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Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “Constantinopolis thất thủ”

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n →‎top: clean up, General fixes, replaced: → (22) using AWB
Dòng 1:
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Constantinopolis thất thủ
|partof = [[Peperangan Romawi Timur-Utsmaniyah|Perang Bizantium-Utsmaniyah]] dan [[Perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa]]
|image = [[Berkas:Constantinople 1453.jpg|275px]]
|caption = Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer.
|date = 6 April – 29 Mei 1453
|place = [[Konstantinopel]] ([[Istanbul]] modern)
|result = {{plainlist}}
* Kemenangan telak Utsmaniyah;<ref>[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/vasilief/constantine-xi-capture-of-constantinople.asp Constantine XI (1449–1453) and the capture of Constantinople]</ref> dan berakhirnya Kekaisaran Bizantium
{{endplainlist}}
|
|combatant1 = {{plainlist}}
* {{flag|Kekaisaran Bizantium}}{{smallsup|[c]}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Genoa.svg}} [[Republik Genoa]]
Dòng 17:
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Papal_States_(1825-1870).svg}} [[Negara Gereja]]
{{endplainlist}}
|commander1 = {{plainlist}}
* {{flagicon|Kekaisaran Bizantium}} [[Konstantinus XI Palaiologos|Konstantinos XI]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon|Kekaisaran Bizantium}} [[Loukas Notaras]]{{Executed}}
Dòng 28:
* [[Orhan Çelebi]] {{Executed}}<ref>Nicol, Donald M. (1999). Bizans'ın Son Yüzyılları (1261–1453). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. ISBN 975-333-096-0 s.418-420.</ref>
{{endplainlist}}
|strength1 = {{plainlist}}
* 7,000<ref>{{citechú bookthích sách |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=The Conquest of Constantinople, 1453 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1965 |page=85 |isbn=0-521-39832-0 }}</ref>
* 8,000<ref name="Merle Severy 1983, hlm. 755">Merle Severy. ''Byzantine Empire''. National Geographic. Vol. 164, No. 6 December 1983, hlm. 755?.</ref>
* 10,000<ref>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle&nbsp;... , Spencer C. Tucker, 2009, hlm. 343</ref>
* 12,000<ref name="Military History">[http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm# Military History: Byzantine Ottoman Wars Fall of Constantinople]</ref>
* 26 kapal<ref name="Nicolle 2000, hlm. 45">{{citechú thích booksách |last=Nicolle |first=David |title=Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium
|location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2000 |page=45 |isbn=1-84176-091-9 }}</ref>
* Dari 7,000 - 10,000 tentara dalam pasukan Bizantium, 700 adalah orang Yunani dan Genoa dari pulau Khios dan Genoa (400 direkrut di Genoa dan 300 di Khios), 800 tentara dipimpin oleh orang-orang Venesia (sebagian besar berasal dari Kreta, yang terkenal karena bertempur secara heroik selama pengepungan), 200 tentara dari Kardinal Isidore, semuanya pemanah. Berdasarkan bangsa, ada 5.000 orang Yunani dan 2.000 orang asing, sebagian besar berasal dari Genoa dan Venesia.<ref>http://www.greece.org/romiosini/fall.html</ref>
{{endplainlist}}
|casualties1 = Total 4,000 terbunuh (termasuk militer dan sipil)<ref name="The Fall of Constantinople">{{citechú bookthích sách|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=The Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Conquest of Byzantium|location=New York|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2007|pages=237, 238}}</ref><ref>Ruth Tenzel Fieldman, The Fall of Constantinople, Twenty-First Century Books, 2008, hlm. 99</ref>
 
Kemungkinan banyak eksekusi
Dòng 44:
Perkiraan tertinggi berkisar hingga 50.000 warga Bizantium ditawan dan kemudian diperbudak atau diusir.<ref name="coursesa.matrix.msu.edu"/>
|
|combatant2 = {{plainlist}}
* [[Berkas:Flag of the Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1453).svg|22px]] [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]
* [[Berkas:CoatOfArmsOfJovanStefanovicBrankovic.png|22px]] [[Kedespotan Serbia]]<ref name="Military History">[http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm# Military History: Byzantine Ottoman Wars Fall of Constantinople]</ref>
{{endplainlist}}
|commander2 = {{plainlist}}
* {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1383}} [[Mehmed II]]
* {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1383}} [[Zaganos Pasha]]
* {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1383}} [[Suleyman Baltoghlu]]
{{endplainlist}}
|strength2 = {{plainlist}}
{{smallsup|[a]}}:<br>
50,000<ref>J. E. Kaufmann, Hanna W. Kaufmann: ''The Medieval Fortress: Castles, Forts, and Walled Cities of the Middle Ages'', Da Capo Press, 2004, ISBN 0-306-81358-0, page 101</ref><ref>Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal: ''Defence Journal (Issue 8)'', 2005, page 49</ref><ref>Daniel Goffman: ''The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe'', Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-45908-7, [http://books.google.de/books?id=3uJzjatjTL4C&pg=PA52&dq=%22reveals+not+only+the+self-sacrificing%22&hl=de&sa=X&ei=is6LUfv5C8KNO6KngeAM&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22reveals%20not%20only%20the%20self-sacrificing%22&f=false page 52]</ref><ref>James Patrick: ''Renaissance And Reformation'', Marshall Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 0-7614-7650-4, [http://books.google.de/books?hl=de&id=_JDOVMDi8d4C&dq=%22when+the+ottoman+army+of+about%22&q=%22when+the+ottoman+army+of+about%22#v=snippet&q=%22when%20the%20ottoman%20army%20of%20about%22&f=false page 618]</ref>– 80,000<ref name="Norwich 1997">{{citechú bookthích sách|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=A Short History of Byzantium|location=New York|publisher= Vintage Books|year=1997}}</ref><ref name="Nicolle 2000">Nicolle 2000.</ref><ref name="Halil 2008">İnalcık, Halil (2008), Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Klasik Çağ (1300–1600)</ref><br>
{{smallsup|[b]}}:<br> 100,000<ref name="Merle Severy 1983, hlm. 755"/>–160,000<ref name=Sphrantzes>''Chronicles'' of George Sphrantzes; Greek text is reported in A. Mai, ''Classicorum auctorum e Vaticanis codicibus editorum'', tome IX, Romae 1837, pp 1–100</ref><ref>''The Destruction of the Greek Empire,'' Edwin Pears</ref>–200,000<ref name="Pertusi"/> hingga 300,000<ref name="Ref-1">Leonardo di Chio, ''Letter'',927B: "three hundred thousand and more".</ref><br>
* 70 kapal,<ref name="Nicolle 2000, hlm. 44">Nicolle 2000, hlm. &nbsp;44.</ref> 20 galley<ref>{{citechú thích booksách |title=A military history of the Ottomans: from Osman to Atatürk |first=Mesut |last=Uyar |first2=Edward J. |last2=Erickson |page=37 |year=2009 |location=Santa Barbara |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-275-98876-0 }}</ref><br />70 [[meriam]]<ref>Michael Lee Lanning: ''The Battle 100: The Stories Behind History's Most Influential Battles'', Sourcebooks, Inc., 2005, ISBN 1-4022-2475-3, pg&nbsp;139–140</ref> (14 kaliber besar dan 56 kaliber kecil)<ref>Saul S. Friedman: ''A history of the Middle East'', McFarland, 2006, ISBN 0-7864-5134-3, page 179</ref>
* 90 - 126 kapal <ref name="Military History">[http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswars14011600/p/Byzantine-Ottoman-Wars-Fall-Of-Constantinople.htm# Military History: Byzantine Ottoman Wars Fall of Constantinople]</ref>
|casualties2 = Tidak diketahui tapi sangat banyak<ref name="coursesa.matrix.msu.edu">http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/nicol.html</ref>
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|notes = {{plainlist}}
Lấy từ “https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis_thất_thủ”