|
35 |
88 |
|
|
|
| 1958
|
35 |
81 |
|
|
|
| 1959
|
35 |
82 |
|
|
|
| 1960
|
35 |
91 |
|
|
|
| 1961
|
35 |
99 |
|
|
|
| 1962
|
60 |
97 |
78 |
78 |
78
|
| 1963
|
60 |
97 |
78 |
78 |
78
|
| 1964
|
60 |
131 |
81 |
81 |
81
|
| 1965
|
60 |
146 |
94 |
90 |
94
|
| 1966
|
104[9] |
180 |
145 |
121 |
145
|
| 1967
|
108 |
164 |
189 |
169 |
189
|
| 1968
|
118 |
189 |
201 |
183 |
201
|
| 1969
|
118 |
229 |
242 |
228 |
229
|
| 1970
|
118 |
393 |
414 |
288 |
325
|
| 1971
|
118 |
388 |
|
392 |
439
|
| 1972
|
356[10]
435[11] |
439 |
|
392 |
439
|
| 1973
|
494 |
531 |
|
|
531
|
| 1974
|
633 |
641 [12] |
|
|
641
|
Table 10.2 U.S. Economic and military assistance to South Vietnam by fiscal year, 1955-75 (million dollars)
| Fiscal year |
AID[13] |
PL 480 |
Piaster subsidy |
Total economic aid |
Military assistance |
Total assistance
|
| 1955
|
320.2 |
2.2 |
|
322.4 |
|
322.4
|
| 1956
|
195.7 |
14.3 |
|
210.0 |
176.5 |
386.5
|
| 1957
|
259.4 |
22.8 |
|
282.2 |
119.8 |
402.0
|
| 1958
|
179.4 |
9.6 |
|
189.0 |
79.3 |
268.3
|
| 1959
|
200.9 |
6.5 |
|
207.4 |
52.4 |
259.8
|
| 1960
|
170.6 |
11.3 |
|
181.8 |
72.7 |
254.5
|
| 1961
|
140.5 |
11.5 |
|
152.0 |
71.0 |
223.0
|
| 1962
|
124.1 |
31.9 |
|
156.0 |
237.2 |
393.2
|
| 1963
|
143.3 |
52.6 |
|
195.9 |
275.9 |
471.8
|
| 1964
|
165.7 |
59.1 |
5.8 |
230.6 |
190.9 |
421.5
|
| 1965
|
225.0 |
49.9 |
15.4 |
290.3 |
318.6 |
608.9
|
| 1966
|
593.5 |
143.0 |
57.4 |
793.9 |
686.2 |
1,480.1
|
| 1967
|
494.4 |
73.7 |
98.5 |
666.6 |
662.5 |
1,329.1
|
| 1968
|
398.2 |
138.5 |
114.4 |
651.1 |
1,243.4 |
1,894.5
|
| 1969
|
314.2 |
99.4 |
146.9 |
560.5 |
1,534.0 |
2,094.5
|
| 1970
|
365.9 |
110.8 |
178.7 |
655.4 |
1,577.3 |
2,232.7
|
| 1971
|
387.7 |
188.0 |
202.3 |
778.0 |
1,945.6 |
2,723.6
|
| 1972
|
386.8 |
67.8 |
133.1 |
587.7 |
2,602.6 |
3,190.3
|
| 1973
|
313.3 |
188.3 |
29.5 |
531.2 |
3,349.4 |
3,880.6
|
| 1974
|
384.3 |
269.9 |
3.2 |
657.4 |
941.9 |
1,599.3
|
| 1975
|
191.3 |
49.6 |
|
240.9 |
625.1 |
866.0
|
| Total
|
5,954.4 |
1,600.7 |
985.2 |
8,540.3 |
16,762.3 |
25,302.6
|
Table 10.3. Calculation of net resources transferred to South Vietnam, 1955-74
| Year |
(1) Merchandise imports [M] ($ million)[14] |
(2) Merchandise export [X] ($ million)[14] |
(3) Export of services [(r*/r)DPP] ($ million)[15] |
(4) U.S. uses of PL 480 (d billion)[16] |
(5) U.S. uses trust fund (d billion)[17] |
(6) Value of piaster (d/$)[18] |
(7) Total U.S. uses [E(d)/r] ($ million)[19] |
(8) Net resources transferred ($ million)[20]
|
| 1955
|
263.2 |
69.2 |
|
|
0.1 |
n.e. |
1.4[21] |
192.6
|
| 1956
|
217.6 |
45.1 |
|
|
|
n.e. |
|
172.5
|
| 1957
|
288.7 |
80.5 |
|
|
0.1 |
n.e. |
1.4[21] |
206.8
|
| 1958
|
232.1 |
55.2 |
|
|
|
n.e. |
|
176.9
|
| 1959
|
224.6 |
75.1 |
|
0.1 |
|
n.e. |
1.4[21] |
148.1
|
| 1960
|
240.3 |
85.5 |
|
|
|
n.e. |
|
154.8
|
| 1961
|
272.6 |
71.7 |
|
0.2 |
|
n.e. |
2.6 |
198.3
|
| 1962
|
268.7 |
48.7 |
|
0.1 |
0.1 |
78 |
2.6 |
217.4
|
| 1963
|
307.3 |
83.3 |
|
0.2 |
0.1 |
78 |
3.8 |
220.2
|
| 1964
|
325.5 |
48.8 |
30.7 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
81 |
6.2 |
239.8
|
| 1965
|
370.5 |
40.5 |
54.8 |
0.4 |
0.9 |
94 |
13.9 |
261.3
|
| 1966
|
656.6 |
25.2 |
137.5 |
0.5 |
1.6 |
146 |
14.4 |
479.5
|
| 1967
|
753.7 |
37.7 |
101.4 |
8.1 |
4.0 |
189 |
63.9 |
550.7
|
| 1968
|
668.7 |
41.5 |
183.4 |
3.7 |
4.0 |
201 |
38.3 |
405.5
|
| 1969
|
853.2 |
33.0 |
180.3 |
2.0 |
4.8 |
229 |
29.7 |
610.2
|
| 1970
|
778.8 |
12.7 |
127.3 |
3.0 |
4.7 |
318 |
24.2 |
614.6
|
| 1971
|
802.7 |
14.7 |
189.5 |
6.6 |
4.9 |
388 |
29.6 |
568.8
|
| 1972
|
742.9 |
23.8 |
176.3 |
8.9 |
2.5 |
439 |
26.0 |
516.8
|
| 1973
|
717.0 |
60.6 |
121.5 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
20.0[22] |
514.9
|
| 1974
|
887.0 |
75.0 |
92.2 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
|
20.0[22] |
699.8
|
The data on merchandise imports and exports are not from consistent series. For the period 1961-72, the data are from balance-of-payments tabulations. In the earlier period, 1955-60, the data are customs reporting of import arrivals and exports. For most of the years prior to 1965 for which balance-of-payments data are available, there are only minor differences in the annual figures. After 1964, the differences are substantial in some years. Because balance-of-payments data presumably account for some noncommercial imports, the data are a better accounting of total imports. However, before 1961, noncommercial imports were relatively insignificant.
Government expenditures, 1956-1974.
Table 11.1 Government expenditures, 1956-74[23] (billion piasters)
|
National budget expenditures[24]
|
| Year |
Defense |
Civil |
Total |
Other[25] |
Total expenditures
|
| 1956
|
8.5 |
5.1 |
13.6 |
|
13.6
|
| 1957
|
8.0 |
6.2 |
14.2 |
|
14.2
|
| 1958
|
7.3 |
6.5 |
13.8 |
|
13.8
|
| 1959
|
7.4 |
7.9 |
15.3 |
|
15.3
|
| 1960
|
7.0 |
8.2 |
15.2 |
|
15.2
|
| 1961
|
8.3 |
8.0 |
16.3 |
|
16.3
|
| 1962
|
12.0 |
10.0 |
22.0 |
|
22.0
|
| 1963
|
13.6 |
12.3 |
25.9 |
|
25.9
|
| 1964
|
14.2 |
14.4 |
28.6 |
|
28.6
|
| 1965
|
21.9 |
22.2 |
44.1 |
-1.3 |
42.8
|
| 1966
|
29.5 |
29.5 |
59.0 |
2.4 |
61.4
|
| 1967
|
55.3 |
46.2 |
97.5 |
-1.4 |
96.1
|
| 1968
|
74.6 |
46.6 |
121.2 |
8.4 |
129.6
|
| 1969
|
91.7 |
41.7 |
133.4 |
14.3 |
147.7
|
| 1970
|
122.0 |
65.0 |
187.0 |
19.0 |
208.0
|
| 1971
|
151.0 |
105.0 |
256.0 |
16.3 |
272.3
|
| 1972
|
205.0 |
161.0 |
366.0 |
-19.2 |
346.8
|
| 1973
|
283.0 |
232.0 |
515.0 |
n.a. |
515.0
|
| 1974
|
346.0 |
374.0 |
720.0 |
n.a. |
720.0
|
- ^ Kilograms of rice purchased by a day's labor.
- ^ Daily wages in piasters deflated by consumer index for working-class families in Saigon (1962 = 100).
- ^ June 1974
- ^ All figures are annual averages
- ^ 1955-65, International Monetary Fund (monthly, various issues); 1966-73, AID (1974b; p. 26); 1974, AID-VN (monthly, Feb. 1975, p.3).
- ^ 1957-65, AID-VN (annual, no. 9, p. 43); 1966-72, VN-NIS (annual, 1972, Table 199);1973, AID (1974b, p. 9, "U.S. 10 Green"); 1974, AID-VN (monthly, Feb. 1975, p. 3, "U.S. 10 Green").
- ^ a b Table 9.4
- ^ See text
- ^ Three months at d60/$, and nine months at d118/$
- ^ Full-year average. First three months at d118/$.
- ^ Average for last 9 months
- ^ This rate is d5/$ less than the black market rate based on $100 transactions. Other data in this table pertain to black market rates based on $10 transactions, which, on average, brought d5/$ less than the larger transactions.
- ^ Prior to 1962, U.S. economic aid was administered by the International Cooperation Administration (ICA). Data for AID (and ICA prior to 1962), PL 480, and military assistance are the revised figures as of May 1976. They were supplied to the author by the Statistical Reports Division, Office of Financial Management, U.S. Agency for International Development. Data for piaster subsidy are linear interpolation of figures in column (7) of Table 10.1, converting calendar-year data into appropriate fiscal years
- ^ a b 1955-60 VN-NIS (annual, 1964-5, Table 253). Data from this source were converted to dollar values using the exchange rate 35/1. The derived figures are consistent with trade data fro 1957-60 published in AID-VN (annual, no. 9, Tables D3 and D12); for the 1961-72 period, AID-VN (annual, no. 12, Table II); for 1973-4, AID-VN (monthly, Feb. 1975, pp. 6-7). Imports are the "earnings" rather than "payments."
- ^ Column 6, Table 10.1.
- ^ 1962-72, AID-VN (annual, no 16, Table IV(; 1955-61, AID-VN (annual, no. 9, Table H-5).
- ^ 1962-72, AID-VN (annual, no 16, Table IV(; 1955-61, AID-VN (annual, no. 9, Table H-8).
- ^ Table 9.5.
- ^ [column (4) + column (5)]/column (6)
- ^ Column (1) - column (2) - column (3) - column (7).
- ^ a b c Converted from piasters to dollars at the rate of 70 to 1
- ^ a b These are the author's guesses
- ^ Data sources: National budget expenditure data: 1956-60, VN-NIS (annual, 241); 1961-4, AID-VN (annual, no. 11, Table C-11); 1965-74, AID (1976, pt. A). Other data from VN-NBVN (annual, various issues).
- ^ The data for the period 1956-60 are on a fiscal-year basis. The Vietnamese fiscal year was the calendar year, excluding some expenditures the first five months but including some expenditures of the following calendar year. For the years in question, the difference in accounting periods is probably insignificant.
- ^ Data in this column are net expenditures due to the budget of Saigon port, the budget of Saigon and other municipalities, provincial budgets, and rural construction budgets.
