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[[File:AdamsFront.JPG|thumb|[[Rochester Adams High School]], where Madonna studied]]
Madonna later attended [[Rochester Adams High School]], and was a straight-A student and a member of the cheerleading squad.<ref name="foxbio"/> After graduating, she received a dance scholarship to the [[University of Michigan]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Tilden |first=Imogen |title =Madonna <nowiki>| News</nowiki>|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2001-07-04|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2001/jul/04/netnotes.imogentilden|accessdate=2008-05-29| location=London}}</ref> She convinced her father to allow her to take ballet lessons<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=12}}</ref> and was persuaded by Christopher Flynn, her ballet teacher, to pursue a career in dance.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|pp=26–29}}</ref> At the end of 1977 she dropped out of college and relocated to New York City.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode| title = A Star with Staying Power| url=http://edition.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/madonna/profile.html|airdate =Saturday 11 a.m. and Sunday 7 p.m|series= People in the News| network= [[CNN]]|credits =Hosted by Paula Zahn}}</ref> She had little money and worked as a waitress at [[Dunkin' Donuts]] and with [[modern dance]] troupes.<ref>{{cite episode|title = Madonna: Queen of Pop|series= Biography| network = [[History (TV channel)|The History Channel]]|minutes=5|credits=Hosted by Jim Wallasky}}</ref> Madonna said of her move to New York, "It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I'd ever done."<ref>{{harvnb|Rettenmund|1995|p=45}}</ref> She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. During a late night, Madonna was returning from a rehearsal, when she was dragged up an alleyway by a pair of men and forced to perform [[fellatio]] at knifepoint. Madonna had later commented that "the episode was a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it."<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2007|p=56}}</ref> While performing as a dancer for the French disco artist [[Patrick Hernandez]] on his 1979 world tour,<ref name="tarabio"/> Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. They formed her first rock band, the [[Breakfast Club (band)|Breakfast Club]],<ref name="peoplebio"/><ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=23}}</ref> for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend [[Stephen Bray]] as drummer, formed the band Emmy. Their music impressed DJ and record producer [[Mark Kamins]] who arranged a meeting between Madonna and [[Sire Records]] founder [[Seymour Stein]].<ref name=tara1>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=43}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Biography">{{
===1982–85: ''Madonna'', ''Like a Virgin'' and marriage to Sean Penn===
Madonna signed a [[single (music)|singles]] deal with Sire, a label belonging to [[Warner Bros. Records]].<ref>{{cite news|title =Madonna, Beastie Boys Nominated For Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame |publisher=MTV|date=2007-09-23|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1570747/20070927/beastie_boys.jhtml|accessdate=2008-05-29|last=Orzeck|first=Kurt}}</ref> Her debut single, "[[Everybody (Madonna song)|Everybody]]", was released on October 6, 1982, and became a dance hit.<ref name="NYT - $60 million">{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Holden |authorlink=Stephen Holden|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/20/arts/madonna-makes-a-60-million-deal.html |work=[[The New York Times]]| title=Madonna Makes a $60 Million Deal| accessdate=2008-05-27|date=1992-04-20}}</ref> She started developing her debut album ''[[Madonna (album)|Madonna]]'', which was primarily produced by [[Reggie Lucas]], a Warner Bros. producer. However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help. Madonna moved in with boyfriend [[John Benitez|John "Jellybean" Benitez]], asking his help for finishing the album's production. Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced "[[Holiday (Madonna song)|Holiday]]", which was her third single. The overall sound of ''Madonna'' is dissonant, and is in the form of upbeat synthetic disco, utilizing some of the new technology of the time, like the usage of [[LinnDrum|Linn drum machine]], [[Moog Taurus|Moog bass]] and the [[synthesizer|OB-X synthesizer]].<ref name=tara1/><ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=11}}</ref> The album peaked at number eight on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], and yielded the hit singles "Holiday", "[[Borderline (song)|Borderline]]" and "[[Lucky Star (song)|Lucky Star]]".<ref name="bbalbums">{{
{{Quote box|width=220px|align=left|quote="I was surprised by how people reacted to "Like a Virgin" because when I did that song, to me, I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way—brand-new and fresh—and everyone interpreted it as 'I don't want to be a virgin anymore. Fuck my brains out!' That's not what I sang at all. 'Like a Virgin' was always absolutely ambiguous."|source=—Madonna on the backlash for "Like a Virgin"<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=13}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=56}}</ref>
}}
Gradually, Madonna's look and manner of dressing, her performances and her music videos started influencing young girls and women. Her style became a female fashion trend of the 1980s. It was created by stylist and jewelry designer [[Maripol]] and the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over [[capri pants]], [[fishnet|fishnet stockings]], jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair.<ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=20}}</ref> She achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album: ''[[Like a Virgin]]'' in 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="bbalbums"/><ref>{{harvnb|Rettenmund|1995|p=67}}</ref> The title track, "[[Like a Virgin (song)|Like a Virgin]]", topped the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart for six consecutive weeks.<ref name="bbsingles"/> It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values,<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=31}}</ref> and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=18}}</ref> Madonna further came under fire when she performed the song at the first [[1984 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Awards]] where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and bridal veil, adorned with her characteristic "Boy Toy" belt buckle. The performance is noted by scholars and by MTV as an iconic performance in MTV history.<ref name="Vena">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1618580/20090812/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Can Lady Gaga Top These Iconic MTV VMA Performances?|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=2009-08-12|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-01-12}}</ref> In later years, Madonna commented that she was actually terrified of the performance. She recalled, "I remember my manager Freddy shouting to me, 'Oh my God! What were you doing? You were wearing a wedding dress. Oh my God! You were rolling around on the floor!' It was the bravest, most blatant sexual thing I had ever done on television."<ref name="Vena"/><ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=89}}</ref> ''Like a Virgin'' was certified [[RIAA certification|diamond]] by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 21 million copies worldwide.<ref name="diamond">{{
[[File:Sean Penn Cannes.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=|Madonna married actor [[Sean Penn]] (''above'') on her birthday in 1985.]]
Madonna entered mainstream films in 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in ''[[Vision Quest]]'', a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained her U.S. number one single, "[[Crazy for You (song)|Crazy for You]]".<ref name="ach">{{
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article586950.ece|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=2005-11-06|accessdate=2008-06-09|location=London}}</ref>
Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, [[The Virgin Tour]], with the [[Beastie Boys]] as her opening act.<ref>{{harvnb|Warren|George|Bashe|Pareles|2001|pp=23–25}}</ref> Madonna commented: "That whole tour was crazy, because I went from playing [[CBGB]] and the [[Mudd Club]] to playing sporting arenas. I played a small theater in Seattle, and the girls had flap skirts on and the tights cut off below their knees and lace gloves and rosaries and bows in their hair and big hoop earrings. [...] After Seattle, all of the shows were moved to arenas."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scaggs|first=Austin|date=2009-10-29|title=Madonna Looks Back: The Rolling Stone Interview|journal=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|location=San Francisco|issue=1090|page=51|issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> In July, ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' and ''[[Playboy]]'' magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session.<ref name="Morton134-135">{{harvnb|Morton|2002|pp=134–135}}</ref> The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained defiant and unapologetic. The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000.<ref name="Morton134-135"/> She referred to the whole experience at the 1985 outdoor [[Live Aid]] charity concert saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now."<ref>{{
===1986–91: ''True Blue'', ''Like a Prayer'' and the Blond Ambition Tour===
[[File:Madonna 1990 cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=The image of a young blond woman. She is wearing a black coat. Her hair is short, straight and parted from the left to the right. She has bright red lips and appears to be speaking to someone on her left while looking down.|Madonna during the [[Blond Ambition World Tour]]]]
In June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album, ''[[True Blue (Madonna album)|True Blue]]'', which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn.<ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=77}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine was generally impressed with the effort, writing that the album "sound[s] as if it comes from the heart".<ref>{{
{{Quote box|width=220px|align=right|quote="In ''Like a Prayer'' I've been dealing with more specific issues that mean a lot to me. They're about an assimilation of experiences I've had in my life and in relationships. They're about my mother, my father and my bonds with my family about the pain of dying, or growing up and letting go. [The album] was a real coming-of-age record for me emotionally. [...] I had to do a lot of soul-searching and I think it is a reflection of that."|source=—Madonna talking about the inspiration behind ''Like a Prayer''.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=89}}</ref><ref name="bookalbum">{{harvnb|Bronson|2002|p=329}}</ref>
Dòng 60:
Madonna starred as "Breathless" Mahoney in the film [[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|''Dick Tracy'']] (1990), with [[Warren Beatty]] playing the title role.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=98}}</ref> To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album ''[[I'm Breathless]]'', which included songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It also featured the U.S. number one hit, "[[Vogue (Madonna song)|Vogue]]",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/poll-vogue-is-fave-madonna-chart-topper-876281.story |title=Poll: 'Vogue' Is Fave Madonna Chart-Topper|work=Billboard |date=2000-09-15|last=Herrera|first=Monica|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> and "[[Sooner or Later (Madonna song)|Sooner or Later]]", which earned songwriter [[Stephen Sondheim]] an [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 1991.<ref>{{harvnb|Pitts|2004|p=40}}</ref> While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty which dissolved by the end of 1990.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20118117,00.html |title=He Still Leaves 'Em Breathless |first=Elizabeth |last=Sporkin |date=1990-07-02|work=People|accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ciccone|first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Ciccone|title=Warren Beatty, Sean Penn ... and My Sister Madonna's Great Daddy Chair Dilemma |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1036516/Warren-Beatty-Sean-Penn---sister-Madonnas-great-Daddy-Chair-dilemma.html|date=2008-07-19|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=2009-05-23 | location=London}}</ref> In April 1990 she began her [[Blond Ambition World Tour]], which continued for nearly four months. Regarding the tour, Madonna commented "I know that I'm not the best singer and I know that I'm not the best dancer. But, I can fucking push people's buttons and be as provocative as I want. The tour's goal is to break useless taboos."<ref name="guily1">{{harvnb|Guilbert|2002|p=140}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' called it an "elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza" and proclaimed it "the best tour of 1990".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Crucifixes, Leather and Hits|date=2006-06-01|last=Walters|first=Barry|work= Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|issn=0035-791X|volume=1067|issue=56|ref=harv}}</ref> The tour was met with strong reaction from religious groups for her performance of "Like a Virgin", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation.<ref name="showstealer">{{cite news|first=Neil |last=Smith|date=2004-05-24 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3704915.stm |publisher=BBC|title=Show Stealer Madonna on Tour |accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref> The Pope asked the general public and the Christian community not to attend the concert.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5006008.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-05-23|last=Grunt|first=Gary|title=Madonna's giant cross offensive|accessdate=2006-05-28}}</ref> A private association of Catholics calling themselves ''Famiglia Domani'' also boycotted the tour for its eroticism.<ref>{{harvnb|Sexton|1993|p=88}}</ref> In response, Madonna said, "I am Italian American and proud of it. [...] The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others"; she declared that the Church "completely frowns on sex ... except for procreation."<ref name="carrie">{{cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Carrie|authorlink=Carrie Fisher|work=Rolling Stone|date=August 1991|title=True Confessions: The Rolling Stone Interview With Madonna |issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref> [[Live! – Blond Ambition World Tour 90|The Laserdisc release]] of the tour won Madonna a [[Grammy Award]] in 1992 for [[Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video|Best Long Form Music Video]].<ref name="grammy"/>
''[[The Immaculate Collection]]'', Madonna's first greatest-hits [[compilation album]], was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, "[[Justify My Love]]" and "[[Rescue Me (Madonna song)|Rescue Me]]".<ref name="cross28">{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=128}}</ref> The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the [[list of best-selling albums worldwide|best-selling]] compilation album by a solo artist in history.<ref name="diamond"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Arthington|first=Mirra|date=2007-10-07|title=Warner finds solace in farewell CD|work=[[Music Week]]|location=London|volume=32|issue=9|issn=0265-1548|pages=21|ref=harv}}</ref> "Justify My Love" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide.<ref name="ach"/><ref>{{
In December 1990, Madonna decided to leave [[Jennifer Lynch]]'s film ''[[Boxing Helena]]'', which she had previously agreed to star in, without any explanation to the producers.<ref>{{cite news|last= Birnbaum| first= Jane| title= Unarmed and Dangerous| url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,310562,00.html| date= 1992-05-22| work= Entertainment Weekly| accessdate=2009-05-28}}</ref> From late 1990 to early 1991, Madonna dated [[Tony Ward (entertainer)|Tony Ward]], a model and pornography performer who appeared in her music videos for "Cherish" and "Justify My Love". She also had an eight-month relationship with rapper [[Vanilla Ice]].<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news| url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/madonnamen.htm |title=Crazy for Madonna's Men|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|work=[[USA Today]]|date=2000-12-19 |accessdate=2008-01-07| first=Staff Reporter}}</ref> Her first documentary film ''[[Madonna: Truth or Dare|Truth or Dare]]'' (known as ''In Bed with Madonna'' outside North America) was released in mid-1991. The documentary chronicled her Blond Ambition World Tour and provided glimpses into her personal life.<ref name="Rolling Biography"/>
Dòng 66:
===1992–96: Maverick, ''Sex'', ''Erotica'', ''Bedtime Stories'' and ''Evita''===
[[File:EvaPerónVestidaLujosamente2.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A picture of a Evita, former first lady of Argentina. Her hair is drawn into a tight bun at the back. She is wearing a black, low-cut dress. Around her neck is a number of chains. The lady's hands are folded in her front and she has a white fur shawl around her.|Madonna's portrayal of [[Eva Perón]] (above) in the film'' [[Evita (film)|Evita]]'' garnered her critical acclaim.]]
In 1992, Madonna had a role in ''[[A League of Their Own]]'' as Mae Mordabito, a baseball player on an all-women's team. She recorded the film's theme song, "[[This Used to Be My Playground]]", which became a Hot 100 number one hit.<ref name="ach"/> The same year, she founded her own entertainment company, [[Maverick (entertainment company)|Maverick]], consisting of a record company ([[Maverick Records]]), a film production company ([[Maverick Films]]), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with [[Time Warner]] and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with [[Sony]].<ref name="NYT - $60 million"/> The first release from the venture was Madonna's book, entitled ''[[Sex (book)|Sex]]''. It consisted of sexually provocative and explicit images, photographed by [[Steven Meisel]]. The book caused strong negative reaction from the media and the general public, but sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=54}}</ref><ref name="SEX and Erotica">{{cite news |first= Gregory |last= Kirschling| url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,365681,00.html |work=Entertainment Weekly| title=The Naked Launch| accessdate=2008-05-27|date=2002-10-25}}</ref> At the same time she released her fifth studio album, ''[[Erotica (Madonna album)|Erotica]]'', which debuted at number two on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="bbalbums"/><ref name="SEX and Erotica"/> Its title track peaked at number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref name="ach"/> ''Erotica'' also produced five further singles: "[[Deeper and Deeper]]", "[[Bad Girl (Madonna song)|Bad Girl]]", "[[Fever (Little Willie John song)|Fever]]", "[[Rain (Madonna song)|Rain]]" and "[[Bye Bye Baby (Madonna song)|Bye Bye Baby]]".<ref>{{
The provocative imagery that was her trademark continued in the 1990s with the erotic thriller ''[[Body of Evidence (1993 film)|Body of Evidence]]'', a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage. It was poorly received by critics.<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|pp=17–20}}</ref><ref>{{
According to biographer [[J. Randy Taraborrelli]], the ballad "[[I'll Remember]]" (1994), was an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for [[Alek Keshishian]]'s film ''[[With Honors (film)|With Honors]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=242}}</ref> She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'' after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity.<ref name="tara235"/> With her sixth studio album, ''[[Bedtime Stories (Madonna album)|Bedtime Stories]]'' (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to reconnect with the general public.<ref name="tara235">{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=235}}</ref> The album debuted at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200 and produced four singles, including "[[Secret (Madonna song)|Secret]]" and "[[Take a Bow (Madonna song)|Take a Bow]]", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks.<ref name="ach"/> At the same time, she became romantically involved with fitness trainer [[Carlos Leon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=221}}</ref> ''[[Something to Remember]]'', a collection of ballads, was released in May 1995. The album featured three new songs: "[[You'll See]]", "[[One More Chance (Madonna song)|One More Chance]]", and a cover of [[Marvin Gaye]]'s "[[I Want You (Marvin Gaye song)|I Want You]]".<ref name="ach"/><ref name="str">{{
{{Quote box|width=280px|align=left|quote="This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time. And it was the farthest I've ever had to push myself creatively. At every level, I had a great education. And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done."<!-- [...] What drew me to the role from the beginning was the story of this remarkable woman, where she came from, how she came up in the world, the incredible amount of influence she had over an entire country and the impact she had on the whole world—truth really is stranger than fiction." --> |source=—Madonna talking about ''Evita'' and her role as Eva Perón.<ref>{{harvnb|Michael|2004|p=67}}</ref>
}}
The following year saw the release of ''[[Evita (film)|Evita]]'' in which she played the title role of [[Eva Perón]].<ref name="msn">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,295501,00.html|title=Evita (1997)|work=Entertainment Weekly|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=1996-12-20|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref><ref name="evitany">{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B02E0D91E31F936A15751C1A960958260 |title=Madonna, Chic Pop Star, As Chic Political Leader|date=1996-12-06|work=The New York Times|last=Maslin|first=Janet|accessdate=2009-05-26}}</ref> For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Perón and even wrote to director [[Alan Parker]], explaining how she would be perfect for the part. After securing it, she underwent vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón. During shooting she fell sick many times, commenting that "The intensity of the scenes we have been shooting and the amount of emotional work and concentration needed to get through the day are so mentally and physically exhausting that I'm sure I will need to be institutionalized when its over." It was on the set of ''Evita'' Madonna found out that she was pregnant, which further complicated the shooting for her.<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=276}}</ref> ''Evita'' was a period drama and almost 6,000 costumes were needed for the scenes. Madonna herself wore 370 different costumes, earning her a Guinness World Record for the most costume changes in a film.<ref name="evitany"/> After its release, the film garnered critical appreciation. Zach Conner from ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine commented "It's a relief to say that ''Evita'' is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations. She plays Evita with a poignant weariness and has more than just a bit of star quality. Love or hate Madonna-Eva, she is a magnet for all eyes."<ref>{{harvnb|Taraborrelli|2002|p=285}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985711,00.html|title=Cinema: Madonna and Eva Peron: You Must Love Her|last=Corliss|first=Richard|date=1996-12-16|accessdate=2010-05-26|work=Time}}</ref> Madonna won a [[Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] for the role.<ref>{{cite news |first= Stephanie |last= Busari |title=Hey Madonna, Don't Give Up the Day Job!|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/18/madonna.movies/?iref=mpstoryview|publisher=CNN |date=2008-03-24|accessdate=2008-03-21}}</ref> She released three singles from the [[Evita (soundtrack)|''Evita'' soundtrack album]] including "[[You Must Love Me]]" (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1997) and "[[Don't Cry for Me Argentina#Madonna version|Don't Cry for Me Argentina]]".<ref>{{
===1997–2002: ''Ray of Light'', ''Music'' and Drowned World Tour===
[[File:MadonnaDrownedWorld8 cropped.jpg|upright|thumb|Madonna performing on the [[Drowned World Tour]]|alt=A blond woman sitting on a block of hay. She is playing a guitar and singing in front of a standing microphone. She has short hair and wears grey colored cowboy clothes.]]
After Lourdes' birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and [[Kabbalah]]. She was introduced to the Jewish mysticism by actress [[Sandra Bernhard]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/kabbalah-is-madonna-losing-her-religion-407250.html|title=Kabbalah: is Madonna losing her religion?|last=Barnes|first=Anthony|date=2006-07-09|accessdate=2010-05-26|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref> Her seventh studio album, ''[[Ray of Light]]'', (1998) reflected this change in her perception and image.<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=50}}</ref> She commented: "This record, more than any other records, covers all the areas of life. I had recently joined Kabbalah and I had left off partying—but I had just had a baby, so my mood was complete, and I was incredibly thoughtful, retrospective and intrigued by the mystical aspects of life."<ref>{{harvnb|Michael|2004|p=46}}</ref> The album garnered critical acclaim and [[Slant Magazine]] declared it as "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s".<ref>{{
In 2000, Madonna starred in the film ''[[The Next Best Thing]]'', and contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack: "Time Stood Still" and the international hit "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]", a cover version of [[Don McLean]]'s 1971 song.<ref>{{
Around the same time of the ''Music'' album, Madonna became involved in a relationship with [[Guy Ritchie]], whom she had met in 1999 through mutual friends [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] and his wife, [[Trudie Styler]]. On August 11, 2000, she gave birth to their son, Rocco Ritchie.<ref>{{cite news|first=CNN Reporter|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/11/us.madonna/index.html|title=Madonna gives birth to boy|publisher=CNN|date=2000-08-11|accessdate=2006-05-05}}</ref> In December, Madonna and Ritchie were married in an exclusive ceremony in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/22/newsid_3290000/3290829.stm|title=Madonna Weds Her Guy|publisher=BBC|date=2000-12-22|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref>
Her fifth concert tour, entitled [[Drowned World Tour]], started in April 2001.<ref name="showstealer"/> The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2001-12-29|title=The Year in Touring|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York City|volume=113|issue=52|page=44|issn=0006-2510|ref=harv}}</ref> She also released her second greatest-hits collection, entitled ''[[GHV2]]'', to coincide with the [[Drowned World Tour 2001|home video release of the tour]]. ''GHV2'' debuted at number seven on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="allmusicghv2">{{
===2003–06: ''American Life'' and ''Confessions on a Dance Floor''===
[[File:Madonna Live 8 - 1.jpg|upright|thumb|alt=The front profile, from the waist up, of a middle-aged blond woman. She is wearing a white, sleeveless coat and white pants. Her hair is parted in the middle and is in locks around her face. She is holding a microphone in her right hand while her left hand is placed behind her head. She is smiling looking down. Behind her a video screen is red.| Madonna performing at the [[Live 8]] benefit concert]]
Following ''Die Another Day'', Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer [[Steven Klein]] in 2003 for an exhibition installation named ''[[Steven Klein|X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS]]''. It included photography from a photo shoot in ''[[W (magazine)|W]]'' magazine, and seven video segments. The installation ran from March to May in New York's [[Deitch Projects]] gallery. It then traveled the world in an edited form.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lieberman|first=Rhonda|title=Weighty Madonna: Rhonda Lieberman on "X-STaTIC PRo=CeSS"|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_9_41/ai_101779141|date=2003-05-09|publisher=[[BNET]]|accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref> Madonna released her ninth studio album, ''[[American Life]]'', which was based on her observations of American society, and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{
The next year, Madonna and Maverick sued [[Warner Music Group]] and its former parent company [[Time Warner]] claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own.<ref name=labelsuit>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3570563.stm |title=Madonna's label sues record giant |publisher=BBC |date=2004-03-26|accessdate=2008-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nme.com/news/madonna/30546|title=Madonna sells record company|work=[[NME]]|publisher=[[IPC Media]]|accessdate=2008-06-09|date=2007-08-26|first=Jason|last=Shawhan}}</ref> The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.<ref name=labelsuit/> In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the [[Re-Invention World Tour]] in the U.S., Canada and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning $125 million.<ref>{{
{{Quote box|width=240px|align=left|quote="I tried several different things when Stuart [producer Stuart Price] brought me music. And it was like divine inspiration. It just clicked, like: 'This is the direction of my record.' That's what we intended, to make a record that you can play at a party or in your car, where you don't have to skip past a ballad. It's nonstop."|source =—Madonna talking about ''Confessions on a Dance Floor''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/madonna/news_feature_051107/|title=Madonna: Dancing Queen|date=2005-10-24|accessdate=2010-05-36|publisher=MTV}}</ref>}}Her tenth studio album, ''[[Confessions on a Dance Floor]]'', was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. The songs on the album started out light and happy, and as it progressed, it became intense, with the lyrics dealing more about personal feelings, hence "Confessions."<ref name="dq">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1514426/20051123/madonna.jhtml|title=Madonna's Confessions Floors Carrie And Carey For Billboard #1|last=Harris|first=Chris|date=2005-11-23|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref> Keith Caulfield from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' commented that the album was a "welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop."<ref name="bbalbum">{{cite journal|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2005-11-19|title=Albums: Confessions on a Dance Floor|journal=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=New York|volume=117|issue=47|page=45|issn=0006-2510|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5RQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45|accessdate=2009-07-27|ref=harv}}</ref> The album won a [[49th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for "[[Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album|Best Electronic/Dance Album]]".<ref name="grammy"/> ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'' and its lead single, "[[Hung Up]]", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]]''.<ref name="guinness">{{harvnb|Glenday|2007|p=187}}</ref> "[[Sorry (Madonna song)|Sorry]]", the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number one single in the UK.<ref name=BBC/> She embarked on the [[Confessions Tour]] in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $194.7 million, becoming the highest grossing-tour to that date for a female artist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-confessions-tour-sets-record-1003154128.story|title=Madonna's 'Confessions' Tour Sets Record|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2006-09-04|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> Madonna used religious symbols, such as the [[crucifix]] and [[Crown of Thorns]], in the performance of "Live to Tell". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert.<ref>{{cite news|title=Boycott of Madonna Moscow concert urged|work=[[j.|Jewish News Weekly]] |date=2006-08-18|accessdate=2008-01-21|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/30080/boycott-of-madonna-moscow-concert-urged/|publisher= The Emanu-El |last=Khyam|first=Omar}}</ref> The Vatican protested the concert, as did bishops from [[Düsseldorf]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Madonna defies prosecution threat|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5269684.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2006-08-20|accessdate=2008-07-10}}</ref> Madonna responded: "My performance is neither anti-Christian, sacrilegious or blasphemous. Rather, it is my plea to the audience to encourage mankind to help one another and to see the world as a unified whole."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/gallery/0,,20218274_20218271_47,00.html|title=Madonna: 50 Looks We Can't Forget |last=Adams|first=Lubna|date=2008-08-14|work=People|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> In the same year, the [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] announced officially that Madonna has sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat_month_20060913.html|first=Press Release|title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards: July & August 2006|date=2006-09-13|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> In June of 2006, Madonna was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends online Hall of Fame.<ref>{{
While on tour, Madonna participated in the [[Raising Malawi]] initiative by partially funding an orphanage and traveling to that country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6039380.stm|title=Madonna 'adopts child in Africa' |date=2006-10-11|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=BBC|first=BBC Reporter}}</ref> On October 10, 2006, she filed adoption papers for a boy from the orphanage, David Banda Mwale. He was later renamed David Banda Mwale Ciccone Ritchie.<ref>{{cite news|first=Simon |last= Perry| url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1546505,00.html|title=Boy Madonna Hopes to Adopt, Leaves Africa |work=People |date=2006-10-09 |accessdate=2006-10-16}}</ref> The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/05/04/madonna.adoption/index.html|agency=Associated Press|title=Madonna's adoption appeal begins in Malawi|publisher=CNN|date=2009-04-04|accessdate=2010-02-24}}</ref> She addressed this on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from [[pneumonia]] after surviving [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]] when she first met him.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shia |last= Kapos|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1550254,00.html|title=Madonna: Boy's Father Has Been Manipulated|work=People|accessdate=2008-06-09|date=2006-09-09}}</ref> Banda's biological father, Yohane commented, "These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing. [...] They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/15429329/|title=Boy's Father Worries Madonna May Back Out|publisher=[[msnbc.com]]|date=2006-10-26|accessdate=2008-06-14|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The adoption was finalized on May 28, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|first=Raphael|last=Tenthani|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20202798,00.html|title=Madonna 'Over the Moon' About Finalized Adoption |work=People|date=2006-10-28|accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref> A clothing line titled ''M by Madonna'', in collaboration with Swedish clothing retailer [[H&M]], was launched internationally in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20015890,00.html
Dòng 104:
Madonna released her eleventh studio album, ''[[Hard Candy (Madonna album)|Hard Candy]]'', in April 2008. Containing R&B and [[Contemporary R&B|urban pop]] influences, the songs on ''Hard Candy'' were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Timbaland]], [[Pharrell Williams]] and [[Danja (producer)|Nate "Danja" Hills]].<ref name="timbalandhot">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1566579/20070807/timbaland.jhtml|title=Timbaland Talks About His And Justin Timberlake's 'Hot' Collabo With Madonna|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|date=2008-08-08|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'' complimented it as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Madonna debuts Hard Candy|work=Rolling Stone|last=Shewey|first=Don|date=2008-05-01|publisher=Jann Wenner|issue=45|volume=1093|issn=0035-791X|ref=harv}}</ref>
{{Quote box|width=240px|align=right|quote="Probably in many respects most of the songs [on ''Hard Candy''] are [autobiographical]. But in more of an unconscious way. I don't really think about telling personal stories when I'm writing music. It just comes. And then a lot of times, six months later, eight months later, I go, 'Oh, that's what I wrote that song about.' But that's when I play the song for lots of people and they all go, 'Oh, I can totally relate to that.'"|source=— Madonna talking about the inspiration behind ''Hard Candy''<ref>{{
}}
The album debuted at number one in 37 countries and on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/madonnas-hard-candy-debuts-at-1-in-37-countries|title=Madonna's Hard Candy Debuts At #1 in 37 countries|date=2008-04-30|accessdate=2008-12-23|work=Icon: Official Madonna website|publisher=Madonna.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-leads-busy-billboard-200-with-7th-1-1003799874.story|title=Madonna Leads Busy Billboard 200 with 7th #1|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|last=Hasty|first= Katie|date=2008-05-07|accessdate=2008-05-07}}</ref> It received generally positive reviews worldwide though some critics panned it as "an attempt to harness the urban market".<ref>{{
''Life with My Sister Madonna'', a book by Madonna's brother [[Christopher Ciccone]], debuted at number two on ''The New York Times'' Bestseller List.<ref name=nytb>{{cite news |title=Bestsellers: Hardcover Nonfiction |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/books/bestseller/0803besthardnonfiction.html |work=The New York Times|date=2008-08-03 |accessdate=2008-08-21}}</ref> It was not authorized by Madonna, and led to a rift between them.<ref>{{cite news| title=Madonna's brother's book explores Guy Ritchie marriage|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2279132/Madonna's-brother's-book-explores-Guy-Ritchie-marriage.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date= 2008-10-15|accessdate=2009-05-23|location=London}}</ref> Problems also arose between Madonna and Ritchie, with the media reporting that they were on the verge of separation. Ultimately, Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie, citing irreconcilable differences, which was finalized in December 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Madonna and Ritchie Confirm Split|date=2008-10-16| publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7672083.stm|accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7784519.stm|title=Madonna gives Guy £50m in divorce |date=2008-12-15|accessdate=2009-05-23|publisher=BBC}}</ref> She decided to adopt again from Malawi. The country's High Court initially approved the adoption of Chifundo "Mercy" James;<ref name="mercydob">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/2009/04/03/madonna-s-bid-to-adopt-second-child-from-malawi-is-blocked-86908-21250403/|title=Madonna's bid to adopt second child from Malawi is blocked|date=2009-04-03|publisher=Trinity Mirror|work=Daily Record|accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> however, the application was rejected because Madonna was not a resident of Malawi.<ref name="mercyjames">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/madonna-loses-adoption-bid-in-malawi-1003958768.story|title=Madonna Loses Adoption Bid In Malawi|last=Banda|first=Mabvuto|first2=Michael |last2=Georgy|date=2009-05-25|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-05-26}}</ref> Madonna appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted Madonna the right to adopt Mercy James.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/06/12/earlyshow/main5082589.shtml?source=RSSattr=HOME_5082589|title=Madonna Wins Adoption Battle|last=Tyre|first=Blan|date=2009-06-12|work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive|CBS Interactive Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-06-19}}</ref> She also released ''[[Celebration (Madonna album)|Celebration]]'', her third greatest-hits album, and the closing release with Warner. It contained the new songs "[[Celebration (Madonna song)|Celebration]]" and "[[Revolver (song)|Revolver]]" along with 34 hits spanning her career.<ref name="celebraterelease">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-celebration-hits-collection-to-1003996769.story|title=Madonna's 'Celebration' Hits Collection To Feature Two New Songs|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=2009-07-23|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref> ''Celebration'' reached number one in the UK, tying her with Elvis Presley as the solo act with most number one albums in the British chart history.<ref name="bbmadge">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/madonna-s-u-k-chart-celebration-1004016343.story|title=Madonna's U.K. Chart 'Celebration' |last=Sexton|first=Paul|date=2009-09-29|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-09-29}}</ref> She appeared at the [[2009 MTV Video Music Awards]] on September 13, 2009, to speak in tribute to deceased pop star [[Michael Jackson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621390/20090913/jackson_michael.jhtml|title=Madonna Pays Tearful Tribute To Michael Jackson At 2009 VMAs?|last=Crosley|first=Hillary|first2=Gil|last2=Kaufman|date=2009-09-13|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> Madonna ended the 2000s as the best-selling single artist of the decade in the U.S. and the most-played artist of the decade in the UK.<ref>{{
===2010–present: ''W.E.'', ''M.D.N.A.'' and other ventures===
Dòng 114:
Madonna performed "Like a Prayer" at the [[Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief]] concert in January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630335/20100122/madonna.jhtml|title=Madonna Brings Classic 'Like A Prayer' To 'Hope For Haiti Now' Telethon|last=Johnston|first=Maura|date=2010-01-22|publisher=MTV|accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> In April she released her third live album, ''[[Sticky & Sweet Tour (album)|Sticky & Sweet Tour]]''. It was her first release under Live Nation, but was distributed by Warner Bros.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/madonnas-sticky--sweet-concert-to-be-released-march-30th-on-dvd-bluray-and-cd|title=Madonna's 'Sticky & Sweet' Concert To Be Released March 30 On DVD, Blu-Ray And CD|work=Icon: Official Madonna website|publisher=Madonna.com|accessdate=2010-01-12|date=2010-01-12}}</ref> Following the completion of the shooting for ''W.E.'', Madonna released the "Material Girl" clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes.<ref name="mgclothing">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67J3YP20100820|title=Madonna sued over "Material Girl" clothing line|date=2010-08-20|accessdate=2010-11-11|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the [[Macy's]] label.<ref name="mgclothing"/> Soon after the clothing line went on sale, apparel manufacturer L.A. Triumph Inc. sued her saying that they have been using the name Material Girl and selling clothes under that name since 1997. They demanded that Madonna's clothing line be stopped from selling and the profits be returned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2010/08/madonna-sued-material-girl-clothing-line-macys.html|title=Madonna sued over Material Girl clothing line for Macy's|last=D'Zurilla|first=Christie|date=2010-08-20|accessdate=2010-11-11|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> The Material Girl clothing was first fronted by [[Taylor Momsen]] but she was later replaced by [[Kelly Osbourne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hollywoodcrush.mtv.com/2011/01/25/kelly-osbourne-material-girl/|title=Kelly Osbourne, Material Girl?|date=2011-05-12|accessdate=2011-06-15|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|publisher=MTV}}</ref> In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called "Truth or Dare by Madonna" to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. The brand represents a second partnership between MG Icon and [[Macy's]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.madonna.com/news/title/madonna-and-mg-icon-announce-the-launch-of-the-truth-or-dare-by-madonna-brand-|title=Madonna And MG Icon Announce The Launch of The "Truth or Dare by Madonna" Brand|date=2011-11-03|publisher=Icon: Official Madonna website. Madonna.com|accessdate=2011-12-05}}</ref> The [[Truth or Dare (fragrance)|Truth or Dare fragrance]], the first release from the brand, appears in 2012.
Madonna granted American TV show ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' the rights to her entire catalogue of music, and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs exclusively.<ref name="EW">{{
Following the ''Glee'' episode and the gyms, Madonna completed directing her second feature film, ''[[W.E. (film)|W.E.]]'', a biopic about the affair between [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VIII]] and [[Wallis, Duchess of Windsor|Wallis Simpson]]; it was co-written with [[Alek Keshishian]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118015190?refCatId=16|title=Madonna directing 'W.E.'|last=Jafaar|first=Ali|date=2010-02-13|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref> ''W.E.'' premiered out of the main competition at the 2011 [[Venice Film Festival]], and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/madonna-s-w-e-receives-mixed-reactions-at-1005337952.story|title=Madonna's 'W.E.' Receives Mixed Reactions at Venice Film Festival |date=2011-09-02|first=RJ|last=Cubarubbia|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=2010-04-29}}</ref> In an interview with [[Extra (TV series)|Extra]], Madonna confirmed she had contributed a new song titled "[[Masterpiece (Madonna song)|Masterpiece]]" for the ''W.E.'' soundtrack, composed by herself, [[Julie Frost]] and [[Jimmy Harry]]. The song won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] at the January 15, 2012 [[69th Golden Globe Awards]].<ref>{{
==Artistry==
Dòng 130:
Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny of critics. [[Robert McQueen Grant|Robert M. Grant]], author of ''Contemporary Strategy Analysis'' (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is "certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, Madonna's talents seem modest."<ref name=CSA>{{harvnb|Grant|2005|p=6}}</ref> He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career.<ref name=CSA/> Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of "Find a winning formula and stick to it." Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that "having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re-inventing."<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|2005|p=3}}</ref> Conversely, ''Rolling Stone'' has named Madonna "an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics, and a better studio singer than her live spectacles attest."<ref name="Rolling Biography"/> [[Mark Bego]], author of ''Madonna: Blonde Ambition'', called her "the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs", despite not being a "heavyweight talent."<ref>{{harvnb|Bego|2000|p=122}}</ref> Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as [[Ella Fitzgerald]], [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] and [[Chaka Khan]].<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
Throughout her career, Madonna has written and co-written most of her own materials, as well as songs of other artists such as [[Nick Kamen]]'s "[[Each Time You Break My Heart]]" and [[Gary Barlow]]'s "[[Love Won't Wait]]".<ref>{{
[[File:MadonnaVirginTour cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Madonna, seen here on [[The Virgin Tour]], had a bright, girlish vocal [[timbre]] that became passé in her later works.]]
She started her musical career with songs that she described as "soulful pop music". Madonna recalled in a 1983 interview with ''Island'' magazine that she had wanted to grow up as a black kid.<ref name="island">{{cite journal|title=Madonna: Virgin Pop|last=Simmons|first=Collin|date=October 1983|work=Island|publisher=Dolores Press Ltd|page=23|volume=9|ref=harv}}</ref> "First of all, all the black girls in my neighborhood had these dances in their yard where they had these little turntables with 45 records and they'd play all this Motown stuff and they would dance, just dance, all of them dancing together and none of the white kids I knew would ever do that. They were really boring and stiff. And I wanted to be part of the dancing. I didn’t like my friends. I had to be beaten up so many times by these little black girls before they would accept me and finally one day they whipped me with a rubber hose till I was like, lying on the ground crying. And then they just stopped doing it all of a sudden and let me be their friend, part of their group."<ref name="island"/> On her 1983 debut album, Madonna's vocal abilities and personal artistry were not fully formed. Her vocal style was similar to other pop stars of that period like [[Paula Abdul]], [[Debbie Gibson]] and [[Taylor Dayne]].<ref name="fouzvocal">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=59–61}}</ref> The songs on ''Madonna'' reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy [[hook (music)|hooks]], highly polished [[arrangement]]s and Madonna's own vocal style. In songs such as "Lucky Star" and "Borderline", Madonna introduced a style of upbeat dance music that would prove particularly appealing to gay audiences. The bright, girlish vocal [[timbre]] of the early years became passé in Madonna's later works, the change being deliberate, since Madonna was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as "Minnie Mouse on helium", because of her early voice.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> Her second album, ''Like a Virgin'' (1984), foreshadowed several trends in Madonna's later works. It contained references to classical works ([[pizzicato]] synthesizer line that opens "[[Angel (Madonna song)|Angel]]"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("[[Dress You Up]]" was blacklisted by the [[Parents Music Resource Center]]); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to [[Motown]]).<ref name="fouzvocal"/> Madonna's early style, and the change that she ushered in it, is best evident in the song "Material Girl". It opens with Madonna using a little-girl voice, but following the first verse, she switches to a richer, more mature voice in the [[chorus effect|chorus]].<ref name="fouzvocal"/> This mature artistic statement was visible in ''True Blue'' (1986). The song "Papa Don't Preach" was a significant milestone in her artistic career. The classical introduction, fast tempo and the gravity in her voice was unprecedented in Madonna's œuvre at that time.<ref name="fouzvocal"/>
With ''Like a Prayer'' (1989), Madonna again entered a new phase, musically. The album introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance, [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] and gospel music.<ref name="bookalbum"/> Madonna continued to compose ballads and [[Glossary of musical terminology|uptempo]] dance songs for ''Erotica'' (1992) and ''Bedtime Stories'' (1994). She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and [[hip hop music|hip hop]] into her music. Her voice grew much deeper and fuller, evident in the tracks like "Rain" and "Take a Bow".<ref>{{harvnb|Rooksby|2004|p=44}}</ref> During the filming of ''Evita'', Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, "I studied with a vocal coach for ''Evita'' and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lamsweerde|first=Inez van|coauthors=Matadin, Vinoodh|date=April 1998|title=Madonna Chooses Dare|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|publisher=SPIN Media LLC|volume=14|issue=4|pages=70–76|issn=0886-3032|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Jq-A2xEoAHIC&pg=PA70|accessdate=2010-02-26|ref=harv}}</ref> Continuing her musical evolution with ''Ray of Light'', the track "Frozen" displayed her fully formed vocal prowess and her allusions to classical music. Her vocals were restrained and she sang the songs in ''Ray of Light'' without vibrato. However, the intake of breath within the songs became more prominent.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> With the new millennium came her album ''Music'' in which Madonna sang in her normal voice in a medium range, and sometimes in a higher register for the chorus.<ref name="fouzvocal"/> A change was also noted in the content of the songs, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. As she explained, "I sing about shattering an image that you have of somebody, but I also sing about loving someone that wish you didn’t love. Because you know that you’re doomed, but you can’t stop yourself."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Davies|first=Johny|date=August 2000|issn=0263-1210|work=[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]|publisher=[[EMAP]]|title=It's My Love-You-But-Fuck-You Record|volume=32|issue=8|page=23|ref=harv}}</ref> Such melancholics continued in her next record ''American Life'', which was infused with thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, acoustic choruses and a [[rapping|rap]] on the title track. The unconventional rock songs of the album were intermingled with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song "[[Nothing Fails]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rees|first=Paul|date=April 2003|work=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]]|title=Madonna Attacks|volume=67|issn=0955-4955|page=31|ref=harv}}</ref> Musically, things changed with ''Confessions on a Dance Floor'', which returned Madonna to pure dance songs, infusing club beats and retro music, but the lyrics continued to be about [[paradox]]ical metaphors and reference to her earlier works.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Todd|first=Matthew|authorlink=Matthew Todd|title=Madonna: Confessions of an Icon|date=November 2005|work=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]|publisher=Vitality Publishing|ref=harv}}</ref> Her most recent studio album, ''Hard Candy'', saw her mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. The album also had songs whose lyrics were autobiographical and expressed support for peace movements. The singing in higher register continued, with employment of [[double tracking]].<ref name=Interview>{{
===Influences===
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As they grew older, Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting, farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet [[Anne Sexton]] and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry with [[Sylvia Plath]] being her favourite.<ref name="mom"/> Later, Madonna commented: "We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying—after I got over my heartache—I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself."<ref name="mom"/> Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. "Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness—particularly her own—and wanted to be the queen of her own castle."<ref name="mom"/>
In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was "[[These Boots Are Made for Walkin']]" by [[Nancy Sinatra]]; she said it summed up her own "take-charge attitude".<ref name="hot"/> As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was [[baroque music|baroque]], and loved [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] and [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]] because she liked their "feminine quality".<ref>{{harvnb|St. Michael|2004|p=199}}</ref> Other musical influences included artists [[Karen Carpenter]], [[The Supremes]], [[Led Zeppelin]], and dancers such as [[Martha Graham]] and [[Rudolf Nureyev]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9901/19/madonna.lkl/|last=King|first=Larry|authorlink=Larry King|title=Interview: Madonna reviews life on Larry King Live| publisher=CNN| date=1999-01-19|accessdate=2008-06-09}}</ref> Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents were reflected in the album ''Like a Prayer''.<ref name="laprsreview"/> It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career.<ref>{{harvnb|O'Brien|2007|pp=126–131}}</ref> Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a [[rosary]], and also prayed with it in the music video for "La Isla Bonita".<ref name="fouz">{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|pp=67–70}}</ref> The "Open Your Heart" video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language. On Who's That Girl World Tour, she dedicated the song "Papa Don't Preach" to the Pope.<ref name="fouz"/><ref>{{
During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, "I loved [[Carole Lombard]] and [[Judy Holliday]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]]. They were all incredibly funny ... and I saw myself in them ... my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence."<ref name="hot">{{cite journal|last=Worrell|first=Denise|title=Madonna, Why She's Hot|journal=Time|date=1985-05-27|issn= 0040-781X|ref=harv}}</ref> Her "Material Girl" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song "[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]", from the film ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]''. She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the film ''Who's That Girl''. The video for "Express Yourself" (1989) was inspired by [[Fritz Lang]]'s [[silent film]] ''[[Metropolis (film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927). The video for "Vogue" recreated the style of [[Glamour (presentation)|Hollywood glamour]] photographs, in particular those by [[Horst P. Horst]], and imitated the poses of [[Marlene Dietrich]], Carole Lombard and [[Rita Hayworth]], while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, including [[Bette Davis]], described by Madonna as an idol.<ref name="carrie"/><ref>{{harvnb|Victor|2001|p=78}}</ref> Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of artist [[Frida Kahlo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Voller|1999|p=170}}</ref> The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and [[Remedios Varo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Guralnick|Wolk|2000|p=149}}</ref> Her 2003 video for "[[Hollywood (Madonna song)|Hollywood]]" was an homage to the work of photographer [[Guy Bourdin]]; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gary|last=Susman|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,491440,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|title=Strike a Pose|date=2003-09-30|accessdate=2008-06-14}}</ref> Pop artist [[Andy Warhol]]'s use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".<ref>{{harvnb|Guilbert|2002|p=69}}</ref> However, Madonna's film career has been largely received negatively by the film critic community. Stephanie Zacharek, critic for ''Time'' magazine, stated that, "[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest."<ref name="filmcareer">{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=293}}</ref> According to biographer [[Andrew Morton (writer)|Andrew Morton]], "Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt."<ref name="filmcareer"/> After the 2002 box-office bomb ''Swept Away'', Madonna vowed that she would never act in a film, hoping that her repertoire as a bad actress will never be discussed again.<ref name="filmcareer"/>
Madonna is dedicated to [[Kabbalah]] and in 2004, she adopted the name [[Esther (given name)|Esther]] which in [[Persian language|Persian]] means "star".<ref name="kab"/> She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject.<ref name="kab">{{harvnb|Friskics-Warren|2006|p=72}}</ref><ref>{{
===Music videos and performances===
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In ''The Madonna Companion'', biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work.<ref name="metz2">{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=161}}</ref> According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as "Papa Don't Preach", "Like a Prayer" or "Justify My Love" had to do with the music videos created to promote the song and their impact, rather than the song itself.<ref name="metz2"/> Morton felt that "artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos."<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|2002|p=20}}</ref> Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor.<ref name="metz2"/> She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Metz|Benson|1999|p=163}}</ref> The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the ''True Blue'' era.<ref>{{harvnb|Fouz-Hernández|Jarman-Ivens|2004|p=145}}</ref> Author [[Douglas Kellner]] noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences".<ref>{{harvnb|Kellner|1995|p=271}}</ref> Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".<ref>{{harvnb|Clerk|2002|p=44}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Rettenmund|1995|p=34}}</ref> Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex.<ref>{{harvnb|Welton|1998|p=234}}</ref> This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for "Like a Prayer". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal.<ref>{{harvnb|Cross|2007|p=70}}</ref> Madonna has been honored with 20 [[MTV Video Music Award]]s—the most for any artist—including the lifetime achievement "[[MTV Video Vanguard Award|Video Vanguard Award]]" in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Who has won the most MTV Video Music Awards?|date=March 2008|work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]]|publisher=Vibe Media Group|issn=1070-4701|volume=16|issue=2|page=58|ref=harv}}</ref> In 2003, MTV named her "The Greatest Music Video Star Ever" and said that "Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award."<ref>{{harvnb|Landrum|2007|p=258}}</ref>
Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV, and, according to Chris Nelson from ''[[The New York Times]]'', "with its almost exclusively [[lip sync|lip-sync]]ed videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words."<ref name="sync">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/01/arts/music/01NELS.html?pagewanted=1|title=Lip-Synching Gets Real|last=Nelson|first=Chris|date=2004-02-01|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip-syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows. He added, "Artists like Madonna and [[Janet Jackson]] set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing."<ref name="sync"/> Thor Christensen of the ''[[The Dallas Morning News|Dallas Morning News]]'' commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by "stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time."<ref name="lip-sync">{{Cite news| last1 = Christensen|first1 = Thor|title = Loose Lips: Pop Singers' Lip-Syncing In Concert Is An Open Secret| page = B.8|newspaper = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date = 2001-09-15| issn = 1068624X| ref = harv| postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, she was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the "Madonna mic".<ref>{{
==Legacy==
{{See also|List of awards and nominations received by Madonna|Madonna as gay icon|Madonna wannabe|Madonna Studies}}
[[File:Madonnaperformingstickyandsweettour2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=A blond woman standing on a stage. She has curvy, flowing hair and is dressed in a black, translucent top with boots in her leg and a white hat. The woman is holding an electric guitar with her left hand and singing in to a microphone in her right. She is surrounded by audience members whose heads can be seen in the image. Behind the woman, tow back-up singers can be seen in the distance.|Madonna performing at her [[Sticky & Sweet Tour]], the highest-grossing tour of all time by a solo artist]]
Madonna has been considered to be one of the greatest figures in music and one of the most influential women in history.<ref name="century"/> She is featured in the book ''100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century'', published in 1998 by [[Ladies' Home Journal]].<ref name="century">{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/35762719.html?dids=35762719:35762719&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+08%2C+1998&author=Vicky+Edwards.+Compiled+by+Wendy+Navratil.&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=WOMEN%27S+WORKS+GET+THEIR+WORDS%27+WORTH&pqatl=google|title=Women's Works Get Their Words' Worth|first=Vicky|last=Edwards|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|date=1998-11-08|accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref> In 2010, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine included Madonna in the elite list of the "25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century", where she became one of the only two singers included, alongside [[Aretha Franklin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2029774_2029776_2031853,00.html|title=The 25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century: Madonna (1958–present)|last=Castillo|first=Michelle|date=2010-11-18|accessdate=2010-12-15|work=Time}}</ref> Madonna also topped the [[VH1]]'s list of "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".<ref>{{
Caryn Ganz from ''Rolling Stone'' wrote that "Madonna is the most media-savvy American pop star since [[Bob Dylan]] and, until she toned down her press-baiting behavior in the nineties, she was the most consistently controversial one since [[Elvis Presley]]." According to her, Madonna's self-celebrating dance music and outré videos provided feminism with a makeover. Throughout the eighties she broke down sexual boundaries, making eroticism a crucial pop-song element, and challenging social and religious mores. Ganz felt that one fact was rarely disputed: "At nearly every turn, Madonna has maintained firm control over her career and image."<ref name="Rolling Biography"/> Madonna became a leader in the [[Third-wave feminism|Third Wave Feminism]] movement. Third Wave Feminism seeks to challenge and expel the "[[essentialist]]" definition of femininity. For her part, Madonna was a leading figure in encouraging [[sex-positivity]]. Madonna's music and videos celebrated women's sexuality as an exhilarating aspect of life, rather than oppressing and male-dominated. According to [[Camille Paglia]], a ''New York Times'' journalist, Madonna's music and videos have shown women to be fully female and completely sexual, all the while maintaining complete control of their lives.<ref>{{cite news|last=Paglia|first=Camille|authorlink=Camille Paglia|title=Madonna -- Finally, A Real Feminist|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/14/opinion/madonna-finally-a-real-feminist.html|accessdate=2011-12-06|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1990-12-14}}</ref> For her part, Madonna has stated, "I may be dressing the typical bimbo, whatever, but I’m in charge. You know. I’m in charge of my fantasies. I put myself in these situations with men, you know, and people don’t think of me as a person who’s not in charge of my career or my life, okay. And isn’t that what feminism is all about, you know, equality for men and women? And aren’t I in charge of my life, doing the things I want to do? Making my own decisions?"<ref>{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Phillip|title=Madonna Turns 50 -- Wither Feminism?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-n-cohen/madonna-turns-50-wither-f_b_118248.html|accessdate=2011-12-06|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=2008-08-13}}</ref>
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==Notes==
{{
==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
*{{chú thích sách
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*{{chú thích sách
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}}
*{{chú thích sách
|last = Cross
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|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{
*{{chú thích sách
|last = Erlewine
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|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{chú thích sách
|last = Fouz-Hernández
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|postscript = <!--None-->
}}
*{{chú thích sách
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}}
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Guralnick
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Hoban
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Horton
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Kellner
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Kramarae
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Landrum
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Metz
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*{{chú thích sách
|last=Morton
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = O'Brien
|first = Lucy
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Orgill
|first = Roxanne
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Pitts
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*{{chú thích sách
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|postscript = <!--None-->
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*{{chú thích sách
|title = Guilty Pleasures: Feminist Camp From Mae West to Madonna
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}}
*{{chú thích sách
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Sexton
|first = Adam
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = St. Michael
|first = Mick
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Streitmatter
|first = Rodger
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Taraborrelli
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Tetzlaff
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Victor
|first = Barbara
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Voller
|first = Debbie
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Warren
|first = Holly
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*{{chú thích sách
|last = Welton
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==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{chú thích sách
|last = Bronson
|authorlink=Fred Bronson
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|isbn=0-8230-7677-6
}}
*{{chú thích sách
|last=McAleer
|first=Dave
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|isbn=0-87930-808-7
}}
*{{chú thích sách
|last=Wesley
|first=Hyatt
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}}
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