Khác biệt giữa bản sửa đổi của “AIM-9 Sidewinder”
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{{Đang viết}}{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile = yes
| name = AIM-9 Sidewinder
| image = File:AIM 9L Sidewinder (modified) copy.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = AIM-9L
| origin =
| type = Short-range air-to-air missile
| used_by =
| manufacturer = [[Raytheon Company]]<ref name=SP /><br />[[Ford Aerospace]]<br />[[Loral Corp.]]
| unit_cost = {{ubli
| {{US$|381,069.74}},<ref name=secnav>{{cite web | url=https://www.secnav.navy.mil/fmc/fmb/Documents/21pres/WPN_Book.pdf#page=105 | title=Department of DefenseFiscal Year (FY) 2021 Budget Estimates | publisher=US Navy | date=February 2020 | access-date=30 September 2020 | pages=105 }}</ref> AIM-9X all up round Block II FY{{nbsp}}2019
| {{US$|209,492.75}},<ref name=secnav>{{cite web | url=https://www.secnav.navy.mil/fmc/fmb/Documents/21pres/WPN_Book.pdf#page=105 | title=Department of DefenseFiscal Year (FY) 2021 Budget Estimates | publisher=US Navy | date=February 2020 | access-date=30 September 2020 | pages=105 }}</ref> AIM-9X captive air training missile Block II FY{{nbsp}}2019
| {{US$|399,500.00}},<ref name=secnav>{{cite web | url=https://www.secnav.navy.mil/fmc/fmb/Documents/21pres/WPN_Book.pdf#page=105 | title=Department of DefenseFiscal Year (FY) 2021 Budget Estimates | publisher=US Navy | date=February 2020 | access-date=30 September 2020 | pages=105 }}</ref> AIM-9X all up round Block II Plus FY{{nbsp}}2019
}}
| propellant =
| production_date = 1953-present
| service = 1956–present
| engine = Hercules/Bermite Mk. 36 [[solid-fuel rocket]]
| weight = {{convert|188|lb|1}}<ref name=SP>{{cite journal|author1=Sea Power|editor1-last=Wittman|editor1-first=Amy|editor2-last=Atkinson|editor2-first=Peter|editor3-last=Burgess|editor3-first=Rick|title=Air-to-Air Missiles|date=January 2006|volume=49|issue=1|pages=95–96|publisher=Navy League of the United States|location=Arlington, Virginia|issn=0199-1337}}</ref>
|
| height =
| diameter = {{convert|5|in|abbr=on|1}}<ref name=SP />
| wingspan = {{convert|11|in|abbr=on|1}}
|
|
| ceiling =
| altitude =
| filling = WDU-17/B [[continuous-rod warhead|annular blast-fragmentation]]<ref name=SP />
| filling_weight = {{convert|20.8|lb|abbr=on|1}}<ref name=SP />
| guidance = [[Infrared homing]] (most models)<br />[[Semi-active radar homing]] (AIM-9C)
| detonation = IR [[proximity fuze]]
| launch_platform = Aircraft, naval vessels, fixed launchers, and ground vehicles
}}
'''AIM-9 Sidewinder''' (viết tắt của ''Air Intercept Missile-tên lửa đánh chặn'') là một loại [[tên lửa không đối không]] tầm ngắn. Nó được đưa vào trang bị cho [[Hải quân Hoa Kỳ]] vào năm 1956 và sau đó là trong Không quân Hoa Kỳ vào năm 1964. Kể từ khi đi vào hoạt động, Sidewinder đã trở thành một loại tên lửa rất nổi tiếng, và các phiên bản mới nhất vẫn còn được trang bị trong không quân của [[Thế giới phương Tây|các nước phương Tây]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Babcock|first1=Elizabeth|title=Sidewinder Invention and Early Years|publisher=The China Lake Museum Foundation|date=September 1999|quote=The Air Force subsequently procured Sidewinder AIM-9B missiles for its hottest tactical and strategic aircraft, p. 21}}</ref> Tên lửa [[Vympel K-13|K-13]] của Liên Xô [[K-13 (missile)|K-13]], là một phiên bản coppy của AIM-9, và cũng được triển khai tại nhiều quốc gia.
Các phát triển ở mức độ thấp đã được tiến hành từ cuối những năm 1940, và có những đột phá vào những năm 1950 với hệ thống dẫn đường module của tên lửa không đối đất Zuni.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Military Technology|title=News Flash|date=August 2008|volume=32|issue=8|pages=93–96|publisher=Mönch Publishing Group|location=Heilsbachstraße 26 53123 Bonn-Germany|issn=0722-3226|quote="Alliant Techsystems and RUAG Aerospace have signed a teaming agreement to provide full-service and upgrade support of the AIM-9P-3/4/5 Sidewinder family of IR-guided short-range air-to-air missiles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairw/articles/20080223.aspx|title=Air Weapons: Beyond Sidewinder|publisher=www.strategypage.com|access-date=2 February 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100203205929/http://strategypage.com/htmw/htairw/articles/20080223.aspx|archive-date=3 February 2010| url-status= live}}</ref> Tính module của tên lửa cho phép đưa vào sử dụng các đầu dò và động cơ tên lửa mới, bao gồm ở phiên bản AIM-9C, sử dụng [[semi-active radar homing|radar dẫn đường bán chủ động]] và là cơ sở để phát triển [[Tên lửa dò bức xạ|tên lửa chống radar]] [[AGM-122 Sidearm]]. Các phiên bản đầu tiên của AIM-9 đã được sử dụng ở trong [[Chiến tranh Việt Nam]] nhưng có tỉ lệ bắn hạ mục tiêu thấp. Điều này dẫn đến việc quân đội Mỹ đã phát triển phiên bản hoàn toàn mới (AIM-9 L) có năng lực tác chiến cao được thể hiện trong [[Chiến tranh Falkland|cuộc chiến đảo Falklands]] và trong [[Chiến dịch Mole Cricket 19]] tại [[Liban]]. Khả năng thích ứng của loại tên lửa này khiến cho nó vẫn được giữ trong trang bị của quân đội Mỹ dù cho các loại tên lửa mới như [[AIM-95 Agile]] và [[SRAAM]] được phát triển để thay thế nó.
Sidewinder là loại tên lửa không đối không được biết đến rộng rãi nhất ở các nước phương Tây, với hơn 110.000 tên lửa được sản xuất cung cấp cho quân đội Mỹ và 27 quốc gia đồng minh, với khoảng 1 phần trăm đã được sử dụng trong không chiến. AIM-9 cũng được chế tạo theo giấy phép tại một số quốc gia khác như [[Thụy Điển]], và có thể được trang bị trên máy bay trực thăng, ví dụ như [[Bell AH-1Z Viper]]. AIM-9 là một trong những loại tên lửa không đối không rẻ nhất, có tuổi đời lâu nhất và là loại tên lửa không đối không hiệu quả nhất, ước tính nó đã tiêu diệt được 270 máy bay trong các cuộc không chiến.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-9.html|title=Raytheon AIM-9 Sidewinder|publisher=www.designation-systems.net|access-date=2 February 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100209021021/http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-9.html| archive-date= 9 February 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Khi sử dụng tên lửa Sidewinder,{{efn-lr|Or other infrared-homing missile}} các phi công của [[NATO]] sử dụng mã tên gọi FOX-2.
Hải quân Hoa Kỳ đã kỷ niệm 50 năm đưa Sidewinder vào trang bị vào năm 2002. Tháng 3 năm 2010, [[Boeing]] đã dành được hợp đồng cung cấp Sidewinder cho quân đội đến năm 2055, đảm bảo AIM-9 sẽ vẫn còn trong trang bị quân đội Mỹ đến ít nhất là năm 2055.
== Thiết kế ==
[[File:proportional_navigation_example.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|A missile (blue) intercepts a target (red) by maintaining constant bearing to it (green)]]
Sidewinder không thực sự dẫn đường theo vị trí thực tế ghi lại bởi các cảm biến, mà dựa trên sự thay đổi vị trí của mục tiêu kể từ lần cuối mục tiêu nằm trong tầm ngắm. Vì vậy So if the target remained at 5 degrees left between two rotations of the mirror, the electronics would not output any signal to the control system. Consider a missile fired at right angles to its target; if the missile is flying at the same speed as the target, it should "lead" it by 45 degrees, flying to an impact point far in front of where the target was when it was fired. If the missile is traveling four times the speed of the target, it should follow an angle about 11 degrees in front. In either case, the missile should keep that angle all the way to interception, which means that the angle that the target makes against the detector is constant. It was this constant angle that the Sidewinder attempted to maintain. This "[[proportional navigation|proportional pursuit]]" system is very easy to implement, yet it offers high-performance lead calculation almost for free and can respond to changes in the target's flight path,<ref>Echo-locating bats, as they pursue flying insects, also adopt such a strategy, see this [[PLoS Biology]] report: {{cite journal |date=18 April 2006 |title=Echo-locating Bats Use a Nearly Time-Optimal Strategy to Intercept Prey |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040108 |volume=4 |issue=5 |journal=PLoS Biology |pages=e108 |pmid=16605303 |pmc=1436025|last1=Ghose |first1=K. |last2=Horiuchi |first2=T. K. |last3=Krishnaprasad |first3=P. S. |last4=Moss |first4=C. F. }}</ref> which is much more efficient and makes the missile "lead" the target.
== History ==
=== Origins ===
[[File:Sidewinder Missile.jpg|thumb|Sidewinder Missile at Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, USA.]]
During [[World War II]], various researchers in Germany designed infrared guidance systems of various complexity. The most mature development of these, codenamed ''Hamburg'', was intended for use by the [[Blohm & Voss BV 143]] [[glide bomb]] in the anti-shipping role. ''Hamburg'' used a single IR [[photocell]] as its detector along with a spinning disk with lines painted on it, alternately known as a "reticle" or "chopper". The reticle spun at a fixed speed, causing the output of the photocell to be interrupted in a pattern, and the precise timing of the resulting signal indicated the bearing of the target. Although ''Hamburg'' and similar devices like ''Madrid'' were essentially complete, the work of mating them to a missile had not been carried out by the time the war ended.<ref name=homing>{{cite encyclopedia |first= Edgar |last= Kutzscher |title= The Physical and Technical Development of Infrared Homing Devices |editor-first1= T |editor-last1= Benecke |editor-first2= A |editor-last2= Quick |encyclopedia= History of German Guided Missiles Development |publisher= NATO |date= 1957 |url= https://www.cso.nato.int/Pubs/rdp.asp?RDP=AGARD-AG-20 |access-date= 2015-10-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150930134307/https://www.cso.nato.int/Pubs/rdp.asp?RDP=AGARD-AG-20 |archive-date= 2015-09-30 |url-status= live }}</ref>
In the immediate post-war era, Allied [[military intelligence]] teams collected this information, along with many of the engineers working on these projects. Several lengthy reports on the various systems were produced and disseminated among the western aircraft firms, while a number of the engineers joined these companies to work on various missile projects. By the late 1940s a wide variety of missile projects were underway, from huge systems like the [[Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar|Bell Bomi]] rocket-powered bomber to small systems like air-to-air missiles. By the early 1950s, both the US Air Force and [[Royal Air Force]] had started major IR seeker missile projects.<ref name=homing />
[[File:Heat-Homing Rocket on AD Skyraider c1952.JPG|thumb|left|Prototype Sidewinder-1 missile on an [[A-1 Skyraider|AD-4 Skyraider]] during flight testing]]
The development of the Sidewinder missile began in 1946 at the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS), Inyokern, California, now the [[Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake]] as an in-house research project conceived by [[William B. McLean]]. McLean initially called his effort "Local Fuze Project 602" using laboratory funding, volunteer help and fuze funding to develop what they called a heat-homing rocket. The name ''Sidewinder'' was selected in 1950 and is the common name of ''[[Crotalus cerastes]]'', a venomous [[rattlesnake]], which uses infrared sensory organs to hunt warm-blooded prey.<ref name="ab" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinalakemuseum.org/exhibits/sidewinder.shtml|title=U.S. Naval Museum of Armament & Technology|access-date=26 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202816/http://www.chinalakemuseum.org/exhibits/sidewinder.shtml|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>
It did not receive official funding until 1951 when the effort was mature enough to show to Admiral [[William S. Parsons|William "Deak" Parsons]], the Deputy Chief of the [[Bureau of Ordnance]] (BuOrd). It subsequently received designation as a program in 1952. Originally called the '''Sidewinder 1''', the first live firing was on 3 September 1952. The missile intercepted a drone for the first time on the 11 September 1953. The missile carried out 51 guided flights in 1954, and in 1955 production was authorized.<ref name="ab">{{cite journal|journal=Air-Britain Digest|author=Tom Hildreth|title=The Sidewinder Missile|date=March–April 1988|pages=39–40|volume=40|issue=2|issn=0950-7434}}</ref>
[[File:AIM-9B hits F6F-5K over China Lake 1957.jpeg|thumb|An AIM-9B hitting an [[Grumman F6F Hellcat|F6F-5K]] drone at [[Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake|China Lake]], 1957.]]
In 1954, the US Air Force carried out trials with the original '''AIM-9A''' and the improved '''AIM-9B''' at the Holloman Air Development Center. The first operational use of the missile was by [[Grumman F9F-8 Cougar]]s and [[North American FJ-2/-3 Fury|FJ-3 Furies]] of the United States Navy in the middle of 1956.<ref name="ab"/>
Nearly 100,000 of the first generation (AIM-9B/C/D/E) of the Sidewinder were produced with Raytheon and General Electric as major sub-contractors. [[Philco-Ford]] produced the guidance and control sections of the early missiles. The NATO version of the first generation missile was built under licence in Germany by [[Diehl BGT Defence|Bodenseewerk Gerätetechnik]]; 9,200 examples were built.<ref name="ab" />
=== Combat debut: Taiwan Strait, 1958 ===
The first combat use of the Sidewinder was on September 24, 1958, with the [[Republic of China Air Force|air force]] of the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]), during the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]. During that period of time, [[Republic of China Air Force|ROCAF]] [[North American F-86 Sabre]]s were routinely engaged in air battles with the [[People's Republic of China]] over the [[Taiwan Strait]]. The PRC [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|MiG-17s]] had higher altitude ceiling performance and in similar fashion to Korean War encounters between the F-86 and earlier MiG-15, the PRC formations cruised above the ROC Sabres, immune to their .50 cal weaponry and only choosing battle when conditions favored them.<ref name="Sidewinder Missile Information"/>
In a highly secret effort, the United States provided a few dozen Sidewinders to ROC forces and an Aviation Ordnance Team from the U.S. Marine Corps to modify their aircraft to carry the Sidewinder. In the first encounter on 24 September 1958, the Sidewinders were used to ambush the MiG-17s as they flew past the Sabres thinking they were invulnerable to attack. The MiGs broke formation and descended to the altitude of the Sabres in swirling dogfights. This action marked the first successful use of air-to-air missiles in combat, the downed MiGs being their first casualties.<ref name="Sidewinder Missile Information">{{cite DVD|url=http://www.ewarbirds.org/sidewinder.html|title=Sidewinder AIM-9|publisher=US Naval Academy 2012|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702033852/http://www.ewarbirds.org/sidewinder.html|archive-date=2 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
During the Taiwan Strait battles of 1958, a [[Republic of China Air Force|ROCAF]] AIM-9B hit a [[PLAAF]] [[MiG-17]] without exploding; the missile lodged in the airframe of the MiG and allowed the pilot to bring both plane and missile back to base. Soviet engineers later said that the captured Sidewinder served as a "university course" in missile design and substantially improved Soviet air-to-air capabilities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Secret City: A history of the Navy at China Lake|oclc = 851089182}}</ref> They were able to [[reverse-engineer]] a copy of the Sidewinder, which was manufactured as the '''[[Vympel K-13]]/R-3S''' missile, [[NATO reporting name]] '''AA-2 Atoll'''. There may have been a second source for the copied design: according to Ron Westrum in his book ''Sidewinder'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Westrum|first1=Ron|title=Sidewinder: Creative Missile Development at China Lake|date=2013|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-981-1}}</ref> the Soviets obtained the plans for Sidewinder from a [[Swedish Air Force]] Colonel, [[Stig Wennerström (spy)|Stig Wennerström]]. (According to Westrum, Soviet engineers copied the AIM-9 so closely that even the part numbers were duplicated, although this has not been confirmed from Soviet sources.){{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
The Vympel K-13 entered service with Soviet air forces in 1961.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
=== Vietnam War service 1965–1973 ===
Performance of the 454 Sidewinders launched<ref>Michel III p. 287</ref> during the war was not as satisfactory as hoped. Both the USN and USAF studied the performance of their aircrews, aircraft, weapons, training, and supporting infrastructure. The USAF conducted the classified [https://archive.org/details/DTICWSEGReport116Volume1RedBaronAirtoAirEncountersSoutheastAsia28October1987/page/n3 Red Baron Report] while the Navy conducted a study concentrating primarily on performance of air-to-air weapons that was informally known as the "[[Ault Report]]". The impact of both studies resulted in modifications to the Sidewinder by both services to improve its performance and reliability in the demanding air-to-air arena.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
[[File:F-4B VF-111 CVA-43.jpg|thumb|AIM-9Ds armed F-4B of VF-111 on {{USS|Coral Sea|CV-43|6}}]]
==== Vietnam War AIM-9 claimed aerial combat kills ====
{|class="wikitable"
|+ USN AIM-9 Sidewinder aerial combat kills<ref name="McCarthy Jr. p. 148-157">McCarthy Jr. p. 148-157</ref>
|-
! Missile firing aircraft
! AIM-9 Sidewinder model (Type)
! Aircraft downed
! Comments
|-
| F-8E [[Vought F-8 Crusader|Crusader]]
| AIM-9D
| (1) [[MiG-21]]/(9) [[MiG-17]]s
| US fighters launched from US [[aircraft carrier]]s; {{USS|Hancock|CV-19|6}}, {{USS|Oriskany|CV-34|6}}, {{USS|Bon Homme Richard|CV-31|6}}, {{USS|Ticonderoga|CV-14|6}}
|-
| F-8C
| AIM-9D
| (3) MiG-17s/(1) MiG-21
| US fighters launched from USS ''Bon Homme Richard'' and {{USS|Intrepid|CV-11|6}}
|-
| F-8H
| AIM-9D
| (2) MiG-21s
| US fighters launched from USS ''Bon Homme Richard''
|-
| F-4B [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|Phantom II]]
| AIM-9D
| (2) MiG-17s/(2) MiG-21s
| US fighters launched from {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|6}} and {{USS|Kitty Hawk|CV-63|6}}
|-
| F-4J
| AIM-9D
| (2) MiG-21s
| US fighters launched from {{USS|America|CV-66|6}} and USS ''Constellation''
|-
| F-4B
| AIM-9B
| (1) MiG-17
| US fighters launched from USS ''Kitty Hawk''
|-
| F-4B
| AIM-9D
| (7) MiG-17s/(2) [[MiG-19]]s
| Fighters launched from {{USS|Coral Sea|CV-43|6}} and {{USS|Midway|CV-41|6}}
|-
| F-4J
| AIM-9G
| (7) MiG-17s/(7) MiG-21s
| Fighters launched from {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}}, USS ''America'', {{USS|Saratoga|CV-60|6}}, USS ''Constellation'', USS ''Kitty Hawk''
|-
| Total MiG-17s
| 29
|-
| Total MiG-21s
| 15
|-
| Total MiG-19s
| 2
|-
| [[USN]] Total:
| 46
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|+ USAF AIM-9 Sidewinder aerial combat kills<ref name="McCarthy Jr. p. 148-157" />
|-
! Missile firing aircraft
! AIM-9 Sidewinder model (type)
! Aircraft downed
! Comments
|-
| F-4C
| AIM-9B
| (13) MiG-17s/(9) MiG-21s
| [[USAF]] [[45th Tactical Fighter Squadron]] (TFS), [[389th TFS]], [[390th TFS]], [[433rd TFS]], [[480th TFS]], [[555th TFS]]
|-
| [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief|F-105D Thunderchief]]
| AIM-9B
| (3) MiG-17s
| [[333rd TFS]], [[469th TFS]]
|-
|F-4D
| AIM-9E
| (2) MiG-21s
| 13th, [[469th TFS]]
|-
| F-4E
| AIM-9E
| (4) MiG-21s
| [[13th TFS]], [[34th TFS]], [[35th TFS]], [[469th TFS]]
|-
| F-4D
| AIM-9J
| (2) MiG-19s/(1) MiG-21
| [[523rd TFS]], [[555th TFS]]
|-
| Total MiG-17s
| 16
|-
| Total MiG-21s
| 16
|-
| Total MiG-19s
| 2
|-
|[[USAF]] Total:
| 34
|}
In total 452 Sidewinders were fired during the Vietnam War, resulting in a [[kill probability]] of 0.18.<ref>{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=1989 |isbn=978-1-55750-262-9 |pages=439}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Pre all-aspect variants<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Carlo|first=Kopp|date=1994-04-01|title=The Sidewinder Story; The Evolution of the AIM-9 Missile|url=http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Sidewinder-94.html|journal=Australian Aviation|volume=1994|issue=April|access-date=2007-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217024515/http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Sidewinder-94.html|archive-date=2006-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
!Subtype
!AIM-9B
!AIM-9D
!AIM-9E
!AIM-9G
!AIM-9H
!AIM-9J
|-
!Service
|Joint
|USN
|USAF
|USN
|USN
|USAF
|-
! colspan="7" rowspan="1" |Seeker design features
|-
!Origin
|[[Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake#Naval Weapons Center|Naval Weapons Center]]
|AIM-9B
|AIM-9B
|AIM-9D
|AIM-9G
|AIM-9E
|-
!Detector
|[[Lead(II) sulfide|PbS]]
|PbS
|PbS
|PbS
|PbS
|PbS
|-
!Cooling
|Uncooled
|Nitrogen
|[[Thermoelectric cooling|Peltier]]
|Nitrogen
|Nitrogen
|Peltier
|-
!Dome window
|Glass
|[[Magnesium fluoride|MgF<sub>2</sub>]]
|MgF<sub>2</sub>
|MgF<sub>2</sub>
|MgF<sub>2</sub>
|MgF2|MgF<sub>2</sub>
|-
!Reticle speed ([[hertz|Hz]])
|70
|125
|100
|125
|125
|100
|-
!Modulation
|[[Amplitude modulation|AM]]
|AM
|AM
|AM
|AM
|AM
|-
!Track rate (°/s)
|11.0
|12.0
|16.5
|12.0
|>12.0
|16.5
|-
!Electronics
|[[Vacuum tube|thermionic]]
|thermionic
|hybrid
|thermionic
|[[Solid-state electronics|solid state]]
|hybrid
|-
!Warhead
|{{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} <br />[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|blast-fragmentation]]
|{{convert|11|kg|lb|abbr=on}} Mk. 48<br /> [[Continuous-rod warhead|continuous rod]]
|{{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} <br />blast-fragmentation
|{{convert|11|kg|lb|abbr=on}} Mk. 48<br /> continuous rod
|{{convert|11|kg|lb|abbr=on}} Mk. 48<br /> continuous rod
|{{convert|4.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} <br />blast-fragmentation
|-
!Fuze
|[[Passive infrared sensor|Passive-IR]]
|Passive-IR/[[Proximity fuze#Radio|HF]]
|Passive-IR
|Passive-IR/HF
|Passive-IR/HF
|Passive-IR
|-
! colspan="7" rowspan="1" |Powerplant
|-
!Manufacturer
|[[Thiokol]]
|[[Hercules Inc.|Hercules]]
|Thiokol
|Hercules
|Hercules/[[Bermite Powder Company|Bermite]]
|Hercules/[[Aerojet]]
|-
!Type
|Mk.17
|Mk.36
|Mk.17
|Mk.36
|Mk.36 Mod 5, 6, 7
|Mk.17
|-
!Launcher
|Aero-III
|LAU-7A
|Aero-III
|LAU-7A
|LAU-7A
|Aero-III
|-
! colspan="7" rowspan="1" |Missile dimensions
|-
!Length
|{{Convert|2.82|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{Convert|2.86|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|2.86|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|2.86|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
!Span
|{{convert|0.55|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.62|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.55|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.62|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.62|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.58|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
!Weight
|{{convert|70.39|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|88.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|74.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|87|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|84.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|77|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|}
Note: the speed of the B model was around 1.7 Mach and the other models above 2.5.
== All-aspect variants ==
=== AIM-9L ===
[[File:AIM-9L DF-ST-82-10199.jpg|thumb|AIM-9L Captive air training missile with part/section in blue color, denoting [[inert munitions|inert]] [[warhead]] and [[rocket motor]], for training purposes.]]
The next major advance in IR Sidewinder development was the '''AIM-9L''' ('''"Lima"''') model which was in full production in 1977.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Bondsp229">Bonds 1989, p. 229.</ref> This was the first "[[all-aspect]]" Sidewinder with the ability to attack from all directions, including head-on, which had a dramatic effect on close-in combat tactics. Its first combat use was by a pair of US Navy [[F-14 Tomcat|F-14s]] in the [[Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)|Gulf of Sidra in 1981]] versus two Libyan [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22 Fighters]], both of the latter being destroyed by AIM-9Ls. Its first use in a large-scale conflict was by the United Kingdom during the 1982 [[Falklands War]]. In this campaign the "Lima" reportedly achieved kills from 80% of launches, a dramatic improvement over the 10–15% levels of earlier versions, scoring 17 kills and 2 shared kills against Argentine aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/f-16_armament_article1.html|title=F-16 Armament – AIM-9 Sidewinder|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325065425/http://www.f-16.net/f-16_armament_article1.html|archive-date=25 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== BOA/Boxoffice ===
[[Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake|China Lake]] developed an improved compressed carriage control configuration titled BOA. ("Compressed carriage" missiles have smaller control surfaces to allow more missiles to fit in a given space.<ref>http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADP010957{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The surfaces may be permanently "clipped", or may fold out when the missile is launched.)
=== {{Anchor|AIM-9X|X}}AIM-9X ===
[[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes Electronics]] was awarded a contract for development of the '''AIM-9X''' Sidewinder in 1996 after a competition against [[Raytheon Missiles & Defense|Raytheon]] for the next short-range aerial combat missile,<ref>{{Cite news|last=News|first=Bloomberg|date=1996-12-16|title=Hughes Electronics Wins Missile Contract|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/16/business/hughes-electronics-wins-missile-contract.html|access-date=2021-07-12|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> though Raytheon purchased the defense portions of Hughes Electronics the following year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PELTZ|first=JAMES F.|date=1997-01-17|title=Raytheon Acquires Hughes Wing in $9.5-Billion Deal|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-01-17-mn-19463-story.html|access-date=2021-07-12}}</ref> The AIM-9X entered service in November 2003 with the USAF (lead platform is the [[McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle|F-15C]]) and the USN (lead platform is the F/A-18C) and is a substantial upgrade to the Sidewinder family featuring an [[Infrared homing#Imaging systems|imaging infrared]] focal-plane array (FPA) seeker with claimed 90° off-boresight capability, compatibility with [[helmet-mounted display]]s such as the new U.S. [[Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System]], and a totally new two axis thrust-vectoring control (TVC) system providing increased turn capability over traditional control surfaces. Utilizing the JHMCS, a pilot can point the AIM-9X missile's seeker and "lock on" by simply looking at a target, thereby increasing air combat effectiveness.<ref>{{cite web |author=Doty, Steven R. |title=Kunsan pilots improve capability with AIM-9X missile |date=2008-02-29 |url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123088345 |publisher=Air Force Link |access-date=2008-02-29 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080302193212/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123088345| archive-date= 2 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> It retains the same rocket motor, fuze and warhead of the 9-"Mike", but its lower drag gives it improved range and speed.<ref>Sweetman, Bill, Warming trend, Aviation Week and Space Technology, July 8, 2013, p.26</ref> AIM-9X also includes an internal cooling system, eliminating the need for use of launch-rail nitrogen bottles (U.S. Navy and Marines) or internal argon bottle (USAF). It also features an electronic safe and arm device similar to the AMRAAM, allowing reduction in minimum range and reprogrammable infrared [[Counter Counter Measures]] (IRCCM) capability that coupled with the FPA provide improved look down into clutter and performance against the latest [[IRCM]]. Though not part of the original requirement, AIM-9X demonstrated potential for a [[Lock-on after launch|Lock-on After Launch]] capability, allowing for possible internal use for the [[F-35 Lightning II|F-35]], [[F-22 Raptor]] and even in a submarine-launched configuration for use against ASW platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=/www/story/02-06-2006/0004275416&EDATE=Feb+6,+2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134539/http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/micro_stories.pl?ACCT=149999&TICK=RTN&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F02-06-2006%2F0004275416&EDATE=Feb+6%2C+2006|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2007|title=Successful Test of an AIM-9X Missile by a Raytheon-Led Team Demonstrates Potential for Low Cost Solution in Littoral Joint Battlespace|date=29 September 2007|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> The AIM-9X has been tested for a surface attack capability, with mixed results.<ref>[http://defense-update.com/20110920_raytheon-aim-9x-block-ii-airair-missile.html "Raytheon AIM-9X Block II Air/Air Missile."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926050512/http://defense-update.com/20110920_raytheon-aim-9x-block-ii-airair-missile.html |date=2011-09-26 }} ''Defense Update'', 20 September 2011.</ref>
=== Block II ===
Testing work on the AIM-9X Block II version began in September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=84193&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1198532|title=Raytheon AIM-9X Block II Missile Completes First Captive Carry Flight|date=September 18, 2008|publisher=Raytheon|access-date=November 2, 2018}}</ref> The Block II adds Lock-on After Launch capability with a datalink, so the missile can be launched first and then directed to its target afterwards by an aircraft with the proper equipment for 360 degree engagements, such as the F-35 and F-22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Raytheon_AIM_9X_Block_II_Missile_Completes_First_Captive_Carry_Flight_999.html|title=Raytheon AIM-9X Block II Missile Completes First Captive Carry Flight|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008104626/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Raytheon_AIM_9X_Block_II_Missile_Completes_First_Captive_Carry_Flight_999.html|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 2013, the AIM-9X Block II was about halfway through its operational testing and performing better than expected. [[NAVAIR]] reported that the missile was exceeding performance requirements in all areas, including lock-on after launch (LOAL). One area where the Block II needs improvement is helmetless high off-boresight (HHOBS) performance. It is functioning well on the missile, but performance is below that of the Block I AIM-9X. The HHOBS deficiency does not impact any other Block II capabilities, and is planned to be improved upon by a software clean-up build. Objectives of the operational test were due to be completed by the third quarter of 2013.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aim-9x-block-ii-performing-better-than-expected-381569/ AIM-9X Block II performing better than expected] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203231337/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aim-9x-block-ii-performing-better-than-expected-381569/ |date=2013-02-03 }} – Flightglobal.com, January 28, 2013</ref> However, as of May 2014 there have been plans to resume operational testing and evaluation (including surface-to-air missile system compatibility).<ref>{{cite journal|author1=David C. Isby|title=AIM-9X Block II resumes IOT&E|journal=Jane's International Defence Review|date=May 2014|volume=47|page=16|issn=2048-3449}}</ref> {{As of|June 2013}}, Raytheon has delivered 5,000 AIM-9X missiles to the armed services.<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Navy-Delivers-5000th-AIM-9X-Sidewinder-Air-to-Air-Missile_n000011563.aspx Raytheon Delivers 5,000th AIM-9X Sidewinder Air-to-Air Missile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307004811/http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Navy-Delivers-5000th-AIM-9X-Sidewinder-Air-to-Air-Missile_n000011563.aspx |date=2014-03-07 }} – Deagel.com, 15 June 2013</ref>
In February 2015, the U.S. Army successfully launched an AIM-9X Block II Sidewinder from the new [[Multi-Mission Launcher]] (MML), a truck-mounted missile launch container that can hold 15 of the missiles. The MML is part of the Indirect Fire Protection Capability Increment 2-Intercept (IFPC Inc. 2-I) to protect ground forces against [[cruise missile]] and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] threats. The X-model Block II Sidewinder has been determined by the Army to be the best solution to CM and UAV threats because of its passive IIR seeker. The MML will complement the [[AN/TWQ-1 Avenger]] air defense system and is expected to begin fielding in 2019.<ref>[http://defense-update.com/20150328_mml.html#.VZ7OLMIw8dU New Launcher to Deploy C-RAM, C-UAV and Counter Cruise-Missile Defenses by 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709192258/http://defense-update.com/20150328_mml.html#.VZ7OLMIw8dU |date=2015-07-09 }} – Defense-Update.com, 28 March 2015</ref>
=== Block III ===
In September 2012, Raytheon was ordered to continue developing the Sidewinder into a Block III variant, even though the Block II had not yet entered service. The USN projected that the new missile would have a 60 percent longer range, modern components to replace old ones, and an [[insensitive munition]]s warhead, which is more stable and less likely to detonate by accident, making it safer for ground crews. The need for the AIM-9 to have an increased range was from [[Digital radio frequency memory|digital radio frequency memory (DRFM)]] [[Radar jamming and deception|jammers]] that can blind the onboard radar of an [[AIM-120 AMRAAM|AIM-120D AMRAAM]], so the Sidewinder Block III's passive imaging [[infrared homing]] guidance system was a useful alternative. Although it could supplement the AMRAAM for beyond visual range (BVR) engagements, it would still be capable at performing within visual range (WVR). Modifying the AIM-9X was seen as a cost-effective alternative to developing a new missile in a time of declining budgets. To achieve the range increase, the rocket motor would have a combination of increased performance and missile power management. The Block III would "leverage" the Block II's guidance unit and electronics, including the AMRAAM-derived datalink. The Block III was scheduled to achieve initial operational capability (IOC) in 2022, following the increased number of [[F-35 Lightning II]] Joint Strike Fighters to enter service.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-hopes-to-increase-aim-9x-range-by-60-388468/ "US Navy hopes to increase AIM-9X range by 60%."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721073933/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-navy-hopes-to-increase-aim-9x-range-by-60-388468/ |date=2013-07-21 }} – Flightglobal.com, 18 July 2013</ref><ref>[http://strategypage.com/htmw/htairw/articles/20120905.aspx New Sidewinder Tweaks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907011236/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairw/articles/20120905.aspx |date=2012-09-07 }} – Strategypage.com, September 5, 2012</ref> The Navy pressed for this upgrade in response to a projected threat which analysts have speculated will be due to the difficulty of targeting upcoming Chinese [[Fifth-generation jet fighter]]s ([[Chengdu J-20]], [[Shenyang J-31]]) with the radar guided AMRAAM,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_06_19_2013_p0-589808.xml|title=Raytheon Looks At Options For Long-Range AIM-9|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology|Aviation Week]]|date=June 19, 2013|access-date=2013-06-23|author=Sweetman, Bill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221221517/http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=%2Farticle-xml%2Fawx_06_19_2013_p0-589808.xml|archive-date=February 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> specifically that Chinese advances in electronics will mean Chinese fighters will use their [[active electronically scanned array|AESA]] radars as jammers to degrade the AIM-120's kill probability.<ref>Sweetman, Bill, Warming Trend, Aviation Week and Space Technology, July 8, 2013, p.26</ref> However, the Navy's FY 2016 budget cancelled the AIM-9X Block III as they cut down buys of the F-35C, as it was primarily intended to permit the fighter to carry six BVR missiles; the insensitive munition warhead will be retained for the AIM-9X program.<ref>[http://aviationweek.com/defense/f-35cs-cut-back-us-navy-invests-standoff-weapons F-35Cs Cut Back As U.S. Navy Invests In Standoff Weapons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205183403/http://aviationweek.com/defense/f-35cs-cut-back-us-navy-invests-standoff-weapons |date=2015-02-05 }} – Aviationweek.com, 3 February 2015</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ All-aspect variants<ref name=":0"/>
|-
!Subtype
!AIM-9L
!AIM-9M
!AIM-9P-4/5
!AIM-9R
|-
!Service
|Joint
|Joint
|USAF, export
|USN
|-
! colspan="5" rowspan="1" |Seeker design features
|-
!Origin
|AIM-9H
|AIM-9L
|AIM-9J/N
|AIM-9M
|-
!Detector
|[[InSb]]
|InSb
|InSb
|[[Staring array|Focal-plane array]]
|-
!Cooling
|[[Argon]]
|Argon
|Argon
| –
|-
!Dome window
|MgF<sub>2</sub>
|MgF<sub>2</sub>
|MgF<sub>2</sub>
|Glass
|-
!<small>Reticle speed (Hz)</small>
|125
|125
|100
|Focal-plane array
|-
!Modulation
|[[Frequency Modulation|FM]]
|FM
|FM
|Focal-plane array
|-
!<small>Track rate (°/s)</small>
|Classified
|Classified
|>16.5
|Classified
|-
!Electronics
|Solid state
|Solid state
|Solid state
|Solid state
|-
!Warhead
|{{convert|9.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} WDU-17/B <br />annular blast-fragmentation
|{{convert|9.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} WDU-17/B <br />annular blast-fragmentation
|Annular <br/>blast-fragmentation
|Annular <br/>blast-fragmentation
|-
!Fuze
|IR/[[Proximity fuze#Optical|Laser]]
|IR/Laser
|IR/Laser
|IR/Laser
|-
! colspan="5" rowspan="1" |Powerplant
|-
!Manufacturer
|Hercules/Bermite
|[[Thiokol|MTI]]/Hercules
|Hercules/Aerojet
|MTI/Hercules
|-
!Type
|Mk.36 Mod.7,8
|Mk.36 Mod.9
|SR.116
|Mk.36 Mod.9
|-
!Launcher
|Common
|Common
|Common
|Common
|-
! colspan="5" rowspan="1" |Missile dimensions
|-
!Length
|{{convert|2.89|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|2.89|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|2.89|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
!Span
|{{convert|0.64|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.64|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.58|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|0.64|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|-
!Weight
|{{convert|86|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|86|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|86|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|86|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|}
== Sidewinder descendants ==
=== Anti-tank variant ===
[[File:AIM-9L hits tank at China Lake 1971.jpg|thumb|Experimental use of an AIM-9L against tanks at [[Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake|China Lake]], 1971]]
China Lake experimented with Sidewinders in the air-to-ground mode including use as an anti-tank weapon.
Starting from 2008, the AIM-9X demonstrated its ability as a successful light air-to-ground missile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.f-16.net/news_article3929.html|title=AIM-9X Sidewinder demonstrates Air-To-Surface capability|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020636/http://www.f-16.net/news_article3929.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2016 [[Diehl Defence|Diehl]] closed a deal with the [[Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support]] to develop a laser guided Air-To-Ground variant of the Sidewinder missile based on the AIM-9L variant. In testing with the Swedish [[Defence Materiel Administration]] a [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|Saab Gripen]] could hit one stationary and two moving targets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heiming |first1=Gerhard |title=Laser-gelenkte Lenkrakete Sidewinder für den Luft-Boden-Einsatz |url=https://esut.de/2021/05/meldungen/27205/laser-gelenkte-lenkrakete-sidewinder-fuer-den-luft-boden-einsatz/ |website=ESuT |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>
On 28 February 2018, the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps unveiled an anti-tank derivative of the Sidewinder missile named "Azarakhsh" intended for use by [[Bell AH-1J SeaCobra]] attack helicopters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's New Anti-Tank Missile Looks Awfully Familiar|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a19041548/iran-missile-sidewinder-azarakhsh/|publisher=Popular Mechanics|access-date=2021-02-04|date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803152747/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a19041548/iran-missile-sidewinder-azarakhsh/|archive-date=2020-08-03|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Later developments==
=== Larger rocket motor ===
Under the High Altitude Project, engineers at China Lake mated a Sidewinder warhead and seeker to a Sparrow rocket motor to experiment with usefulness of a larger motor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinalakealumni.org/1970/1970mo.htm#thumb|title=1970 China Lake Photo Gallery|website=www.chinalakealumni.org|access-date=2018-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610093808/http://www.chinalakealumni.org/1970/1970mo.htm#thumb|archive-date=2018-06-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Other ground launch platforms ===
In 2016 the AIM-9X was test fired from a [[Multi-Mission Launcher]] at the White Sands Missile Range in [[New Mexico]], USA.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Boyd |title=U.S. Army successfully fires AIM-9X missile from new interceptor launch platform |url=https://www.army.mil/article/165134/us_army_successfully_fires_aim_9x_missile_from_new_interceptor_launch_platform |website=www.army.mil |publisher=United States Army |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620200045/https://www.army.mil/article/165134/us_army_successfully_fires_aim_9x_missile_from_new_interceptor_launch_platform |archive-date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> During testing with the MML, the AIM-9X experienced issues with overheating. These issues have since been resolved.<ref name="Defense News 2021" >{{cite web |last1=Judson |first1=Jen |title=Dynetics unveils Enduring Shield, its solution for the US Army to counter cruise missiles |url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/06/04/dynetics-unveils-enduring-shield-its-solution-for-the-us-armys-future-cruise-missile-defense-capability/ |website=www.defensenews.com |publisher=Defense News |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> In September 2021, the U.S. Army signed a contract with [[Dynetics]] to build prototypes for its Indirect Fires Protection Capability (IFPC), utilizing an MML-based launcher firing the Sidewinder to counter UAVs and cruise missiles. It is planned to be put into service in 2023.<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/09/24/us-army-mints-deal-with-dynetics-to-build-system-to-counter-drones-and-cruise-missiles/ US Army mints deal with Dynetics to build system to counter drones and cruise missiles]. ''[[Defense News]]''. 24 September 2021.</ref>
In May 2019 the AIM-9X Block II was test fired from the National Advanced Surface to Air Missile System ([[NASAMS]]) at the Andoya Test Center in Norway.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reichmann |first1=Kelsey |title=Norway's Air Force tests Sidewinder missile |url=https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2019/06/19/norways-air-force-tests-sidewinder-missile/ |website=defensenews.com |publisher=Defense News |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
== Operators ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:AIM-9 Operators.png|alt=|thumb|400x400px|Map with AIM-9 operators{{legend|blue|Current}}{{legend|red|Former}}]] -->
=== Current operators ===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} Argentina AIM-9L/M
* {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia<ref>{{cite web|last=La Franchi|first=Peter|title=Australia confirms AIM-9X selection for Super Hornets|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/03/27/212852/australia-confirms-aim-9x-selection-for-super-hornets.html|publisher=Flight International|access-date=20 April 2011|date=27 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907211658/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/03/27/212852/australia-confirms-aim-9x-selection-for-super-hornets.html|archive-date=7 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Janes">{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Gareth|title=Norway and Taiwan join AIM-9X Block II user-community {{!}} IHS Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61977/norway-and-taiwan-join-aim-9x-block-ii-user-community|website=IHS Jane's 360|location=London|access-date=2016-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705135300/http://www.janes.com/article/61977/norway-and-taiwan-join-aim-9x-block-ii-user-community|archive-date=2016-07-05|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain]]
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil
* {{flagicon|Canada}} Canada
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]]
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr110085e.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071013131211/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr110085e.html|url-status=dead|title=International Market Research – Defense Trade Guide Update 2003|date=13 October 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]
* {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]]
* {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/11/finland-ordering-150-aim9x-sidewinders/index.php|title=Finland Ordering 150 AIM-9X Sidewinders|access-date=2006-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902111239/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/11/finland-ordering-150-aim9x-sidewinders/index.php|archive-date=2006-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|Greece}} Greece
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]
* {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://defensetech.org/2006/05/17/taking-on-irans-air-force/|title=Taking On Iran's Air Force – Defense Tech|access-date=26 March 2015|date=2006-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612005838/http://defensetech.org/2006/05/17/taking-on-irans-air-force/|archive-date=12 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]]
* {{flagicon|Israel}} Israel<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Japan}} Japan<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]]
* {{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya]]
* {{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait]]<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Morocco]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Norway}} Norway<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman]]<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.update.ph/2017/07/ph-completes-inspection-of-raytheon-for-fa-50s-air-to-air-missiles/19137|title=PH completes inspection of Raytheon for FA-50's air-to-air missiles – Update Philippines|date=18 July 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023250/https://www.update.ph/2017/07/ph-completes-inspection-of-raytheon-for-fa-50s-air-to-air-missiles/19137|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2021/06/26/u-s-state-department-approves-harpoon-and-aim-9x-sidewinder-for-philippines/|title=US State Department Approves Harpoon and AIM-9X for Philippines|work=global defense corp|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal AIM-9B/J/P/L/M
* {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]]
* {{flagicon|Romania}} Romania<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/09/150-aim9-sidewinder-missiles-for-saudi-arabia/index.php|title=150 AIM-9 Sidewinder Missiles for Saudi Arabia|access-date=2006-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902020615/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2005/09/150-aim9-sidewinder-missiles-for-saudi-arabia/index.php|archive-date=2006-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI arms transfer database|date=19 March 2012|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=27 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229003804/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|archive-date=29 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} South Korea<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} Taiwan
* {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden
* {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/02/turkey-buys-127-aim9x-sidewinder-missiles/index.php|title=Turkey Buys 127 AIM-9X Sidewinder Missiles|access-date=2006-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902015808/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2006/02/turkey-buys-127-aim9x-sidewinder-missiles/index.php|archive-date=2006-09-02|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisia]]
* {{flagicon|United States}} United States<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref name="Janes" />
* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]]
{{div col end}}
=== Former operators ===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Cameroon]]
* {{flagicon|France}} France
* {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
* {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico
* {{flagicon|New Zealand}} New Zealand
* {{flagicon|South Africa|2008}} South Africa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saairforce.co.za/the-airforce/weapons/4/aim-9b-sidewinder |title=AIM-9B Sidewinder |access-date=2008-08-04 |publisher=South African Air Force Association | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080627124222/http://www.saairforce.co.za/the-airforce/weapons/4/aim-9b-sidewinder| archive-date= 27 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain
* {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[South Vietnam]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia]]
* {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwe]]
{{div col end}}
''Please note that this list is not exhaustive.''
== See also ==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[AGM-87 Focus]]
* [[Diamondback (missile)|Diamondback]], a proposed enlarged, nuclear-armed version of Sidewinder
* [[K-13 (missile)|K-13]] (AA-2 Atoll) and derived [[PL-2]]
* [[MIM-72 Chaparral]]
* [[Sidewinder Arcas]]
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
* [[List of missiles]]
|see also=
* [[1963 United States Tri-Service missile and drone designation system]]
}}
===Comparable missiles===
{{Div col|}}
* [[ASRAAM]]
* [[IRIS-T]]
* [[MAA-1 Piranha]]
* [[MICA (missile)|MICA]]
* [[R.550 Magic]]
* [[Red Top (missile)|Red Top]]
* [[De Havilland Firestreak|Firestreak]]
* [[PL-9]]
* [[Python (missile)|Python 5]]
* [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]
* [[Python (missile)|Shafrir]]
* [[Fatter]]
* [[AAM-1 (Japanese missile)|AAM-1]]/[[AAM-3|3]]/[[AAM-5 (Japanese missile)|5]]
{{div col end}}
== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist-lr}}
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* Bonds, Ray ed. ''The Modern US War Machine''. New York City: Crown Publishers, 1989. {{ISBN|0-517-68802-6}}.
* {{Cite book|last=Bonds|first=Ray and David Miller|title=Illustrated Directory of Modern American Weapons|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfpBbuIlfV0C|chapter=AIM-9 Sidewinder|publisher=Zenith Imprint|isbn=978-0-7603-1346-6|date=2002}}
* {{Cite book|last=Clancy|first=Tom|title=Fighter Wing|chapter=Ordnance: How Bombs Got 'Smart'|location=London|publisher=HarperCollins, 1995|isbn=978-0-00-255527-2|year=1996}}
* {{cite web |author=Doty, Steven R. |title=Kunsan pilots improve capability with AIM-9X missile |date=2008-02-29 |url=http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123088345 |publisher=Air Force Link |access-date=2008-02-29 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080302193212/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123088345| archive-date= 2 March 2008 | url-status= live}}
* Babcock, Elizabeth (1999). ''Sidewinder – Invention and Early Years.'' The China Lake Museum Foundation. 26 pp. A concise record of the development of the original Sidewinder version and the central people involved in its design.
* McCarthy, Donald J. Jr. ''MiG Killers, A Chronology of U.S. Air Victories in Vietnam 1965–1973''. 2009, Specialty Press, North Branch, MN, U.S.A. {{ISBN|978-1-58007-136-9}}
* Michel III, Marshall L. ''Clashes, Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965–1972.'' 1997. {{ISBN|978-1-59114-519-6}}.
* Westrum, Ron (1999). "''Sidewinder—Creative missile development at China Lake."'' Naval Institute Press. {{ISBN|978-1-55750-951-2}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|AIM-9 Sidewinder}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140707004130/https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/aim-9x-block-ii-the-new-sidewinder-missile-011572/ Defense Industry Daily – AIM-9X Block II: The New Sidewinder Missile]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9059799/photoconductivity Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/aim-9.htm AIM-9 Sidewinder] on GlobalSecurity.org
* [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-9.html Raytheon AAM-N-7/GAR-8/AIM-9 Sidewinder – Designation Systems]
* [http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Sidewinder-94.html The Sidewinder Story]
* [http://people.howstuffworks.com/sidewinder.htm Sidewinder] at Howstuffworks.com
* [http://www.nammo.com/ NAMMO Raufoss – Nordic Ammunition Company]
* {{Youtube|xISpZYajveA|F-15As launching AIM-9 Sidewinders at QF-4}}
* {{Youtube|cfzj3rRIVU4|Rolleron demonstration}}
* [http://www.donhollway.com/foxtwo/index.html "Fox Two!"] from ''Aviation History'' magazine, March 2013. Includes photos & video
{{Raytheon}}
{{USN missiles}}
{{USAF missiles}}
{{US missiles}}
{{USAF system codes}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Cold War air-to-air missiles of the United States]]
[[Category:Raytheon Company products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Infrared technology]]
[[Category:Fire-and-forget weapons]]
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