Thành viên:Nhiêu Lộc/Music instrument/Âm vực Hợp xướng (giọng người)

Bài đang biên tập

This article is about music. For the Fuerza Aerea de Chile, see Chilean Air Force.

The German Fach (pl. Fächer, literally "compartment") (IPA pronunciations: [fɑ:x], ['fɛ.çəɐ]) system is a method of classifying singers, primarily opera singers, by the range, weight, and color of their voices. It is primarily used in Europe, especially in German-speaking countries and in repertory opera houses.

The Fach system is a convenience for singers and opera houses. A singer who is identified as being of a certain Fach will usually be asked to sing only roles that belong to that Fach. This prevents a singer from being asked to sing roles which he or she is incapable of performing. Opera houses keep lists of available singers by Fach so that when they are casting roles for an upcoming production, they do not inadvertently contact performers who would be inappropriate for the part.

Below is a list of Fächer, their ranges as written on sheet music, and their common roles. When two names for the Fach are given, the first is in more common use today. Where possible, an English equivalent of each Fach is listed, however not all Fächer have ready English equivalents. Note that some roles can be sung by more than one Fach and that many singers do not easily fit into a fach: for instance some sopranos may sing both Koloratursopran and Dramatischer Koloratursopran roles. In addition, roles traditionally more difficult to cast may be given to a voice other than the traditional fach. For instance, the Queen of the Night is more traditionally a dramatic coloratura role, but it is difficult to find enough dramatic coloraturas to sing it (particularly given the extreme range). Therefore, the role is often sung by Lyric Coloraturas.

Soprano Fächer

Lyrischer Koloratursopran / Koloratursoubrette

• English equivalent: Coloratura soprano or Lyric Coloratura soprano
• Range: From about middle C to the F two-and-a-half octaves above middle C (F6)
• Description: Usually a light soprano with a high voice. Can often have small voices lacking the richness and resonance of a dramatic soprano. Must be able to do fast acrobatics with easy high notes. Many have extremely high ranges (with notes above the F of the Queen of the Night, but there are also singers in this fach who do not regularly sing higher than the high E flat.

Dramatischer Koloratursopran

• English equivalent: Dramatic coloratura soprano
• Range: From about middle C to the F two-and-a-half octaves above middle C
• Description: The same as above, only with a more dramatic, rich voice. Often heavier and more lyrical than a coloratura soprano. Must also be able to do fast vocal acrobatics and reach high notes, such as the F6 of the Queen of the Night. Some of the best examples of this voice type are Maria Callas, Joan Sutherland, and June Anderson. This is a very rare vocal Fach, as thick vocal cords are needed to produce the large, dramatic notes, which usually lessens the flexibility and acrobatic abilities of the voice.

Deutsche Soubrette / Charaktersopran

• English equivalent: Soubrette
• Range: From about A below middle C to the C two octaves above middle C
• Description: a beautiful, light lyric voice

Lyrischer Sopran

• English equivalent: Full Lyric Soprano
• Range: From about middle C to the C two octaves above middle C
• Description: a more supple-sounding soprano, capable of legato, portamento, and some agility; generally has a more soulful and sensuous quality than a soubrette who tend to be largely flirtatious and somewhat tweety.

Jugendlich Dramatischer Sopran

• English equivalent: Light dramatic soprano
• Range: From about middle C to the C two octaves above middle C
• Description: The Italian version of this fach is the spinto, which literally means pushed. Thus, a light dramatic soprano must generally push her basically lyric instrument to create big sounds that can cut through an orchestral and/or choral climax. Depending on the singer, however, this voice type can be more versatile, as it lies at neither extreme of the soprano spectrum. Spintos are occasionally able to take on lighter mezzo roles, or conversely, lyric and even coloratura roles. Spinto sopranos are known to be especially well suited to art song and operas in English.

Dramatischer Sopran

• English equivalent: Full dramatic soprano
• Range: From about the B below middle C to the C two octaves above middle C
• Description: Characterized by their rich, full sounding voices, dramatic sopranos are expected to project across large orchestras, a feat that requires a powerful sound. Dramatic sopranos are not expected to have the vocal flexibility of the lighter fachs.

Hochdramatischer Sopran

• English equivalent: Wagnerian soprano
• Range: From about the F below middle C to the C two octaves above middle C
• Description: A voice equal to the demands of operas of Wagner's maturity. Substantial, very powerful, and even throughout the registers. Successful hochdramatischer are rare, only one or two appear in a generation. Arguably there are none singing today.

Mezzo-soprano and Contralto Fächer

Koloratur-Mezzosopran

• English equivalent: Coloratura mezzo-soprano
• Range: From about the G below middle C to the B two octaves above middle C
• Description: Found especially in Rossini's operas, these roles were written originally for altos with agility and secure top notes. Today they are often played by mezzo-sopranos.

Lyrischer Mezzosopran / Spielalt

• Range: From about the G below middle C to the B two octaves above middle C
• English equivalent: Lyric mezzo-soprano
• Description: a lyric soprano's instrument in a lower range; the resulting sound is less piercing, more lachrymose and kind of sensitive.

Dramatischer Mezzosopran

• English equivalent: Dramatic mezzo-soprano
• Range: From about the G below middle C to the B two octaves above middle C
• Description: Dramatic mezzo-sopranos have ranges very similar to a dramatic soprano. The main difference is the endurance and ease in which the two voice-types sing - a mezzo will concentrate singing most of the time in her middle and low registers and will go up to notes like high B-flat only at the dramatic climax.

Dramatischer Alt

• English equivalent: Contralto
• Range: From about the G below middle C to the B two octaves above
• Description: Stylistically similar to the dramatic mezzo, just lower. Sings usually around the break between the chest-voice and middle-voice. Many mezzos tried their luck in these roles, yet real altos fare better. A deep, penetrating low female voice. This is a very rare voice type with a darker, richer sound than that of a typical alto.

Tiefer Alt

• English equivalent: Contralto
• Range: From about the F below middle C to the A two octaves above
• Description: A deep, penetrating low female voice. This is a very rare voice type with a darker, richer sound than that of a typical alto.

Tenor Fächer

Spieltenor / Tenor Buffo

• English equivalent: (Lyric) comic tenor. It is quite possible for a young Spieltenor to eventually work into the lighter Lyrischertenor category; the deciding factor will be the beauty of voice.
• Range: From about low C to the B an octave above middle C (C to b')

Charaktertenor

• English equivalent: Character tenor. Must have good acting abilities.
• Range: From about the B below low C to the C an octave above middle C (B to c')

Lyrischer Tenor

• English equivalent: Lyric tenor
• Range: From about low A to the C-F an octave above middle C (C to c')

Jugendlicher Heldentenor

• English equivalent: Light dramatic tenor
• Range: From about low C to the C an octave above middle C (C to c')
• Description: A tenor with a dramatic extended upper range with the necessary brightness to come through the orchestra's texture.

Heldentenor

• Range: From about the B below low C to the C above middle C (B to c²)
• Description: A full dramatic tenor with baritonal facility in the middle range and the brightness necessary to pierce a thick orchestral texture.

Baritone Fächer

Lyrischer Bariton / Spielbariton

• English equivalent: Lyric baritone
• Range: From about the B below low C to the G above middle C (B to g')
• Description: A sweeter, milder sounding baritone voice, lacking harshness.

Kavalierbariton

• English equivalent: A metallic voice, that can sing both lyric and dramatic phrases, a manly noble baritonal color, with good looks. Not quite as powerful as the Verdi baritone or Charakter bariton who is expected to have a powerful appearance on stage, perhaps muscular or physically large.
• Range: From about the A below low C to the G# above middle C (A to g#' )
• Description: Harsher, more pronounced than the Lyric baritone.

Charakterbariton

• English equivalent: Verdi Baritone.
• Range: From about the A below low C to the G# above middle C (A to g#')
• Description: A voice particularly effective with passages in its higher reaches. A high tessitura vis-a-vis the range extremes.

Heldenbariton

• Range: From about the G below low C to the F# above middle C (G to f#')
• Description: Means ‘heroic baritone’. In the German opera houses a true Heldenbariton is a prized possession: a singer with exciting power at command and a brightly resonant quality.

Bass Fächer

Hoherbass

• English equivalent: Literally translated, High bass, means bass-baritone, term used by Wagner. This is equivalent to what the Italians call basso cantante.
• Range: From about the E below low C to the F above middle C (E to f')

Bassbariton

• English equivalent: Bass-baritone
• Range: From about the E half an octave below low C to the F above middle C (E to f')
• Description: The Bass-baritone's required range can vary tremendously based on the role, with some less demanding than others.

Spielbass / Bassbuffo

• English equivalent: Lyric comic bass
• Range: From about the E half an octave below low C to the F above middle C (E to f')

Schwerer Spielbass

• English equivalent: Dramatic comic bass
• Range: From about the C one octave below low C to the F above middle C (C to f')

Seriöser Bass

• English equivalent: Dramatic bass/Basso Profundo.
• Range: From about the C one octave below low C to the F above middle C (C to f')

Học về mã Wiki

My Sandbox Wikipedia:Sửa đổi Danh sách các phần mềm nguồn mở

Learning Wiki Code Cộng đồng mã nguồn mở Việt Nam