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Trước đây, tổ hợp là nơi đặt trụ sở của NORAD, Bộ chỉ huy Không gian, [[Aerospace Defense Command|Bộ tư lệnh phòng thủ không gian]] (ADCOM), [[Air Force Systems Command|Bộ tư lệnh các hệ thống Không quân]], Cục khí tượng, và cơ quan quản lý tình trạng khẩn cấp Liên bang. Trung tâm liên lạc của tổ hợp cũng được sử dụng bởi Trung tâm cảnh báo phòng thủ dân sự đặt gần đó.{{r|Angelo}}
== Facilities ==
=== Main chambers ===
{| class="infobox" style="float:right; width:360px;"
|[[Tập_tin:Cheyenne_Mountain_nuclear_bunker.png|240x240px]]
|<small>Diagram of tunnels to buildings within the mountain:</small>
<small>
* '''Access Tunnel''' (right) with North and South openings at the mountain's east slope,
* '''side tunnels'''{{r|Finley}} to the main chambers and the support area,{{r|Lewiston1967}}
* a '''support area''' including reservoirs (blue), and
</small>
* <small> '''main chambers''' (gray grid) for the centers (dark green buildings are 3 story){{r|Finley}} with 3 tunnels 45 feet (15 m) wide, 60.5 feet (20 m) high, and 588 feet (180 m) long intersected by 4 cross tunnels 32 feet (10 m) wide, 56 feet (17 m) high and 335 feet (100 m) long.{{r|Lewiston1967}}</small>
|-
|}
The complex was built under {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of granite on 2 hectares (5 acres).<ref name="721 CES">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.peterson.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/326637/721st-msg-activates-squadron-appoints-leadership|title=721st MSG activates squadron, appoints leadership|last=Johnson|first=Lea|date=July 30, 2012|publisher=Air Force Space Command|access-date=July 3, 2016}}</ref> Fifteen three-story buildings are protected from movement, e.g. earthquake or explosion, by a system of giant springs that the buildings sit on and flexible pipe connectors to limit the operational effect of movement.{{r|Terdiman}} A total of more than 1,000 springs are designed to prevent any of the 15 buildings from shifting more than {{convert|1|inch}}.{{r|Terdiman}} The complex is the only high-altitude [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] facility certified to be able to sustain an [[Nuclear electromagnetic pulse|electromagnetic pulse]] (EMP).{{r|Terdiman}} There is a large quantity of cots for most of the personnel, including suites for high-ranking officers within the bunker. Amenities include a medical facility, store, cafeteria,{{r|Terdiman}} and fitness centers inside and outside the mountain.{{r|PAFBSS}}
=== Blast doors ===
[[Tập_tin:NORADBlast-Doors.jpg|phải|nhỏ|The 25-ton North [[blast door]] is the main entrance to another blast door (background) beyond which the side tunnel branches into access tunnels to the main chambers.]]
The bunker is built to deflect a 30 [[TNT equivalent|megaton]] [[nuclear explosion]] as close as {{convert|2|km|mi|sp=us}}.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Within a mountain tunnel are sets of 25-ton blast doors and another for the civil engineering department. The doors were built so that they can always be opened when needed. Should a nuclear blast hit the building, they are designed to withstand a [[blast wave]]. There is a network of blast valves with unique filters to capture airborne [[CBRN defense|chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear]] contaminants.{{r|Terdiman}}
=== Outdoor ===
[[Tập_tin:NORADNorth-Portal.jpg|nhỏ|The exterior North Portal protects the eastward tunnel opening. The south opening has a concrete abutment.<ref name="GoogleMaps" />]]
Outside of the military complex are the parking lots, a fire station,<ref name="GNISfire">{{Cite gnis|2667293|Cheyenne Mountain NORAD Air Force Station Fire Department|access-date=July 25, 2012}}</ref>{{efn|The fire station is located at {{Coord|38|44|26|N|104|50|23|W}}.{{r|GNISfire}}}} and outdoor recreational facilities. The recreational amenities include Mountain Man Park, picnic areas, a racquetball facility, softball field, sand volleyball court, basketball court, a putting green, and horseshoe area.<ref name="PAFBSS">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.21fss.com/about/fitness-center/cmafs/|title=Peterson Air Force Support Squadron: CMAFS|publisher=Peterson Air Force Base|access-date=February 20, 2015}}</ref> A military gate limits NORAD Road usage from the [[Colorado State Highway 115|State Highway 115]] interchange.
=== Support area ===
The complex has its own power plant, heating and cooling system, and water supply.{{r|721 CES}} The [[21st Space Wing|21st Mission Support Group]]<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.peterson.af.mil/News/Article/1806992/721st-msg-inactivates-realigns-with-21st-msg/|title=721st MSG inactivates, realigns with 21st MSG|website=Peterson Air Force Base}}</ref> ensures there is a 99.999% degree of reliability of its electricity, water, air conditioning, power, and other support systems.{{r|Terdiman}} The threats, in descending order of likelihood, that the complex may face are "medical emergencies, natural disasters, civil disorder, a conventional attack, an electromagnetic pulse attack, a cyber or information attack, chemical or biological or radiological attack, an improvised nuclear attack, a limited nuclear attack, [and] a general nuclear attack." The least likely events are the most hazardous.{{r|Terdiman}}
There is more water produced by mountain springs than the base requires, and a {{convert|1.5|e6usgal|m3}} reservoir ensures that even in event of fire, there is enough water to meet the facility's needs. A reservoir of {{convert|4.5|e6usgal|m3}} of water is used as a heat sink.{{r|Terdiman}} There is a "massive" reservoir for diesel fuel and a "huge" battery bank with redundant power generators.{{r|Terdiman}}
== History ==
=== Construction and systems installation ===
{{main|Construction of the Cheyenne Mountain Complex}}
The North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) was established and activated at the [[Ent Air Force Base]] on September 12, 1957. The Command is a binational organization of Canadian ([[1 Canadian Air Division]]) and United States air defense command units, in accordance with NORAD Agreements first made on May 12, 1958.{{r|NORAD History}}{{rp|5,16}} In the late 1950s, a plan was developed to construct a command and control center in a hardened facility as a [[Cold War]] defensive strategy against long-range Soviet bombers,{{r|NORAD CMC FS}} ballistic missiles, and a nuclear attack.<ref name="Keeter p. 37">{{chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZzsF-IrjLkC&pg=PA37|title=The U.S. Homeland Security Forces|author=Hunter Keeter|date=1 July 2004|publisher=World Almanac Library|isbn=978-0-8368-5682-8|page=37}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Gaither Report]], for instance, called for development of ballistic missile programs, early warning systems, and other defensive strategies.<ref>{{chú thích sách |author=Lori Lyn Bogle |title=The Cold War: National security policy planning from Truman to Reagan and from Stalin to Gorbachev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUgPScmtgdgC&pg=PA87 |year=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-3239-8 |pages=86–87}}</ref>}}
In 1957, the Strategic Air Command began construction in New England inside [[Bare Mountain (Massachusetts)|Bare Mountain]] for a hardened bunker to contain the command post for the [[8th Air Force]], which was located at nearby [[Westover Air Force Base]], [[Chicopee, Massachusetts]]. This underground facility was nicknamed "[[Post-Attack Command and Control System Facility, Hadley|The Notch]]" (or formally as the 8th AF "Post-Attack Command and Control System Facility, Hadley") and was hardened to protect it from the effects of a nearby [[Nuclear explosion|nuclear blast]] and designed so that the senior military staff could facilitate further military operations.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.westoveryesterday.com/TheNotch.html|title=WestoverYesterday.com: "The Notch and Grayson: Eighth Air Force's alternative command posts"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201511/http://www.westoveryesterday.com/TheNotch.html|archive-date=2017-11-15|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-11-15}}</ref> Four years later, construction at Cheyenne Mountain was started to create a similar protection for the NORAD command post. Cheyenne Mountain was excavated under the supervision of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for the construction of the NORAD Combat Operations Center{{r|NORAD CMC FS}} beginning on May 18, 1961,{{r|NORAD History}}{{rp|18}} by [[Utah Construction Company|Utah Construction & Mining Company]].<ref name="Howes">{{chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsRx9CoTOtcC|title=Methods and costs of constructing the underground facility of North American Air Defense Command at Cheyenne Mountain, El Paso County, Colo|author=Merwin H. Howes|publisher=U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines|year=1966|pages=iii, 5, 68}}</ref>
The Space Defense Center and the Combat Operations Center achieved [[full operational capability]] on February 6, 1967. The total cost was $142.4 million.{{r|NORAD History}}{{rp|20}}<ref name="CMC">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.norad.mil/AboutNORAD/CheyenneMountainAirForceStation.aspx|title=Cheyenne Mountain Complex|publisher=NORAD|access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> Its systems included a command and control system developed by [[Burroughs Corporation]]. The electronics and communications system centralized and automated the instantaneous (one-millionth of a second) evaluation of aerospace surveillance data.<ref>{{chú thích báo|date=July 28, 1961|title=Burroughs Corporation of Detroit to supply NORAD control system|page=1:4|newspaper=The Gazette|location=Colorado Springs, Colorado|url=http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialcollections/index/ArticleOrders/256158.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=February 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219075332/http://more.ppld.org:8080/specialcollections/index/ArticleOrders/256158.pdf|archive-date=February 19, 2015|via=Pikes Peak Public Library}}</ref> The [[Space Defense Center]] moved from [[Ent Air Force Base|Ent AFB]] to the complex in 1965.{{r|NORAD History}}{{rp|20}} The NORAD Combat Operations Center was fully operational April 20, 1966{{r|DelPapa}}{{rp|15}} and The Space Defense Command's [[1st Aerospace Control Squadron]] moved to Cheyenne Mountain that month.<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=13437|title=1 Space Operations Squadron (AFSPC)|date=September 6, 2012|publisher=Air Force Historical Research Agency|access-date=February 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913140051/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=13437|archive-date=September 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following systems or commands became operational between May and October, 1966: The NORAD Attack Warning System,{{r|NORAD History}}{{rp|20}} Combat Operations Command,{{r|DelPapa}}{{rp|19}} and Delta I computer system, which recorded and monitored every detected space system.{{r|DelPapa}}{{rp|19}} By January 4, 1967, the [[United States civil defense|National Civil Defense Warning Center]] was in the bunker.{{r|Lewiston1967}}
=== Operations and improvements ===
==== Air Defense Command satellite systems ====
[[System Development Corporation]] updated Air Defense Command satellite information processing systems for $15,850,542 on January 19, 1973.{{r|DelPapa}}<ref name="Lowell">{{chú thích báo|date=January 22, 1973|title=Hanscom group awards NORAD contract|newspaper=[[The Sun (Lowell)]]|format=NewspaperArchive scan|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/lowell-sun/1973-01-22/page-9/|access-date=February 22, 2015}}</ref> The improvements were primarily to the Space Computational Center's displays and application software, which was updated to provide real-time positioning of orbiting space systems for the NORAD Combat Operation Center. The first phase, which established a system integrator and modernized the communications to a major data processing system, was completed in October 1972.{{r|Lowell}}
==== Ballistic Missile Defense Center ====
The [[Missile Defense Integration and Operations Center|Ballistic Missile Defense Center]] (BMDC) BW 1.2 release was installed in February 1974 in the Combat Operations Center, under the command of CONAD. The [[Safeguard Program|Safeguard]] command and control system, operated by the commander, communicated warnings, observation data, and attack assessment to the Combat Operations Center. It was also designed to release nuclear weapons.<ref>{{chú thích sách|url=http://srmsc.org/ref1020.html#p2ch12|title=ABM R & D at Bell Laboratories: Project History, Part II|pages=1, 3|chapter=Chapter 12. Ballistic Missile Defense Center|access-date=August 6, 2012|chapter-url=http://srmsc.org/pdf/004434p0.pdf}}</ref>
==== Combat Operations Center ====
By 1978, five operating centers and a command post resided within the NORAD Combat Operations Center. The Space Computational Center catalogued and tracked space objects. The Intelligence Center analyzed intelligence data. Data was consolidated and displayed in the Command Post by the System Center. The Weather Support Unit monitored local and global weather patterns. The NORAD Commander's wartime staff reported to the Battle Staff Support Center.{{r|GAO1978}}{{rp|5}}
==== Space Defense Operations Center ====
The [[Space Defense Center|Space Defense Operations Center]] (SPADOC), established on October 1, 1979, consolidated United States Air Force satellite survivability, space surveillance, and US ASAT operations into one wartime space activities hub at the NORAD Cheyenne Mountain Complex.<ref>{{chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaZmwJUBeIsC&pg=PA39|title=Space Handbook: A War Fighter's Guide to Space|author1=Maj. Michael Muolo|author2=Maj. Richard A. Hand|date=October 1, 1994|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-1297-3|page=39}}</ref> Space surveillance and missile warning functions were performed by the Core Processing Segment (CPS) using [[Worldwide Military Command and Control System]]'s Honeywell H6080 computers at the SPADOC Computational Center (SCC) and NORAD Computer System (NCS). A third computer was operational backup for SCC or NCS. By 1981, the H6080 failed to meet the requirements for timely computations.<ref name="WWMCCS">{{cite report|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a095409.pdf|title=Modernization of the WWMCCS Information System (WIS)|date=19 January 1981|publisher=[[United States House Committee on Armed Services]]|access-date=August 29, 2012|format=ADA095409}}</ref>{{rp|54}} SPADATS was deactivated about 1980, although some of its logic continued on in SPADOC systems.<ref name="Weeden p. 4">{{chú thích web|url=http://swfound.org/media/15742/computer%20systems%20and%20algorithms%20for%20space%20situational%20awareness%20-%20history%20and%20future%20development.pdf|title=Computer Systems and Algorithms for Space Situational Awareness: History and Future Development|author1=Brian C. Weeden|author2=Paul J. Cefola|date=December 1, 2010|work=ISCOPS 12th International Conference of Pacific-Basin Societies|publisher=Advances in the Astronautical Sciences|pages=3–4|via=Secure World Foundation|access-date=February 23, 2015|volume=138}}</ref>
==== Cheyenne Mountain Complex Improvements Program (427M) ====
NORAD had a series of warning and assessment systems that were not fully automated in the Cheyenne Mountain complex into the 1970s. In 1979, the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Improvements Program 427M system became fully operational.{{r|CMU}}{{r|DelPapa}}{{rp|27,93}} It was a consolidated Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade program for command center, space, ballistic missile, and space functions, developed using new software technology and designed for computers with large processing capacity.{{r|CMU}}{{r|GAO1978}}{{rp|39}} There were three major segments of the 427M system: the Communication System Segment (CSS), NORAD Computer System (NCS), and Space Computational Center (SCC).{{r|Comptroller}}{{rp|Chapter 1:2}} The 425L Command and Control System, Display Information Processor, Command Center Processing System, and other hardware were replaced by the NORAD Computer System (NCS). The new system was designed to centralize several databases, improve on-line display capabilities, and consolidate mission warning information processing and transmission. It was intended to have greater reliability and quicker early warning capability.{{r|GAO1978}}{{rp|9}} The Command Center Processing System's [[UNIVAC 1100/2200 series#Semiconductor memory series|original UNIVAC 1106]], re-purposed for Mission Essential Back-up Capability (MEBU),{{r|GAO1978}}{{rp|9}} was upgraded to the more robust [[UNIVAC 1100/2200 series#Semiconductor memory series|UNIVAC 1100/42]].{{r|WWMCCS}}{{rp|55}} The 427M system, intended to modernize systems and improve performance, was initially "wholly ineffective" and resulted in several failures of the [[Worldwide Military Command and Control System]] (WWMCCS) system.<ref>{{chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIBRdaeLeXMC&pg=PA244|title=The World Wide Military Command and Control System evolution and effectiveness|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=2000|isbn=978-1-4289-9086-9|pages=244–246}}</ref>
In 1979 and 1980, there were a few instances when false missile warnings were generated by the Cheyenne Mountain complex systems. For instance, a computer chip "went haywire" and issued false missile warnings, which raised the possibility that a nuclear war could be started accidentally, based upon incorrect data. Staff analyzed the data and found that the warnings were erroneous and the systems were updated to identify false alarms. Gen. [[James V. Hartinger]] of the Air Force stated that "his primary responsibility is to provide Washington with what he calls 'timely, unambiguous, reliable warning' that a raid on North America has begun." He explained that there are about 6,700 messages generated on average each hour in 1979 and 1980 and all had been processed without error.<ref>{{chú thích báo|author=Richard Halloran|date=May 29, 1983|title=Nuclear Missiles: Warning System and the Question of When to Fire|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/29/us/nuclear-missiles-warning-system-and-the-question-of-when-to-fire.html?pagewanted=1|access-date=February 22, 2015}}</ref> An off-site testing facility was established in Colorado Springs by NORAD in late 1979 or early 1980 so that system changes could be tested off-line before they were moved into production. Following another failure in 1980, a bad computer chip was updated and staff and commander processes were improved to better respond to warnings.<ref>{{chú thích sách|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIBRdaeLeXMC&pg=PA244|title=The World Wide Military Command and Control System evolution and effectiveness|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=2000|isbn=978-1-4289-9086-9|pages=249–253}}</ref>
The Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU) of November 1988, designed to consolidate five improvement programs, was not installed because it was not compatible with other systems at Cheyenne Mountain and it did not meet the defined specifications according to deficiencies identified during testing.<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://gao.justia.com/department-of-defense/1991/4/attack-warning-imtec-91-23/IMTEC-91-23-full-report.pdf|title=Costs to Modernize NORAD's Computer System Significantly Understated|date=April 1991|publisher=General Accounting Office|access-date=February 22, 2015|format=Report to the Chairman,[House] Subcommittee on Defense [Appropriations]}} (also available at www.gao.gov/assets/220/211682.pdf)</ref>{{rp|15}} The five improvement programs were the CCPDS Replacement (CCPDS-R), CSS Replacement (CSS-R)<!--GAO1989-->, [[Granite Sentry]] upgrade<!--"upgrade" at {{r|CMU}}-->, SCIS, and SPADOC 4.{{r|Weeden}} SPADOC 4 was for upgrading the SCC with primary and backup [[:Thể loại:IBM mainframe computers|3090-200J mainframes]]),{{r|Weeden}} and SPADOC 4 block A achieved [[initial operating capability]] (IOC) in April 1989.{{r|GAO1989}} The CSS-R "first element" achieved IOC on April 12, 1991;<ref>{{chú thích tạp chí|date=June 1991|title=New communications system operating|journal=Space Trace|publisher=Air Force Space Command|page=5}} (also on p. 5: "''Air Force" Space Command's headquarters building... received the prestigious Secretary of Defense Blue Seal Award...May 13 ''[designed by]'' Peckham, Guyton, Albers and Viets, Inc. ... ground breaking ceremony on Aug. 28, 1985 ''[occupied]'' in November 1987. ''[The last such award]'' was the [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] Visitor's Center in 1988.''")</ref> and the 427M system was replaced {{circa|lk=no|1992}}. The CSSR, SCIS, Granite Sentry, CCPDS-R, and their interfaces were tested in 1997. Testing of Granite Sentry [[nuclear detonation]] (NUDET) data processing system found it to be inadequate.<ref name="CMU">{{cite report|url=http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/dote97/index.html|title=FY97 DOT&E Annual Report|access-date=2012-09-09|format=webpage transcription <!--of chapter-->|chapter=Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade (CMU)|chapter-url=http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/program/dote97/97cmu.html}}</ref>
==== Joint Surveillance System ====
The [[Joint Surveillance System]] (JSS), developed under an agreement with the Canadian government, became fully operational in seven Region Operations Control Centers (ROCCs) on December 23, 1983.{{r|DelPapa}}{{rp|49,57}} The Joint Surveillance System was implemented to replace [[Semi-Automatic Ground Environment]] (SAGE).{{r|Chronology}}
==== Survivable Communications Integration System ====
In 1986, Congress approved development of the [[Survivable Communications Integration System]] (SCIS) to communicate missile warning messages simultaneously over many forms of media, but it was subject to delays and cost overruns. By 1992, the project was estimated to be delayed to 1995 and cost projected to increase from $142 million to $234 million.<ref name="ADA298099">{{chú thích tạp chí|date=July 1992|title=Status of the Survivable Communications Integration System|url=http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA298099|series=Attack Warning|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center|access-date=2012-11-27}}</ref>{{rp|2,9–10}}
==== Other systems ====
By 1992, the [[United States Space Command|U.S. Space Command]] Space Surveillance Center (SSC) was the data analysis and tracking center for [[Baker-Nunn camera]] images<ref>{{chú thích sách|title=Space Command|author=Office of Public Affairs|publisher=HQ [[Air Force Space Command]]|year=1992|page=12|chapter=Space Control: Space Surveillance|type=booklet}}</ref> and Cheyenne Mountain was connected to the [[AN/URC-117 Ground Wave Emergency Network]] (GWEN){{r|ADA298099}}{{Rp|16}} communication site in [[Pueblo, Colorado]]. By 1995, the [[Globus II|AN/FPS-129 HAVE STARE]] (Globus II) radar in California had been upgraded to "relay data to Cheyenne Mountain",{{r|MarOct}}{{Rp|b}} and by October 1995 the [[1st Space Control Squadron|1st Command and Control Squadron]] (1CACS) in the bunker{{where|in which facility-Space Surveillance Center?|date=January 2012}} was providing space [[Collision avoidance (spacecraft)|collision avoidance]] data to the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center's space control center.<ref name="Price">{{chú thích báo|last=Price|first=SSgt Elton|date=October 1995|title=Space insurance|newspaper=Guardian|publisher=Air Force Space Command}}</ref>
In June 1993, the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Operations Center had the USSPACE and NORAD Command Center,<!--Chapter 12 p. 91--> NORAD Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC), NORAD/USSPACECOM Combined Intelligence Watch Center (CIWC), USSPACECOM Space Defense Operations Center (SPADOC), USSPACECOM Space Surveillance Center (SSC), AFSPACECOM Weather Operations Center, and the AFSPACECOM Systems Center within its facility.<ref>{{chú thích sách|title=Space Operations Orientation Course Handbook|last1=Bontrager|first1=Capt. Mark D|date=1 August 1993|publisher=21st Crew Training Squadron|edition=Third|location=Peterson AFB|page=1|chapter=Chapter14: Cheyenne Mountain Complex Operations Center Overview}}</ref>
Plans to house the USSPACECOM and NORAD command centers in the same location began by July 1994.<ref name="Orban1994">{{chú thích báo|last=Orban|first=SSgt. Brian|date=July 1994|title=Outstanding!|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref> A $450 million upgrade was made to the missile warning center beginning in February 1995. The effort was part of a $1.7 billion renovation program for Cheyenne Mountain.<ref name="Orban1995">{{chú thích báo|last=Orban|first=SSgt. Brian|date=February 1995|title=The trip wire|page=6|newspaper=Guardian|publisher=Air Force Space Command}}</ref>
The Combatant Commander's Integrated Command and Control System (CCIC2S) program began in 2000 with a [[Lockheed Martin Mission Systems and Sensors|Lockheed Martin<!-- Mission Systems-->]]<ref name="LivingMoon">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Space_Command01.html|title=Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC)|format=TheLivingMoon.com mirror webpage of former "Official Site"|access-date=2012-08-09}}</ref> contract "to upgrade all of the mission systems within Cheyenne Mountain, which included the space surveillance systems" for delivery in 2006.{{r|Weeden}}{{Rp|11}} The portion of CCIC2S modernizing "attack warning systems within Cheyenne Mountain [was to] cost more than $700 million from fiscal years 2000 to 2006",<ref>{{cite report|title=Defense Acquisitions: Further Management and Oversight Changes Needed for Efforts to Modernize Cheyenne Mountain Attack Warning Systems (GAO-06-666)|date=July 6, 2006|publisher=GAO}} [cited by [http://www.gao.gov/assets/100/94893.pdf GAO-07-803R p. 1, ref 4] af</ref> and the delayed CCIC2S upgrades for space surveillance were superseded{{when|date=January 2013}} by systems for the [[Joint Space Operations Center]]'s Space C2 program and [[Integrated Space Situational Awareness]] program.{{r|Weeden}}{{Rp|11}}
By 2003, consoles for the [[Missile defense#Mid-course phase|Ground-Based Mid-Course Defense (GMD)]] had been contracted for Cheyenne Mountain,<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a416646.pdf|title=Near Term Command and Control of Homeland Air and Missile Defense|publisher=Dtic.mil|access-date=2012-11-27}}</ref> and the planned 18 month Cheyenne Mountain Realignment to move Command Center operations to Peterson AFB<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl34342.pdf|title=Homeland Security: Roles and Missions for United States Northern Command|date=January 28, 2008|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=2012-07-22|format=CRS Report for Congress: Order Code RL34342}}</ref> was complete by May 13, 2008.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Harrell|first=Eben|date=June 27, 2008|title=Still Training for the End of the World|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1826276,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729100659/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1826276,00.html|archive-date=July 29, 2008|access-date=2012-07-28|url-status=dead|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> On August 3, 2011, a ribbon cutting was held for the January 2010 – June 30, 2011, Missile Warning Center renovation funded by [[United States Strategic Command|USSTRATCOM]].<ref name="Unveils">{{chú thích web|url=http://csmng.com/2011/08/17/cheyenne-mountain-unveils-renovated-missile-warning-center/|title=Cheyenne Mountain unveils renovated Missile Warning Center|date=2011-08-17|publisher=Colorado Springs Military Newspaper Group (CSMNG)|access-date=2012-10-02}}</ref>
Over the years, the installation came to house elements of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), [[United States Strategic Command|U.S. Strategic Command]], [[Air Force Space Command|U.S. Air Force Space Command]] and U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). Under what became known as the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center (CMOC), several centers supported the NORAD missions of aerospace warning and aerospace control and provided warning of ballistic missile or air attacks against North America.{{r|NORAD CMC FS}}
=== Peterson and Vandenberg Air Force Bases ===
On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate{{efn|The Cheyenne Mountain Directorate was previously called the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center.{{r|GAO}}}} was re-designated as the [[Cheyenne Mountain Division]], with the mission to assist in establishing an integrated NORAD and USNORTHCOM Command Center within the headquarters building at [[Peterson Air Force Base]].{{r|NORAD CMC FS}} The Unified Space Vault and the Space Control Center were moved from Cheyenne Mountain to the [[Joint Space Operations Center]] at [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]] about October 2007.{{r|GAO2007}}{{Rp|8}}
In 2006, NORAD relocated to a basement<ref name="washingtontimes.com">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/05/a-dangerous-move/?page=all|title=Dangerous move for NORAD?|work=The Washington Times|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> in the Peterson No. 2 building at the nearby [[Peterson Air Force Base|Peterson AFB]]. Northern Command and Space Command<ref name="washingtontimes.com" /> and Canadian military defense partners relocated at Peterson.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_4103478|title=Military to put Cheyenne Mountain on standby|date=2006-07-27|publisher=Denverpost.com|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> The Cheyenne Mountain complex is maintained by a [[skeleton crew]] and no longer operates on a [[24/7 service|24/7]] basis. The complex is on "warm standby", meaning it is only staffed when required.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/norad2.htm|title=Cheyenne Mountain – HowStuffWorks|date=2007-08-28|work=HowStuffWorks|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref>
On the fiftieth anniversary of the NORAD agreement—May 12, 2008—the Command Center located within Cheyenne Mountain Complex was officially re-designated as the NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center. The Cheyenne Mountain Division of NORAD and USNORTHCOM was re-designated as the J36 branch within the NORAD and USNORTHCOM's Operations Directorates.{{r|NORAD CMC FS}}
=== NORAD Alternate Command ===
Since 2002, the complex has been classed as Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station and has been used in crew qualification training, while the former command function has been redesignated as the "NORAD and USNORTHCOM Alternate Command Center" since 2008 after all the original functions of the complex were removed to Peterson Air Force Base.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.norad.mil/AboutNORAD/CheyenneMountainAirForceStation.aspx|title=North American Aerospace Defense Command|publisher=Norad.mil|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> The complex is maintained by the 21st Mission Support Group which provides support and maintenance for the 'NORAD/USNORTHCOM's training, exercise and alternate command center functions, U.S. Strategic Command's Missile Warning Center, Detachment 2 of the 17th Test Squadron, Air Force Technical Applications Center's research laboratory, the Defense Intelligence Agency's Western Continental United States Regional Service Center'.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.mybaseguide.com/air_force/66-200/peterson_afb_21st_space_wing|title=PETERSON AFB|publisher=Mybaseguide.com|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> At its peak the Cheyenne complex had 1,800–2,000 personnel; only 210 remain and the site's satellite dishes and antenna masts are now owned and used by commercial communication businesses.
[[Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station]] is owned and operated by Air Force Space Command. NORAD and USNORTHCOM now use just under 30% of the floor space within the complex and comprise approximately 5% of the daily population at Cheyenne Mountain.{{r|NORAD CMC FS}} The Cheyenne Mountain Complex serves as NORAD and USNORTHCOM's Alternate Command Center and as a training site for crew qualification. Day-to-day crew operations for NORAD and USNORTHCOM typically take place at Peterson Air Force Base.{{r|NORAD CMC FS}}
=== Migration of NORAD communications to Cheyenne Mountain ===
In early 2015, Admiral [[William E. Gortney]], commander of NORAD and NORTHCOM, announced a $700 million contract with [[Raytheon]] to move systems into the complex to shield it from [[electromagnetic pulse]] attack, with additional work to be done at [[Vandenberg Air Force Base|Vandenberg]] and [[Offutt Air Force Base|Offutt]]. According to Gortney, "because of the very nature of the way that Cheyenne Mountain's built, it's EMP-hardened. And so, there's a lot of movement to put capability into Cheyenne Mountain and to be able to communicate in there".<ref>{{chú thích báo|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=7 April 2015|title=US aerospace command moving comms gear back to Cold War bunker|newspaper=Yahoo News|agency=AFP|url=https://news.yahoo.com/us-aerospace-command-moving-comms-gear-back-cold-015320113.html|access-date=9 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="AFP/Defense News">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/international/americas/2015/04/08/norad-moving-comms-gear-back-to-mountain-bunker/25470435/|title=NORAD Moving Comms Gear Back To Mountain Bunker|date=April 8, 2015|publisher=Sightline Media Group|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="defenseone">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.defenseone.com/management/2015/04/pentagon-moves-more-communications-gear-cheyenne-mountain/109549/|title=NORAD Moving Comms Gear Back To Mountain Bunker|author=Weisgerber, Marcus|date=7 April 2015|publisher=National Journal Group, Inc|access-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
== Units ==
Electronic Systems Division Detachment 10 at [[Ent AFB]] became <!--ESD Detachment 10, -->the Cheyenne Mountain Complex Management Office (CMCMO) in 1963,{{r|DelPapa}} the year the Chidlaw Combined Operations Center began operations; and on February 15, 1980, ESD Detachment 2 was established{{r|DelPapa}} at the "Cheyenne Mountain Complex" (Det 2 became the [[Air Force Systems Command|AFSC]] focal point during the Cheyenne Mountain Upgrade.){{r|GAO1989}} [[Aerospace Defense Command]] organizations in the bunker became a specified command when the major command ended in 1980; e.g., the J31 unit of HQ NORAD/ADCOM subsequently manned the Space Surveillance Center in the same room as the Missile Warning Center (separated by partitions).{{r|Chronology}}<!--{{Rp|FAS}}--> The "HQ Cheyenne Mountain Support Group... was activated at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex" in October 1981{{r|Chronology}}<!--{{Rp|FAS}}--> to support the [[Aerospace Defense Center]]'s operation of the NORAD combat operations center".<ref name="Lepingwell">{{cite report|url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a223378.pdf|title=Soviet Assessments of North American Air Defense|last=Lepingwell|first=John W. R.|date=June 1986|publisher=Soviet Security Studies Working Group|location=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Center for International Studies|access-date=2012-07-31|format=Research Report No. 86-2 p}}</ref> In 1983 the [[Foreign Technology Division]] had an operating location at the bunker<ref>{{cite report|title=Analysis of Cosmos 1220 and Cosmos 1306 Fragments (Secret) – Report AH-23|last=Fennessy|first=D|date=12 January 1983|publisher=FTD/OLAI|location=Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado}}</ref> and in 1992, an airman of the "1010th [[List of United States Air Force civil engineering squadrons|Civil Engineering Squadron]] at Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base" developed a [[Stereoscopy|3-D]] [[AutoCAD]] model of the bunker "to zoom in on a specific room".<ref>{{chú thích báo|last=Hall|first=SSgt Jesse|date=April 1991|title=Mapping the mountain|page=12|newspaper=Space Trace: The Air Force Space Command Magazine... funded Air Force newspaper|quote=at Cheyenne Mountain AFB...Amn. Steven H. Leser... is currently working a "pet project" that offers engineers a three-dimensional drawing of Cheyenne Mountain's interior.}}<br />{{chú thích tạp chí|date=March 1992|title=CES airmen is first termer of year|journal=Space Trace|page=13}} (additional article on March 1992 p. 13 identifies the "47th Communications Group, Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base")</ref>
By 1995 a "missile operations section" supported the missile warning center,{{r|Orban1995}} and in 2001 the 1989 1CACS at the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station was renamed the [[1st Space Control Squadron]].<ref name="AFHRA9711">{{chú thích web|url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=9711&page=1|title=1 Space Control Squadron (AFSPC)|publisher=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency|AFHRA]].af.mil|format=USAF Fact Sheet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219162618/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet_print.asp?fsID=9711&page=1|archive-date=2014-12-19|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> On June 24, 1994, when the "[[Joint Task Force]] – Cheyenne Mountain Operations organization was brought online to take responsibility for the installation", Brig. Gen. Donald Peterson was the commander of the JTF,<ref name="TaskForce">{{chú thích báo|author=[author not identified]|date=July 1994|title=Joint Task Force activates|page=12|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref> which was renamed the "[[United States Space Command|U.S. Space Command]] Cheyenne Mountain operations center" by March 1995<ref name="MarOct">a. {{chú thích báo|author=[author not identified]|date=March 1995|page=12|newspaper=Guardian}}<br />b. {{chú thích báo|author=[author not identified]|date=October 1995|page=15|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref>{{Rp|a}} (the unit had an exercise branch in June 1996).<ref>{{chú thích báo|date=June 1996|title=Recognizing its best|newspaper=Guardian}}</ref> On July 28, 2006, the Cheyenne Mountain Realignment{{r|GAO2007}} redesignated the Cheyenne Mountain Directorate to the Cheyenne Mountain Division.{{r|NORADmil}} Circa 2004 the bunker included the [[17th Test Squadron]]'s Detachment 2 and [[Air Force Technical Applications Center|AFTAC's]] research laboratory,<ref name="mirror">{{chú thích web|url=https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=join_change_the_world.showPledgeDriverDetails&cpd_id=18707|title=AFSPC Cheyenne Mountain AFS|publisher=Energystar.gov|access-date=2013-01-24}} (mirror website of {{circa|lk=no|2004}} webpage at www.cheyennemountain.af.mil)[https://archive.today/20130216190150/http://www.sg1archive.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=6463&st=120]</ref> in 2008 Detachment 1 of the [[392d Training Squadron]] <!--at the [[Joint National Integration Center]] -->operated the Cheyenne Mountain Training System (CMTS),<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.schriever.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080129-134.pdf|title=Schriever Air Force Base Brochure|publisher=Schriever.af.mil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611162614/http://www.schriever.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080129-134.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref> and in 2011 the installation's 721st [[List of United States Air Force security forces squadrons|SFS]] was expanded.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.afa.org/edop/2010/AFforcestructureAnnounc_051110.pdf|title=United States Air Force – Fiscal Year 2011 Force Structure Announcement|publisher=Public Affairs{{Verify source|date=January 2013}}|format=[[Air Force Association|AFA]].org webpage|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916071447/http://www.afa.org/edop/2010/AFforcestructureAnnounc_051110.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-16|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-11-27}}</ref>
== In popular culture ==
=== Movies ===
* ''[[WarGames]]'' (1983) is set partly at the command center, where it was called Crystal Palace.{{r|Lowe}}
* ''[[Rim of the World]]'' has a General who contacts the main characters over the radio during the alien invasion mention that he has retreated to Cheyenne Mountain.
=== Literature ===
* The bunker is destroyed in ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]'' (1966)
* It is also referred to as being destroyed during the 'Final War' of nearly a millennium earlier in the [[Honorverse]]
* It is infiltrated in ''[[For Special Services]]'' (1982)
* It serves as the seat of government for the United States after the alien invasion in ''[[Footfall]]'' (1985)
* It is an early command center for the human resistance in L. Ron Hubbard's novel, ''[[Battlefield Earth: A Saga of the Year 3000]]'' (1982).
* The bunker is the site of a biosphere that houses the main characters during an apocalyptic alien invasion in Nicholas Sansbury Smith's Orbs series.
=== Television ===
* ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' Stargate Command is located at Cheyenne Mountain.{{r|Kneis}} There is now a broom closet in the real Cheyenne Mountain Complex called "Stargate Command".<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/cheyenne-mountain-nuclear-bunker|title=Cheyenne Mountain Nuclear Bunker|website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref>
* The bunker is also a setting in the series ''[[Jeremiah (TV series)|Jeremiah]]''.{{r|Wright}}
* Episode 7 of the ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn]]'' [[Original video animation|OVA]] features the Cheyenne Mountain Complex being controlled by the Earth Federation.
* In an episode of ''[[South Park]]'' season 4, episode 12, "Trapper Keeper" sets off to Cheyenne Mountain to absorb the secret military base's computer.
* in Season 4 Episode 2 of the 2016 Reboot of [[MacGyver (2016 TV series)|Macgyver]], the Cheyenne Mountain Station is shown during a Nuclear Attack Simulation.
=== Video games ===
* ''[[Fallout Tactics: Brotherhood of Steel]]'' (2001) uses the complex for cryogenic stasis after a nuclear war.
* ''[[Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2]]'' uses video footage of the base.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
* ''The bunker is the setting for the [[Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War]] multiplayer map 'ICBM'.''
== Xem thêm ==
{{USAF system codes}}
[[Thể loại:Installations of the United States Air Force in Colorado]]
[[Thể loại:Cheyenne Mountain Complex| ]]
[[Thể loại:Government buildings completed in 1965]]<!--December 1965-->
[[Thể loại:History of Colorado Springs, Colorado]]
[[Thể loại:Military history of Colorado]]
[[Thể loại:National air defence operations centres]]
[[Thể loại:North American Aerospace Defense Command]]
[[Thể loại:Nuclear bunkers in the United States]]
[[Thể loại:Continuity of government in the United States]]
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