Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Hệ thống hài hòa toàn cầu về phân loại và ghi nhãn hóa chất”
Nội dung được xóa Nội dung được thêm vào
n clean up, replaced: {{cite web → {{chú thích web, {{reflist}} → {{tham khảo}} using AWB |
Không có tóm lược sửa đổi |
||
Dòng 1:
{{wikify}}
{{cần biên tập|tên bài bỏ dấu tiếng Việt sai vị trí}}
'''Hệ thống hài hoà toàn cầu về phân loại và ghi nhãn hoá chất - Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals''' (viết tắt GHS) là hệ thống toàn cầu được xây đựng và thừa nhận bởi [[Liên hiệp Quốc]].<ref>{{chú thích web|title=UK Government HSE website|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/ghs/|publisher=UK Government}}</ref> hệ thống này được xây dựng để thay thế cho các hệ thống phân loại và ghi nhãn hoá chất khác nhau giữa các quốc gia nhằm mục đích thống nhất phù hợp trên phạm vi toàn cầu. Hệ thống bắt đầu phát triển tại hội nghị thượng đỉnh [[Liên Hiệp Quốc]] tại Rioat năm 1992. Khi [[liên đoàn lao động Quốc tế]](ILO), [[Tổ chức Hợp tác và Phát triển Kinh tế]] (OECD), các chính phủ và các thành viên khác nhóm họp tại hội nghị Liên hợp Quốc . Hệ thống này áp dụng cho [[
==Lịch sử==
Trước khi GHS được ban hành và thực hiện ở [[Liên hợp Quốc]], Ở các quốc gia khác nhau có các quy định về phân loại hóa chất riêng lẻ. Những quy định này tuơng tự nhau. Given the extent of international trade in chemicals, and the potential impact on neighboring countries when controls are not implemented, it was determined that a worldwide approach was necessary.
GHS được thiết kế để thống nhất các hệ thống phân loại hoá chất thành một quy định chung áp dụng cho các quốc gia chấp nhận GHS (Tuy nhiên, GHS không bắt buộc trong luật của [[Liên hợp Quốc]]). Hệ thống này thúc đẩy phát triển cơ sở hạ tầng ở các quốc gia áp dụng, đặc biệt là các nước đang phát triển.
Dự định lâu dài, hệ thống GHS giúp thúc đẩy hiểu biết về nguy cơ gây bệnh mãn tính của hóa chất và khuyến khích dần dần loại bỏ các hóa chất độc hại, đặc biệt chất gây ung thư, đột biến gen, gây độc sinh sản , hoặc thay thế chúng bằng những hóa chất ít độc hơn.
==Phân loại hóa chất theo nguy cơ==
Hệ thống phân loại GHS phức tạp với lượng dữ liệu thu thập từ thử nghiệm, tài liệu, và kinh nghiệm thực tế.
The main elements of the hazard classification criteria are summarized below:
===Nguy cơ theo lý tính===
Physical hazards are largely based on those of the [[United Nations Dangerous Goods System]]. These regulations and UN test methods can be found at the United Nations website at [http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev13/13fword_e.html]. Some additions and changes were necessary since the scope of the GHS includes all target audiences.
* '''Explosives''', which are assigned to one of six subcategories depending on the type of hazard they present, as used in the UN Dangerous Goods System.
* A '''Flammable Gas''' is one that has a [[flammable]] range in air at 20 °C and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa. Substances and mixtures of this [[hazard class]] are assigned to one of two hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of the test or calculation method.
* '''Flammable Aerosols''' should be considered for classification as Category 1 or Category 2 if they contain any component, which is classified as flammable according to the GHS criteria, that is, flammable liquids, flammable gases or flammable solids.
* '''Oxidizing Gases''' are any gas that may, generally by providing [[oxygen]], cause or contribute to the [[combustion]] of other material more than air does. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to a single hazard category on the basis that, generally by providing oxygen, they cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does.
* '''Gases Under Pressure''' are gases contained in a receptacle at a [[pressure]] not less than 280 Pa at 20 °C or as a refrigerated liquid. This endpoint covers four types of gases or gaseous mixtures to address the effects of sudden release of pressure or freezing which may lead to serious damage to people, property, or the environment independent of other hazards the gases may pose.
* A '''Flammable Liquid''' is a liquid with a [[flash point]] of not more than 93 °C. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of four hazard categories on the basis of the flash point and [[boiling point]].
* A '''Flammable Solid''' is one that is readily combustible or may cause or contribute to fire through friction. Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or pasty substances which are dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burning match, and if the flame spreads rapidly.
* '''Self-Reactive Substances''' are thermally unstable liquids or solids liable to undergo a strongly [[exothermic]] thermal decomposition even without participation of oxygen (air). This definition excludes materials classified under the GHS as explosive, [[organic peroxide]]s or as [[oxidizing]].
* A '''Pyrophoric Liquid''' is a liquid that, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to a single hazard category on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N.3.
* A '''Pyrophoric Solid''' is a solid that, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite within five minutes after coming into contact with air. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to a single hazard category on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N.2.
* '''Self-Heating Substances''' are solids or liquids, other than a [[pyrophoric]] substance, which, by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable to self-heat. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test N.4.
* '''Substances which on Contact with Water Emit Flammable Gases''' are substances that, in contact with water, emit flammable gases; or, are solids or liquids which, by interaction with water, are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of UN Test N.5, which measures gas evolution and speed of evolution.
* '''Oxidizing Liquids''' are liquids that, while in itself is not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of UN Test O.2.
* '''Oxidizing Solids''' are solids that, while itself is not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of other material. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories on the basis of the outcome of UN Test O.1.
* '''Organic Peroxides''' are organic liquids or solids that contain the bivalent -0-0- structure and may be considered a derivative of [[hydrogen peroxide]], where one or both of the [[hydrogen]] [[atoms]] have been replaced by [[Substituent|organic radicals]]. The term also includes organic peroxide formulations (mixtures). Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of seven 'Types', A to G, on the basis of the outcome of the UN Test Series A to H.
* '''Substances Corrosive to Metal''' are substances or a mixtures that by chemical action will materially damage, or even destroy metals. These substances or mixtures are classified in a single hazard category on the basis of tests (Steel: ISO 9328 (II): 1991 - Steel type P235; Aluminum: ASTM G31-72 (1990) - non-clad types 7075-T6 or AZ5GU-T66). The GHS criteria are a [[corrosion]] rate on [[steel]] or [[aluminum]] surfaces exceeding 6.25 mm per year at a test temperature of 55 °C.
===Health hazards===
* '''Acute Toxicity''' includes five GHS categories from which the appropriate elements relevant to transport, consumer, worker and environment protection can be selected. Substances are assigned to one of the five [[toxicity]] categories on the basis of LD<sub>50</sub> (oral, dermal) or LC<sub>50</sub> (inhalation).
* '''Skin Corrosion''' means the production of irreversible damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized corrosion category.
* '''Skin Irritation''' means the production of reversible damage to the skin following the application of a test substance for up to 4 hours. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single [[irritation|irritant]] category. For those authorities, such as [[pesticide]] regulators, wanting more than one designation for skin irritation, an additional mild irritant category is provided.
* '''Serious Eye Damage''' means the production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical decay of vision, following application of a test substance to the front surface of the eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized category.
* '''Eye Irritation''' means changes in the eye following the application of a test substance to the front surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days of application. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to a single harmonized hazard category. For authorities, such as pesticide regulators, wanting more than one designation for eye irritation, one of two subcategories can be selected, depending on whether the effects are reversible in 21 or 7 days.
* '''Respiratory Sensitizer''' means a substance that induces [[hypersensitivity]] of the airways following inhalation of the substance. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one hazard category.
* '''Skin Sensitizer''' means a substance that will induce an allergic response following skin contact. The definition for "skin [[sensitizer]]" is equivalent to "contact sensitizer". Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one hazard category.
* '''Germ Cell Mutagenicity''' means an agent giving rise to an increased occurrence of [[mutations]] in populations of cells and/or organisms. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories. Category 1 has two subcategories.
* '''Carcinogenicity''' means a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances that induce [[cancer]] or increase its incidence. Substances and mixtures in this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories. Category 1 has two subcategories.
* '''Reproductive Toxicity''' includes adverse effects on sexual function and [[fertility]] in adult males and females, as well as [[developmental toxicity]] in offspring. Substances and mixtures with reproductive and/or developmental effects are assigned to one of two hazard categories, 'known or presumed' and 'suspected'. Category 1 has two subcategories for reproductive and developmental effects. Materials, which cause concern for the health of breastfed children, have a separate category, Effects on or Via [[Lactation]].
* '''Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT) ''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_rev02/English/03e_part3.pdf|title=Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) - second revised edition|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2012}}</ref> category distinguishes between single and repeated exposure for [[Target Organ]] Effects. All significant health effects, not otherwise specifically included in the GHS, that can impair function, both reversible and irreversible, immediate and/or delayed are included in the non-lethal target organ/systemic toxicity class (TOST). Narcotic effects and respiratory tract irritation are considered to be target organ systemic effects following a single exposure. Substances and mixtures of the single exposure target organ toxicity hazard class are assigned to one of three hazard categories. Substances and mixtures of the repeated exposure target organ toxicity hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories.
* '''Aspiration Hazard''' includes severe acute effects such as [[chemical pneumonia]], varying degrees of [[pulmonary injury]] or death following [[Pulmonary aspiration|aspiration]]. Aspiration is the entry of a liquid or solid directly through the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting, into the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]] and [[lower respiratory system]]. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of two hazard categories this hazard class on the basis of [[viscosity]].
==Tham khảo==
| |||