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Mona Lisa, hay La Gioconda, có lẽ là tác phẩm hội họa nổi tiếng nhất của phương Tây

Hội họa là is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.

In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action (the final work is called "a painting"). The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, pottery, lá cây, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials, chẳng hạn như cát, đất sét, giấy, vữa thạch cao, vàng lá, and even whole objects.

Hội họa là một bộ môn nghệ thuật thị giác quan trọng kết hợp nhiều yếu tô như vẽ, bố cụcbringing in elements such as drawing, composition, gesture (as in gestural painting), narration (as in narrative art), and abstraction (as in abstract art). Hội họa có thể mang tính tả thựcPaintings can be naturalistic and representational (như trong tranh tĩnh vật hay tranh phong cảnh), photographic, trừu tượng, narrative, biểu tượng (as in Symbolist art), cảm xúc (như trong Expressionism) hoặc chính trị (as in Artivism).

Một phần lịch sử hội họa trong nghệ thuật phương Đông lẫn phương Tây bị chi phối bởi nghệ thuật tôn giáo. Ví dụ về các loại tác phẩm này bao gồm các bức tranh miêu tả nhân vật thần thoại trên đồ gốm, các bức tranh tường, trần nhà miêu tả cảnh tượng trong kinh thánh, đến các bức tranh về cuộc đời Đức Phật và các tôn giáo phương Đông khác.

Lịch sử

Bài chi tiết: Lịch sử hội họa

Prehistoric cave painting of aurochs (tiếng Pháp: Bos primigenius primigenius) ), Lascaux, France

The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave in Indonesia. It was painted 40,000 - 52,000 years ago or earlier.

Bức tranh lâu đời nhất được biết đến có niên đại 40.000 nămThe oldest known paintings are approximately 40,000 years old, found in both the Franco-Cantabrian region in western Europe, and in the caves in the district of Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia). Cave paintings were then found in Kalimantan, Indonesia in the Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave believed to be 40,000 - 52,000 years old. More recently, in 2021, cave art of a pig found in an Indonesian island, and dated to over 45,500 years, has been reported. However, the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites, there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40,000 years old. There are examples of cave paintings all over the world—in Indonesia, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, China, Australia, Mexico, etc. Trong các nền văn hóa phương Tây, tranh sơn dầu và tranh màu nước In Western cultures, oil painting and watercolor painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. Ở phương Đông, mực và mực màu In the East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex traditions.

Sự xuất hiện của nhiếp ảnh có ảnh hưởng lớn đến hội họa. Trong một vài thập kỷ sau khi bức ảnh đầu tiên được chụp vào năm 1829, photographic processes improved and became more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. Cuối thế kỷ 19, đầu thế kỷ 20, một loạt phong trào nghệ thuật—nổi bật như ấn tượng, hậu ấn tượngotably Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, and Dadaism—challenged the Renaissance view of the world. Tuy nhiên, ở phương Đông và châu Phi, hội họa tiếp tục cách điệu chứ không trải quaphương Đông Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.

Nghệ thuật hiện đại và đương đại has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of concept. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as a whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defy the previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of pluralism, there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments—their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge.

Phong cách hội họa

Bài chi tiết: Phong cách (nghệ thuật thị giác)

Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques, and methods that typify an individual artist's work. It can also refer to the movement or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following:

Phương Tây

Hiện đại

Chủ nghĩa hiện đại describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization, and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).

Ấn tượng

Claude Monet's 1872 Impression, Sunrise inspired the name of the movement

The first example of modernism in painting was impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (en plein air). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon.

Trừu tượng

Tranh trừu tượng sử dụng ngôn ngữ thị giác of form, colour and line to create a composition that may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art movement that combined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools—such as Futurism, Bauhaus and Cubism, and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.

Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, and is closely associated with abstract expressionism (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably).

Other modernist styles include:

• Color Field
• Lyrical Abstraction
• Hard-edge painting
• Pop art

Outsider art

The term outsider art was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut (tiếng Pháp: [aʁ bʁyt], "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by insane-asylum inmates. Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world," regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work.

Photorealism

Photorealism is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a photograph. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop Art and as a counter to Abstract Expressionism.

Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is a fully-fledged school of art and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.

Siêu thực

Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the artistic and literary production of those affiliated with the Surrealist Movement. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, the uncanny, the unconscious, unexpected juxtapositions and non-sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.

Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities of World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film and music of many countries, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy and social theory.

Xem thêm: Outline of painting § Styles of painting

Đông Á Trung Quốc Thời Đường Thời Minh Tranh sơn thủy Tranh thủy mặc Tranh hoa điểu Nam Tông Chiết Phái Ngô Môn Đương đại Nhật Bản Yamato-e Rimpa school Emakimono Kanō school Shijō school Superflat Hàn Quốc

Hồi giáo Arabic miniature Mughal miniature Ottoman miniature Persian miniature

Ấn Độ Oriya school Bengal school Kangra Madhubani Mysore Rajput Mughal Samikshavad Tanjore Warli Kerala mural painting

Châu Phi Tingatinga

Nghệ thuật đương đại

Thập niên 1950 Abstract Expressionism American Figurative Expressionism Bay Area Figurative Movement Lyrical Abstraction New York Figurative Expressionism New York School

Thập niên 1960 Biểu hiện trừu tượng American Figurative Expressionism Abstract Imagists Bay Area Figurative Movement Color field Computer art Conceptual art Fluxus Happenings Hard-edge painting Lyrical Abstraction Minimalism Neo-figurative Neo-Dada New York School Nouveau Réalisme Op Art Nghệ thuật biểu diễn Pop Art Postminimalism Washington Color School Kinetic art

Thập niên 1970 Arte Povera Ascii Art Bad Painting Nghệ thuật cơ thể Artist's book Feminist art Installation art Land Art Lowbrow (art movement) Photorealism Postminimalism Process Art Video art Funk art Pattern and Decoration

Thập niên 1980 Appropriation art Culture jamming Demoscene Electronic art Figuration Libre Graffiti Art Live art Mail art Nghệ thuật hậu hiện đại Neo-conceptual art Neo-expressionism Neo-pop Sound art Transgressive art Video installation Institutional Critique NeoGeo

Thập niên 1990 Bio art Cyberarts Cynical Realism Digital Art Information art Nghệ thuật Internet Massurrealism Maximalism New media art Software art New European Painting Young British Artists

Thập niên 2000 Digital Painting Hyperrealism Classical Realism Relational art Nghệ thuật đường phố Stuckism Superflat Pseudorealism Videogame art Superstroke VJ art Virtual art Indigenous Art

Thể loại

Tranh phúng dụ

Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions, or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye and is often found in realistic painting. An example of a simple visual allegory is the image of the grim reaper. Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is a symbolic representation of death.

Bodegón

Francisco de Zurbarán, Still Life with Pottery Jars (tiếng Tây Ban Nha: Bodegón de recipientes) (1636), oil on canvas, 46 x 84 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid

In Spanish art, a bodegón is a still life painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the Baroque period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary Low Countries, today Belgium and Netherlands (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in southern Europe. Northern still lifes had many subgenres: the breakfast piece was augmented by the trompe-l'œil, the flower bouquet, and the vanitas. In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of breakfast piece did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table.

Tranh

A figure painting is a work of art in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or nude. Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings, and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history. Some artists well known for figure painting are Peter Paul Rubens, Edgar Degas, and Édouard Manet.

Reza Abbasi, Two Lovers (1630)

Tranh minh họa

Illustration paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie posters and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and graphic designers. But as the result of computer game and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable artworks that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in Korea, Japan, Hong Kong and the United States.

Tranh phong cảnh

Bài chi tiết: Landscape art

Andreas Achenbach, Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily (1847), The Walters Art Museum

Tranh phong cảnh là tranh vẽ các cảnh thiên nhiên như núi, thung lũng, cây cối, sông và rừng, đặc biệt là khi is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. Bầu trời gần như luôn luôn The sky is almost always included in the view, và thời tiết thường đóng vai trò là một yếu tố trong bố cục. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art, going back well over a thousand years in both cases.

Tranh chân dung

Tranh chân dung là tranh vẽ một người mà trong đó gương mặt và biểu cảm của họ là trung tâm. Mục đích của tranh chân dung là thể hiện s are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci's painting titled Mona Lisa, which is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.

Tranh tĩnh vật

Otto Marseus van Schrieck, A Forest Floor Still-Life (1666)

Tranh tĩnh vật là tranh vẽ có chủ thể vô tri vô giác, thường là các đồ vật thường is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paintings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition than do paintings of other types of subjects such as landscape or portraiture. Still life paintings, particularly before 1700, often contained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, computer graphics, as well as video and sound.

Veduta

A veduta is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista. This genre of landscape originated in Flanders, where artists such as Paul Bril painted vedute as early as the 16th century. As the itinerary of the Grand Tour became somewhat standardized, vedute of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Continent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th century, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied instead by painted panoramas.

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Liên kết ngoài

• A Treatise on Painting by Leonardo da Vinci (Kessinger Publishing)
• Alberti, Leone Battista, De Pictura (On Painting), 1435. On Painting, in English, De Pictura, in Latin Lưu trữ 2006-11-02 tại Wayback Machine
• Doerner, Max – The Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters
• Kandinsky - Concerning the Spiritual in Art (Dover Publications)
• The Journal of Eugene Delacroix (Phaidon Press) Lưu trữ 2009-05-29 tại Wayback Machine
• The Letters of Vincent van Gogh (Penguin Classics)